Characteristics and control factors of feldspar dissolution in gravity flow sandstone of Chang 7 Member,Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin,NW China

To clarify the formation and distribution of feldspar dissolution pores and predict the distribution of high-quality reservoir in gravity flow sandstone of the 7^(th) member of Triassic Yanchang Formation(Chang 7 Member)in the Ordos Basin,thin sections,scanning electron microscopy,energy spectrum analysis,X-ray diffraction whole rock analysis,and dissolution experiments are employed in this study to investigate the characteristics and control factors of feldspar dissolution pores.The results show that:(1)Three types of diagenetic processes are observed in the feldspar of Chang 7 sandstone in the study area:secondary overgrowth of feldspar,replacement by clay and calcite,and dissolution of detrital feldspar.(2)The feldspar dissolution of Chang 7 tight sandstone is caused by organic acid,and is further affected by the type of feldspar,the degree of early feldspar alteration,and the buffering effect of mica debris on organic acid.(3)Feldspars have varying degrees of dissolution.Potassium feldspar is more susceptible to dissolution than plagioclase.Among potassium feldspar,orthoclase is more soluble than microcline,and unaltered feldspar is more soluble than early kaolinized or sericitized feldspar.(4)The dissolution experiment demonstrated that the presence of mica can hinder the dissolution of feldspar.Mica of the same mass has a significantly stronger capacity to consume organic acids than feldspar.(5)Dissolution pores in feldspar of Chang 7 Member are more abundant in areas with low mica content,and they improve the reservoir physical properties,while in areas with high mica content,the number of feldspar dissolution pores decreases significantly.

Tanshinone ⅡA improves Alzheimer’s disease via RNA nuclearenriched abundant transcript 1/microRNA-291a-3p/member RAS oncogene family Rab22a axis

BACKGROUND Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.Tanshinone ⅡA(Tan-ⅡA),a bioactive compound isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza plants,has shown potential neuroprotective effects;however,the mechanisms underlying such a function remain unclear.AIM To investigate potential Tan-ⅡA neuroprotective effects in AD and to elucidate their underlying mechanisms.METHODS Hematoxylin and eosin staining was utilized to analyze structural brain tissue morphology.To assess changes in oxidative stress and neuroinflammation,we performed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blotting.Additionally,the effect of Tan-ⅡA on AD cell models was evaluated in vitro using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay.Genetic changes related to the long non-coding RNA(lncRNA)nuclear-enriched abundant transcript 1(NEAT1)/microRNA(miRNA,miR)-291a-3p/member RAS oncogene family Rab22a axis were assessed through reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction.RESULTS In vivo,Tan-ⅡA treatment improved neuronal morphology and attenuated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the brain tissue of AD mice.In vitro experiments showed that Tan-ⅡA dose-dependently ameliorated the amyloid-beta 1-42-induced reduction of neural stem cell viability,apoptosis,oxidative stress,and neuroinflammation.In this process,the lncRNA NEAT1-a potential therapeutic target-is highly expressed in AD mice and downregulated via Tan-ⅡA treatment.Mechanistically,NEAT1 promotes the transcription and translation of Rab22a via miR-291a-3p,which activates nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB)signaling,leading to activation of the pro-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein and inhibition of the anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 protein,which exacerbates AD.Tan-ⅡA intervention effectively blocked this process by inhibiting the NEAT1/miR-291a-3p/Rab22a axis and NF-κB signaling.CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that Tan-ⅡA exerts neuroprotective effects in AD by modulating the NEAT1/miR-291a-3p/Rab22a/NF-κB signaling pathway,serving as a foundation for the development of innovative approaches for AD therapy.

Survey on hospice care attitude of family members of advanced cancer patients at different ages

BACKGROUND Hospice care plays an important role in improving the quality of life of advanced cancer patients,but controversy remains over whether age affects the attitudes of family members toward hospice care.AIM To investigate the attitudes of family members of advanced cancer patients of different ages toward hospice care.METHODS The study participants were 175 family members of patients with advanced cancer from January 2020 and October 2022.The participants were divided into youth(<40 years,n=65),middle-aged(40–60 years,n=59),and elderly(>60 years,n=51)groups.Researchers investigated and compared the degree of awareness regarding hospice care,attitudes,and whether the family members of patients would choose hospice care.RESULTS Among the family members of 175 patients,approximately 28%(49/175)were aware of hospice care.Awareness of hospice care,the proportion of hospice care acceptance and adaptation attitudes,and the proportion of those who chose hospice care in the youth group were higher in the middle-aged and elderly groups(P<0.05).No statistically significant difference was found in these three indicators between the middle-aged and elderly groups(P>0.05).Hospice care was chosen mainly to relieve pain and reduce unnecessary treatment,whereas the reasons for not choosing hospice care were mainly distrust and ethical concerns.CONCLUSION The family members of patients with advanced cancer had relatively low awareness of hospice care,while youth had a higher awareness of hospice care,acceptance,and adaptation attitudes,and were more willing to choose hospice care.

Depositional model of the Member Deng-2 marginal microbial mound-bank complex of the Dengying Formation in the southwestern Sichuan Basin, SW China: Implications for the Ediacaran microbial mound construction and hydrocarbon exploration

Recent advances in hydrocarbon exploration have been made in the Member Deng-2 marginal microbial mound-bank complex reservoirs of the Dengying Formation in the western Sichuan Basin, SW China,where the depositional process is regarded confusing. The microfacies, construction types, and depositional model of the Member Deng-2 marginal microbial mound-bank complex have been investigated using unmanned aerial vehicle photography, outcrop section investigation, thin section identification,and seismic reflections in the southwestern Sichuan Basin. The microbialite lithologic textures in this region include thrombolite, dendrolite, stromatolite, fenestral stromatolite, spongiostromata stone,oncolite, aggregated grainstone, and botryoidal grapestone. Based on the comprehensive analysis of“depositional fabrics-lithology-microfacies”, an association between a fore mound, mound framework,and back mound subfacies has been proposed based on water depth, current direction, energy level and lithologic assemblages. The microfacies of the mound base, mound core, mound flank, mound cap, and mound flat could be recognized among the mound framework subfacies. Two construction types of marginal microbial mound-bank complex have been determined based on deposition location, mound scale, migration direction, and sedimentary facies association. Type Jinkouhe microbial mound constructions(TJMMCs) develop along the windward margin owing to their proximity to the seaward subfacies fore mound, with a northeastwardly migrated microbial mound on top of the mud mound,exhibiting the characteristics of large-sized mounds and small-sized banks in the surrounding area. Type E'bian microbial mound constructions(TEMMCs) primarily occur on the leeward margin, resulting from the presence of onshore back mound subfacies, with the smaller southwestward migrated microbial mounds existing on a thicker microbial flat. The platform margin microbial mound depositional model can be correlated with certain lateral comparison profile and seismic reflection structures in the 2D seismic section, which can provide references for future worldwide exploration. Microbial mounds with larger buildups and thicker vertical reservoirs are typically targeted on the windward margin, while small-sized microbial mounds and flats with better lateral connections are typically focused on the leeward margin.

Types,composition and diagenetic evolution of authigenic clay minerals in argillaceous limestone of sepiolite-bearing strata:A case study of Mao-1 Member of Middle Permian Maokou Formation,eastern Sichuan Basin,SW China

The types,occurrence and composition of authigenic clay minerals in argillaceous limestone of sepiolite-bearing strata of the first member of the Middle Permian Maokou Formation(Mao-1 Member)in eastern Sichuan Basin were investigated through outcrop section measurement,core observation,thin section identification,argon ion polishing,X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscope,energy spectrum analysis and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.The diagenetic evolution sequence of clay minerals was clarified,and the sedimentary-diagenetic evolution model of clay minerals was established.The results show that authigenic sepiolite minerals were precipitated in the Si4+and Mg2+-rich cool aragonite sea and sepiolite-bearing strata were formed in the Mao-1 Member.During burial diagenesis,authigenic clay minerals undergo two possible evolution sequences.First,from the early diagenetic stage A to the middle diagenetic stage A1,the sepiolite kept stable in the shallow-buried environment lack of Al3+.It began to transform into stevensite in the middle diagenetic stage A2,and then evolved into disordered talc in the middle diagenetic stage B1and finally into talc in the period from the middle diagenetic stage B2to the late diagenetic stage.Thus,the primary diagenetic evolution sequence of authigenic clay minerals,i.e.sepiolite-stevensite-disordered talc-talc,was formed in the Mao-1 Member.Second,in the early diagenetic stage A,as Al3+carried by the storm and upwelling currents was involved in the diagenetic process,trace of sepiolite started to evolve into smectite,and a part of smectite turned into chlorite.From the early diagenetic stage B to the middle diagenesis stage A1,a part of smectite evolved to illite/smectite mixed layer(I/S).The I/S evolved initially into illite from the middle diagenesis stage A2to the middle diagenesis stage B2,and then totally into illite in the late diagenesis stage.Thus,the secondary diagenetic evolution sequence of authigenic clay minerals,i.e.sepiolite-smectite-chlorite/illite,was formed in the Mao-1 Member.The types and evolution of authigenic clay minerals in argillaceous limestone of sepiolite-bearing strata are significant for petroleum geology in two aspects.First,sepiolite can adsorb and accumulate a large amount of organic matters,thereby effectively improving the quality and hydrocarbon generation potential of the source rocks of the Mao-1 Member.Second,the evolution from sepiolite to talc is accompanied by the formation of numerous organic matter pores and clay shrinkage pores/fractures,as well as the releasing of the Mg2+-rich diagenetic fluid,which allows for the dolomitization of limestone within or around the sag.As a result,the new assemblages of self-generation and self-accumulation,and lower/side source and upper/lateral reservoir,are created in the Middle Permian,enhancing the hydrocarbon accumulation efficiency.

Aldo-keto reductase family member C3(AKR1C3)promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth by producing prostaglandin F2α

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a leading cause of death worldwide.Current therapies are effective for HCC patients with early disease,but many patients suffer recurrence after surgery and have a poor response to chemotherapy.Therefore,new therapeutic targets are needed.We analyzed gene expression profiles between HCC tissues and normal adjacent tissues from public databases and found that the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism was significantly different.The analysis showed that AKR1C3 was upregulated in tumors,and high AKR1C3 expression was associated with a poorer prognosis in HCC patients.In vitro,assays demonstrated that the knockdown of AKR1C3 or the addition of the AKR1C3 inhibitor indomethacin suppressed the growth and colony formation of HCC cell lines.Knockdown of AKR1C3 in Huh7 cells reduced tumor growth in vivo.To explore the mechanism,we performed pathway enrichment analysis,and the results linked the expression of AKR1C3 with prostaglandin F2 alpha(PGF2a)downstream target genes.Suppression of AKR1C3 activity reduced the production of PGF2a,and supplementation with PGF2a restored the growth of indomethacin-treated Huh7 cells.Knockdown of the PGF receptor(PTGFR)and treatment with a PTGFR inhibitor significantly reduced HCC growth.We showed that indomethacin potentiated the sensitivity of Huh7 cells to sorafenib.In summary,our results indicate that AKR1C3 upregulation may promote HCC growth by promoting the production of PGF2α,and suppression of PTGFR limited HCC growth.Therefore,targeting the AKR1C3-PGF2a-PTGFR axis may be a new strategy for the treatment of HCC.

MiRNA-145-5p inhibits gastric cancer progression via the serpin family E member 1-extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 axis

BACKGROUND MicroRNAs(miRNAs)regulate gene expression and play a critical role in cancer physiology.However,there is still a limited understanding of the function and regulatory mechanism of miRNAs in gastric cancer(GC).AIM To investigate the role and molecular mechanism of miRNA-145-5p(miR145-5p)in the progression of GC.METHODS Real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)was used to detect miRNA expression in human GC tissues and cells.The ability of cancer cells to migrate and invade was assessed using wound-healing and transwell assays,respectively.Cell proliferation was measured using cell counting kit-8 and colony formation assays,and apoptosis was evaluated using flow cytometry.Expression of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)-associated protein was determined by Western blot.Targets of miR-145-5p were predicated using bioinformatics analysis and verified using a dual-luciferase reporter system.Serpin family E member 1(SERPINE1)expression in GC tissues and cells was evaluated using RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining.The correlation between SERPINE1 expression and overall patient survival was determined using Kaplan-Meier plot analysis.The association between SERPINE1 and GC progression was also tested.A rescue experiment of SERPINE1 overexpression was conducted to verify the relationship between this protein and miR-145-5p.The mechanism by which miR-145-5p influences GC progression was further explored by assessing tumor formation in nude mice.RESULTS GC tissues and cells had reduced miR-145-5p expression and SERPINE1 was identified as a direct target of this miRNA.Overexpression of miR-145-5p was associated with decreased GC cell proliferation,invasion,migration,and EMT,and these effects were reversed by forcing SERPINE1 expression.Kaplan-Meier plot analysis revealed that patients with higher SERPINE1 expression had a shorter survival rate than those with lower SERPINE1 expression.Nude mouse tumorigenesis experiments confirmed that miR-145-5p targets SERPINE1 to regulate extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2(ERK1/2).CONCLUSION This study found that miR-145-5p inhibits tumor progression and is expressed in lower amounts in patients with GC.MiR-145-5p was found to affect GC cell proliferation,migration,and invasion by negatively regulating SERPINE1 levels and controlling the ERK1/2 pathway.

Understanding the role of transmembrane 9 superfamily member 1 in bladder cancer pathogenesis

In this editorial we comment on the article by Wei et al,published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Clinical Oncology.The authors investigated the role of Transmembrane 9 superfamily member 1(TM9SF1)protein in bladder cancer(BC)carcinogenesis.Lentiviral vectors were used to achieve silencing or overexpression of TM9SF1 gene in three BC cell lines.These cell lines were then subject to cell counting kit 8,wound-healing assay,transwell assay,and flow cytometry.Proliferation,migration,and invasion of BC cells were increased in cell lines subjected to TM9SF1 overexpression.TM9SF1 silencing inhibited proliferation,migration and invasion of BC cells.The authors conclude that TM9SF1 may be an oncogene in bladder cancer pathogenesis.

Analysis of the Current Status and Influencing Factors of Family Members’Collateral Stigma in Schizophrenia Patients

Objective: To investigate the associated collateral stigma of the family members of schizophrenia patients and analyze its current status and influencing factors. Methods: The Link Depreciation-Discrimination Perception Scale was used to investigate the status quo of the associated stigma of the family members of 169 schizophrenia patients diagnosed in 4 hospitals in a certain province. The results of the investigation were analyzed and summarized. Results: The detection rate of stigma associated with the family members of schizophrenia patients was 72.78%, with a score of 28.41 ± 3.92 points. The main influencing factors were the family member’s education level, the patient’s illness duration, the family member’s occupation, and the family-patient relationship. Conclusion: The detection rate of stigma associated with schizophrenia was relatively high. This requires increased attention and appropriate nursing intervention.

Compressive Strength of Tubular Members with Combined Pitting Corrosion and Crack Damage

Tubular members subject to combined pitting corrosion and crack damage were numerically studied to clarify the reduction of ultimate strength and failure behavior,based on numerical models validated against available experi-ments.The effects of length,location and inclined angle of a crack under combined damage were studied to disclose the mechanism of interaction between the crack and corrosion pits.The methods,named as linear superposition directly accumulating the effects of solo crack and solo pitting damage,as well as crack projection transferring an inclined crack to a transverse one,were discussed and verified in the view of assessing ultimate strength of tubular members with combined damage.It was shown that the former is practical but complex while the next always over-estimates the residual strength.Besides,the location and inclined angle of a crack have a subtle effect on the reduction of ultimate strength under combined damage,especially at higher level of pitting damage,due to the synergistic effect between corrosion pits and cracks.Such effect can lead to early occurrence of plasticity and local buckling by inducing stress interaction between crack tips and pits,and causing more significant strength reduction compared with a solo type of damage.A practical method was proposed to determine the loss ratio of cross-sectional area on the equivalent weakest section of a damaged member.Based on the loss ratio,a formula was presented to predict the ultimate strength of damaged members with combined damage,showing good applicability.

Genesis of Fibrous Calcite in the Chang 7 Member of the Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin,China

To explore the genesis of the laminated calcite veins developed in the black shale of Chang 73 submember of the Ordos Basin,the petrology,microstructure and geochemistry of calcite veins are studied using thin sections,fluid inclusions,trace elements and isotopic geochemistry.The source,the time of formation,the mechanism of formation,and the dynamic background of the veins are discussed.The veins are mostly made up of calcite,mixed with lenticular or spindle-shape solid wall rock inclusions.Three structures are identified in the calcite minerals:fibrous,rhombic cleavage,and wedge-like structure.Trace elements and isotopes of carbon and oxygen confirm that the calcite veins were formed from a high density hydrothermal fluid.It is assumed that calcite veins formed prior to wall rock consolidation during the formation of the Qinling Orogenic Belt in the Middle and Late Triassic.The results show that the sedimentary sources of Chang 73 submember were influenced by hydrothermal materials besides terrigenous detritus.The fibrous calcite is different from the fibrous calcite reported in the morphology and mechanism of formation.In this way,the research complements and improves the morphology and the mechanism of formation of fibrous calcite.

Cycles of fine-grained sedimentation and their influences on organic matter distribution in the second member of Paleogene Kongdian Formation in Cangdong Sag,Bohai Bay Basin,East China

According to the theory of sequence stratigraphy based on continental transgressive-regressive(T-R)cycles,a 500 m continuous core taken from the second member of Kongdian Formation(Kong 2 Member)of Paleogene in Well G108-8 in the Cangdong Sag,Bohai Bay Basin,was tested and analyzed to clarify the high-frequency cycles of deep-water fine-grained sedimentary rocks in lacustrine basins.A logging vectorgraph in red pattern was plotted,and then a sequence stratigraphic framework with five-order high-frequency cycles was formed for the fine-grained sedimentary rocks in the Kong 2 Member.The high-frequency cycles of fine-grained sedimentary rocks were characterized by using different methods and at different scales.It is found that the fifth-order T cycles record a high content of terrigenous clastic minerals,a low paleosalinity,a relatively humid paleoclimate and a high density of laminae,while the fifth-order R cycles display a high content of carbonate minerals,a high paleosalinity,a dry paleoclimate and a low density of laminae.The changes in high-frequency cycles controlled the abundance and type of organic matter.The T cycles exhibit relatively high TOC and abundant endogenous organic matters in water in addition to terrigenous organic matters,implying a high primary productivity of lake for the generation and enrichment of shale oil.

喜马拉雅东部库曲锂铍花岗质伟晶岩的稀有金属矿物学研究

在喜马拉雅造山带已发现普士拉、热曲、吉隆、洛扎等多个岩体中花岗岩-伟晶岩与锂铍等稀有金属成矿作用相关,并有大规模的锂辉石伟晶岩(含细晶岩)产出。喜马拉雅东部的库曲岩体也发现了锂辉石伟晶岩出露,主要侵入到主体白云母花岗岩中。本次研究对库曲岩体中不同类型的花岗质伟晶岩进行了详细的岩相学、矿物学和年代学的研究。根据不同矿物组合和产出位置,将库曲伟晶岩分为四类:广泛分布的伟晶岩I,主要包含长石-石英-白云母;岩体西部桑玉村出露伟晶岩II(包含钠长石-石英-白云母带和细粒钠长石带)和伟晶岩III(锂辉石-钠长石-石英带);岩体东部出露细晶岩脉。库曲伟晶岩都含不同体积百分比的石榴石和电气石,以及典型的稀有金属矿物如绿柱石、铌铁矿族矿物和少量锡石。独居石和铌铁矿族矿物的U(-Th)-Pb同位素年代学结果显示库曲伟晶岩主要形成于~25Ma,还存在稍晚一期的岩浆活动,细晶岩形成于~14Ma。同时代的伟晶岩I、II和III全岩成分呈现出明显的变化趋势,K_(2)O/Na_(2)O、Zr/Hf和Nb/Ta比值、REE总量和Eu/Eu^(*)呈降低趋势,而稀有金属(Li、Be、Nb、Ta、Rb和Cs)含量逐渐增加。矿物的成分变化趋势更明显,从伟晶岩I到III中白云母的K/Rb比值和MgO含量明显降低,电气石向更富集Li、石榴子石和铌铁矿族矿物向更富集Mn(在伟晶岩III中分别接近锰铝榴石和铌/钽锰矿端元组分)、绿柱石向更富集Li-Cs的方向变化。伟晶岩III中锡石含量相对增加,常与锂辉石共生。细晶岩脉的矿物学特征介于伟晶岩I和II之间。综合上述研究显示库曲伟晶岩是花岗质岩浆分异演化的最终产物,矿物是伟晶岩形成过程和分异程度的有效指示剂,库曲的稀有金属成矿作用显示出Be、Be-Nb-Ta(-Sn)、Li-Be-Nb-Ta-Sn(岩体最边缘)矿化的变化趋势。锂辉石是库曲伟晶岩中主要的原生锂矿物,次生的锂辉石和石英后成合晶可能是在富锂流体中形成的,而不是透锂长石降温过程中形成的,这与库曲伟晶岩侵入到白云母花岗岩的产状相符。

川东地区侏罗系大安寨段页岩储层特征及发育控制因素

为探究陆相页岩储层特征及页岩储集空间发育的控制因素,文中以四川盆地东部大安寨段页岩为例,基于页岩岩心的分析化验资料,对页岩储层孔隙发育控制因素进行了研究,明确了优势岩相及甜点储层特征。研究结果表明:1)川东地区大安寨段页岩岩相类型包括硅质页岩、混合质页岩以及黏土质页岩,其中黏土质页岩总有机碳质量分数最高,其次为混合质页岩。2)页岩孔隙类型以片状黏土矿物晶间孔与有机质孔为主,裂缝以页理缝为主。3)页岩储集空间的发育主要受矿物组分、成岩作用以及构造因素的共同控制。4)基于页岩生烃潜力与储集能力,认为混合质页岩为大安寨段的优势页岩岩相。大安寨段页岩甜点储层段主要分布于大二亚段a小层,主要为混合质页岩与介壳灰岩的薄夹层。

末次冰期东海嵊山岛黄土粒度端元分析及其环境意义

【目的】东海岛屿晚更新世风尘黄土堆积是我国黄土在东部长三角及外延海域重要的拓展,深化这一区域风尘黄土沉积的物源特征和后期演化问题研究,对于认识晚更新世区域古环境变化尤为重要。【方法】在OSL测年和磁化率测试基础上,基于东海岛屿典型风尘黄土剖面(嵊山岛黄土)的粒度分析,开展了粒度组成的端元分析,探讨了其蕴含的古环境信息。【结果与结论】嵊山岛黄土沉积可提取出3个粒度端元(EM1~EM3),进一步分析发现EM1可能代表通过高空西风气流传输的远源黏粒组分,EM2可能代表以浮尘形式远距离悬浮搬运并随风力减弱而沉降堆积的细粉砂组分,EM3可能代表冬季风驱动下的近地表短距离搬运堆积的粗粉砂组分。粒度端元分析结果表明,高空西风输送的黏粒端元组分和远距离悬浮运移的浮尘端元组分可能是沉积剖面主要粉尘来源;综合年代学结果、百分频率磁化率和颗粒中值粒径等参数分析,认为东海嵊山岛黄土沉积过程在MIS3阶段先后经历暖湿—冷干—暖湿的旋回波动;并且,所记录的MIS3阶段气候波动以及MIS2阶段末次冰盛期和冰消期的古环境变化同深海氧同位素和古海平面变化趋势相对应,说明东海陆架区域该时期环境演变与全球性气候波动相协同。

古建筑木构件开裂机制、评估与加固研究进展

开裂作为古建筑木构件最常见的残损类型之一,影响木构件的长期服役性能,是古建筑稳定性与安全性评估的重要考查内容。本文从古建筑木构件开裂情况、原因、影响,评估方法及修复加固等方面,系统梳理古建筑木构件开裂残损相关研究成果。分析发现我国古建筑木构件开裂的主要原因为木材干缩与受力破坏,主要类型为纵向开裂,开裂可降低木构件力学性能,也可为其他不利因素作用于木构件提供条件。目前主要通过实际试验与数值模拟评估开裂对木构件性能的影响,利用金属材料、纤维增强复合材料(fiber reinforced polymer,FRP)与高分子树脂材料对开裂木构件进行修复加固。然而,由于古建筑的特殊性与木材变异性,仍需进一步探索木构件的不同尺度开裂机制,开发适用于古建筑开裂木构件的检测、评估与加固方法,建立科学系统性的古建筑保护体系。

柴达木盆地南八仙地区渐新世浅水三角洲物源及沉积演化

以古近系渐新统下干柴沟组上段(E23)为研究对象,在精细岩芯观察和钻(测)井资料综合分析的基础上,结合重矿物组合、ZTR指数、砂岩碎屑组分、粒度累积概率图和砂地比等参数综合分析结果,对柴达木盆地南八仙地区E23湖盆扩张期弱退积型浅水三角洲物源方向、砂体展布规律和沉积微相发育演化进行了深入研究。结果表明:①南八仙地区E23沉积时期物源主要来自南祁连山中酸性岩浆岩和中高级变质岩发育区,物源方向为近北东—南西向,稳定重矿物(磁铁矿、石榴子石、白钛矿和锆石)含量高(质量分数介于81.0%~99.9%)、不稳定重矿物(绿帘石和角闪石)含量低。②南八仙地区E23沉积时期为浅水三角洲—滨浅湖沉积环境,主要发育水下分流河道砂体,岩性主要为岩屑长石砂岩,其次为长石岩屑砂岩,砂体的成分成熟度一般中等—较差、分选磨圆度中等—较差,粒度概率图以反映河流作用的一跳跃一悬浮式为主;沉积构造类型多样,主要发育块状层理、正粒序层理、平行层理和槽状交错层理。③E23沉积时期,南八仙地区继承性发育3条北东—南西向呈条带状展布的砂体富集带(砂地比值介于35%~65%之间),早期到中期砂体发育程度增强,呈进积式;中期到晚期砂体发育程度有所减弱,呈弱退积式。④E23沉积时期,南八仙地区处于浅水三角洲前缘亚相沉积环境,持续发育3个呈北东—南西向展布的沉积朵叶体,主要发育水下分流河道微相,其次为水下分流间湾微相,早期到中期浅水三角洲前缘发育规模增大,中期到晚期发育规模减小。

川中侏罗系自流井组大安寨段页岩油储层特征及其勘探启示

为进一步指导四川盆地侏罗系自流井组大安寨段页岩油的勘探与开发,亟需理清页岩油的有利赋存岩相。通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、高压压汞、核磁共振、岩石热解等实验,分析大安寨段页岩层系不同岩相的储集空间类型、孔隙结构特征及含油性。结果表明,大安寨段主要发育块状(泥质)介壳灰岩、层状泥质介壳灰岩、层状介壳页岩、纹层状含介壳页岩、块状含介壳黏土质页岩和页理状含粉砂黏土质页岩6类岩相;页岩物性远优于介壳灰岩,且随着灰质含量的增加孔径逐渐增大,但总孔体积和总连通体积逐渐减小;大安寨段页岩层系平均游离油(S1)值为1.31 mg/g,含油性中等,页理状含粉砂黏土质页岩与纹层状含介壳页岩S1值较高,分别为2.37 mg/g与1.82 mg/g。页理状含粉砂黏土质页岩和纹层状含介壳页岩的储集性较好、含油性较高,两者构成的岩相组合可作为大安寨段页岩油的重点勘探对象。

断陷湖盆细粒区页岩组构特征与页岩油富集成藏规律:以黄骅坳陷古近系为例

为明确断陷湖盆细粒区页岩微观组构特征及页岩油富集成藏规律,基于黄骅坳陷古近系孔二段、沙三段、沙一段3套页岩层系取心、测井、录井及试油等资料,综合利用矿物分析-场发射扫描电镜、氩离子抛光-场发射扫描电镜、聚焦离子束-场发射扫描电镜等技术手段,针对页岩样品开展多尺度、多维度精细表征,从微观、定量的角度系统分析了页岩矿物、有机质、孔隙及页岩油赋存特征,揭示了页岩油成藏富集规律并建立了富集模式。研究结果表明:在微观视域下,多类型矿物以“组分混合”和“组构叠置”构成复杂页岩类型;储集空间可划分为无机孔隙、有机孔隙和微裂缝3大类9小类,其中无机孔隙贡献率平均可达85%以上,孔径<50 nm的孔隙占据储集空间的主体;微观上有机质可划分为同沉积有机质、交生分异有机质和运移充填有机质3种类型;烃类主要赋存于长英质纹层、灰云质纹层或粉砂岩纹层中。基于矿物、有机质、储集空间、烃类4个要素的“四元耦合”页岩油富集成藏规律,建立了3类富集成藏模式。在该模式指导下,沧东凹陷孔二段实施多口水平井获高产,优质页岩油区块已经实现当今油价下的效益开发,歧口凹陷沙三段及沙一下亚段页岩油均获得重要突破,展示出黄骅坳陷古近系页岩油具有广阔的资源前景。

含海泡石层系泥质灰岩中自生黏土矿物的类型、组成与成岩演化过程--以川东地区中二叠统茅口组茅一段为例

通过野外露头剖面实测和岩心观察,结合薄片鉴定、氩离子抛光、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、能谱分析和激光剥蚀元素面扫描等方法,对四川盆地东部地区中二叠统茅口组一段(简称茅一段)含海泡石层系泥质灰岩中自生黏土矿物类型、产状及其组成进行了分析,明确黏土矿物的成岩演化序列,建立黏土矿物沉积-成岩演化模式。研究表明,川东地区茅一段在富Si^(4+)、Mg^(2+)的凉水文石海中沉淀自生海泡石矿物,形成含海泡石层系;在埋藏成岩过程中,自生黏土矿物会经历两条可能的演化序列:①早成岩A期到中成岩A_(1)期,在普遍缺乏Al^(3+)的浅埋藏环境中,海泡石维持稳定状态;中成岩A_(2)期,自生海泡石开始演化为斯蒂文石;中成岩B_(1)期演化为无序滑石;中成岩B_(2)期至晚成岩期,最终演化为滑石,形成了茅一段主要的自生黏土矿物成岩演化序列“海泡石—斯蒂文石—无序滑石—滑石”。②早成岩A期,风暴和上升洋流携带的Al^(3+)参与成岩过程,微量海泡石向蒙脱石演化,部分蒙脱石继续演化为绿泥石;早成岩B期至中成岩A_(1)期,部分蒙脱石演化为伊/蒙混层;中成岩A_(2)期至中成岩B_(2)期,伊/蒙混层向伊利石发生演化,至晚成岩期全部转化为伊利石,由此形成茅一段次级自生黏土矿物成岩演化序列“海泡石—蒙脱石—绿泥石/伊利石”。含海泡石层系泥质灰岩中自生黏土矿物的类型与演化具有两方面的油气地质意义:①海泡石吸附和聚集大量有机质,有效提升茅一段烃源岩的品质和生烃潜力。②海泡石向滑石演化过程中形成大量有机质孔和黏土收缩孔(缝),同时释放富Mg^(2+)成岩转化流体,使凹陷内或凹陷边缘区的灰岩发生白云石化,在中二叠统形成自生自储和(旁)下生(侧)上储型的源储配置新模式,提高了油气成藏效率。