Indus basin hosts many significant mineral deposits like gypsum and cement raw materials, gemstones, iron, coal, marble, dimension and construction stones, petroleum and water resources, world class pink salt and othe...Indus basin hosts many significant mineral deposits like gypsum and cement raw materials, gemstones, iron, coal, marble, dimension and construction stones, petroleum and water resources, world class pink salt and other many minerals in different regions which need further exploitation and development. The construction of new water dams in different regions are vital (for availability of cheap electricity), because of available barren and fertile lands and wastage of water as flood. Further the installation of more cement industries in different regions of Indus Basin especially in middle Indus (Sulaiman Range where gypsum, clays and limestones can be available via belt) can increase export to receive more foreign exchange and make local cement cheap for the sustainable development of Pakistan. 31 stratigraphic sequential sections at different sections of Indus basins are presented to know the variation and local stratigraphy. Further here three new titanosaur taxa are being described. Saraikimasoom is based on snout;Gspsaurus, (Maojandino), Nicksaurus and Khanazeem are based on cranial, vertebral and appendicular elements;Balochisaurus, Marisaurus, Pakisaurus, and 3 new genera and species Imrankhanhero zilefatmi, Qaikshaheen masoomniazi and Ikqaumishan smqureshi based on vertebral and appendicular elements;and Sulaimanisaurus and Khetranisaurus based on only caudal vertebrae. Although Pakistani Titanosaurians seem to be proliferated found from one horizon of Vitakri Formation just below the K-Pg boundary they have a wide range of diagnostic features and key elements among titanosaurs which can be used for comparison and phylogenetic analyses with broad updated character data set of titanosaurs.展开更多
Theropods, mesoeucrocodiles and pterosaurs (along with titanosaurian sauropods) are found in two overbank flood deposited mottled muds/shale units (alternated by meandering river deposited sandstone unit) of the lates...Theropods, mesoeucrocodiles and pterosaurs (along with titanosaurian sauropods) are found in two overbank flood deposited mottled muds/shale units (alternated by meandering river deposited sandstone unit) of the latest Maastrichtian (67 - 66 Ma) Vitakri Formation, Barkhan District, Balochistan, Pakistan. These vertebrates coexisted under the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary line of control and became extinct as mass extinction. Previously these taxa lack the detail description but here theropods, mesoeucrocodiles and pterosaur from Pakistan are being described well with large photographs which provide better understanding of fauna from Pakistan and comparison with coeval taxa from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. These fauna with associated cranial and postcranial skeletons are significant for Gondwanan paleobiogeography and phylogenetic studies.展开更多
Objective Shandong Province is divided into two parts by the Tan -Lu fault zone： the western part （Luxi） and the eastern part （Jiaodong）. Large-scale volcanic activity occurred during the Late Mesozoic in Shando...Objective Shandong Province is divided into two parts by the Tan -Lu fault zone： the western part （Luxi） and the eastern part （Jiaodong）. Large-scale volcanic activity occurred during the Late Mesozoic in Shandong Province, eastern China （Fig. lb）, and was controlled by the Tan-Lu fault zone and its secondary faults. Mesozoic volcanic rocks in Shandong Province mainly occur within the Cretaceous Qingshan group, overlying the Laiyang group and underlying the Wangsi group. The Qingshan group has been divided into four volcanic cycles, i.e., the Houkuang, Bamudi, Shiqianzhuang and Fanggezhuang formations from the oldest to the youngest. Although geochronology data indicate the volcanic activity occurred during the Early Cretaceous, the starting time and duration of volcanic activity are still equivocal. Two zircon U-Pb ages of volcanic rocks from strata at the lower base of the volcanic sequence along the Tan-Lu fault zone were reported in this paper, which provide new evidence for the discussion of the geological age.展开更多
The rugosan fauna from the Guanyinqiao Bed （latest Ordovician, Hirnantian） of northern Guizhou, China is known to belong to the cold or cool-water type corals. The components of the fauna are solitary corals only, a...The rugosan fauna from the Guanyinqiao Bed （latest Ordovician, Hirnantian） of northern Guizhou, China is known to belong to the cold or cool-water type corals. The components of the fauna are solitary corals only, and corallite septa are generally strongly dilated, especially the streptelasmatid corals are dominant comprising 98% of the whole fauna. The Guanyinqiao Bed is rich in rugosans of 18 genera, which are streptelasnmtid Streptelasma （=Helicelasma）, Brachyelasma, Amplexobrachyelasma, Salvadorea, Grewingkia, Borelasma, CrassUasma, Leolasma, KenophyUum, UUernelasma, Paramplexoides, Siphonolasma, Pycnactoides, Dalmanophyllum, Bodophyllum, Axiphoria, Lambeophyllum and cystiphyllid Sinkiangolasma. Although this fauna was fairly abundant in a confined area （northern-northeastern Guizhou, southern Sichuan） during the Hirnantian age, the rugosan mass extinction （generic extinction rate 81%） happened at the end of the Hirnantian Stage. It is conduded that the mass extinction is related to the ending of maximum glaciation and ice cap melting in Gondwana in the southern hemisphere in the latest Hirnantian, resulting in rapid global sea-level rise in the earliest Silurian. In the Upper Yangtze Basin, the sea bottom environments were replaced by anoxic and warmer water during that time, so that the cool-water type rugosan became extinct. The present paper attempts to revise some already described rugose coral genera and species （He, 1978, 1985） and to supplement a few new forms from the Guanyinqiao Bed. Fourteen species of 12 genera are re-described and illustrated, of which one species- Grewingkia latifossulata is new. As a whole, the rugosan fauna of the Guanyinqiao Bed may be correlated with those contemporaneous of North Europe, Estonia and North America, indicating a dose biogeographic affinity to North Europe.展开更多
It seems to be progressively recognized that the stress of the India-Asia convergent front can be transferred rapidly through the southern and central Tibetan lithosphere to the northern Tibet, hence leading to the cr...It seems to be progressively recognized that the stress of the India-Asia convergent front can be transferred rapidly through the southern and central Tibetan lithosphere to the northern Tibet, hence leading to the crustal thickening deformation there during or immediately after the onset of the India-Asia collision（ca.55 Ma）.This study focuses on the late Cenozoic deformation and tectonic uplift of the northern Tibet and Tian Shan area.Detailed compilations of a variety of proxy data from sediments and bedrocks suggest that the northern Tibet and Tian Shan area underwent one stage of approximately synchronous widespread contractile deformation since 25–20 Ma, which seemed to decrease at circa 18 Ma as revealed by low-temperature thermochronological data.The latest Oligocene-early Miocene was also significant basin-forming episodes when many intermontane subbasins began to receive syntectonic sedimentation in the northeastern Tibet.Subsequently, the other phase of compressional deformation began to encroach more widely into the northern Tibet and Tian Shan area in episodic steps or continuously from 16–12 Ma to present.展开更多
Two different evaporitic sequences occurred in the latest Cretaceous-Early Paleocene in Yarkand Basin,southwestern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang Province,China:one is characterized by poor gypsum and some small,lenticularshape...Two different evaporitic sequences occurred in the latest Cretaceous-Early Paleocene in Yarkand Basin,southwestern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang Province,China:one is characterized by poor gypsum and some small,lenticularshaped halite layers in the Tuyiluoke Formation of the latest Cretaceous,the other is characterized by very thick gypsum and halite layers in the Aertashen Formation of the early Paleocene.In the early developmental stage of the Tuyiluoke Formation,the Yarkand ancient saline lake was a long,strip-shaped depression,NW-SE oriented,along the West Kunlun piedmont,with its eastern boundary to the line along bores Ys1-T1-Ks101,the concentrated center located in the area of borehole S1.In the later developmental stage,the depositional scope was shifted inch by inch to the NW of this saline lake,forming a triangular depositional area,with apices at boreholes Wx1,Ak2 and S1,the concentrated center of the saline lake gradually migrating from borehole S1 region to the northwestern area of the lake,developing four small,evaporatedconcentrated sub-depressions,depositing lenticular-shaped halite.In the early Paleocene,the ancient saline lake was stretched from the West Kunlun piedmont in the west,to the Markit slope in the east,from the South Tianshan piedmont in the north,to the Hotan area in the south,accompanied by giant thicknesses of halite and large-scale gypsum layers,mainly interbedded with limestone in the Aertashen Formation.The evaporites in the latest Cretaceous-early Paleocene were controlled by the marine transgression-regression geological background in the Yarkand Basin.Generally,integrated evaporitic depositional sequences,such as clasolite-gypsum-halite-potash,usually occur in the presence of persistent seawater through evaporation,but this is not the case in the Tuyiluoke Formation.In contrast,very thick gypsum layers are common in the early Paleocene.Typically,adequate mineral sources for evaporites are found within seawater,such as in large basins undergoing long-term marine transgression-regression cycles,where adequate seawater remains,even though the basin was going through a marine regression stage.In the latest Cretaceous,thin gypsum layers indicate a lack of mineral sources.In contrast,the early Paleocene has far larger evaporites,both in width and thickness.This suggests a short-term marine regression stage must have occurred during the spatiotemporal evolution of the evaporites in the latest Cretaceous-Early Paleocene in the basin,meaning that a rapid marine regressive episode has been identified at the end of the Cretaceous.展开更多
Objective The Huoshiling Formation is the earliest volcanic stratum in the Songliao Basin,composed mainly of intermediate-basic volcanic rocks,with rare fossils.The geological age of this formation has been controvers...Objective The Huoshiling Formation is the earliest volcanic stratum in the Songliao Basin,composed mainly of intermediate-basic volcanic rocks,with rare fossils.The geological age of this formation has been controversial for long.展开更多
Objective Mesozoic volcanic rocks are mainly distributed in the Da Hinggan Mountains.The Baiyingaolao Formation is the main stratum in this area and has been considered to be formed in the Late Jurassic.Many scholars ...Objective Mesozoic volcanic rocks are mainly distributed in the Da Hinggan Mountains.The Baiyingaolao Formation is the main stratum in this area and has been considered to be formed in the Late Jurassic.Many scholars have researched these Mesozoic volcanic rocks in this area,which have been much debatable（Zhang Xiangxin et al.,2017）.A series of studies focusing on the Baiyingaolao Formation volcanic rocks in the middle-south section of展开更多
文摘Indus basin hosts many significant mineral deposits like gypsum and cement raw materials, gemstones, iron, coal, marble, dimension and construction stones, petroleum and water resources, world class pink salt and other many minerals in different regions which need further exploitation and development. The construction of new water dams in different regions are vital (for availability of cheap electricity), because of available barren and fertile lands and wastage of water as flood. Further the installation of more cement industries in different regions of Indus Basin especially in middle Indus (Sulaiman Range where gypsum, clays and limestones can be available via belt) can increase export to receive more foreign exchange and make local cement cheap for the sustainable development of Pakistan. 31 stratigraphic sequential sections at different sections of Indus basins are presented to know the variation and local stratigraphy. Further here three new titanosaur taxa are being described. Saraikimasoom is based on snout;Gspsaurus, (Maojandino), Nicksaurus and Khanazeem are based on cranial, vertebral and appendicular elements;Balochisaurus, Marisaurus, Pakisaurus, and 3 new genera and species Imrankhanhero zilefatmi, Qaikshaheen masoomniazi and Ikqaumishan smqureshi based on vertebral and appendicular elements;and Sulaimanisaurus and Khetranisaurus based on only caudal vertebrae. Although Pakistani Titanosaurians seem to be proliferated found from one horizon of Vitakri Formation just below the K-Pg boundary they have a wide range of diagnostic features and key elements among titanosaurs which can be used for comparison and phylogenetic analyses with broad updated character data set of titanosaurs.
文摘Theropods, mesoeucrocodiles and pterosaurs (along with titanosaurian sauropods) are found in two overbank flood deposited mottled muds/shale units (alternated by meandering river deposited sandstone unit) of the latest Maastrichtian (67 - 66 Ma) Vitakri Formation, Barkhan District, Balochistan, Pakistan. These vertebrates coexisted under the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary line of control and became extinct as mass extinction. Previously these taxa lack the detail description but here theropods, mesoeucrocodiles and pterosaur from Pakistan are being described well with large photographs which provide better understanding of fauna from Pakistan and comparison with coeval taxa from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. These fauna with associated cranial and postcranial skeletons are significant for Gondwanan paleobiogeography and phylogenetic studies.
基金financially supported by the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (grant No.2014DFR21270)the China Geological Survey (grants No.12120114085401 and 121201102000150021)
文摘Objective Shandong Province is divided into two parts by the Tan -Lu fault zone： the western part （Luxi） and the eastern part （Jiaodong）. Large-scale volcanic activity occurred during the Late Mesozoic in Shandong Province, eastern China （Fig. lb）, and was controlled by the Tan-Lu fault zone and its secondary faults. Mesozoic volcanic rocks in Shandong Province mainly occur within the Cretaceous Qingshan group, overlying the Laiyang group and underlying the Wangsi group. The Qingshan group has been divided into four volcanic cycles, i.e., the Houkuang, Bamudi, Shiqianzhuang and Fanggezhuang formations from the oldest to the youngest. Although geochronology data indicate the volcanic activity occurred during the Early Cretaceous, the starting time and duration of volcanic activity are still equivocal. Two zircon U-Pb ages of volcanic rocks from strata at the lower base of the volcanic sequence along the Tan-Lu fault zone were reported in this paper, which provide new evidence for the discussion of the geological age.
文摘The rugosan fauna from the Guanyinqiao Bed （latest Ordovician, Hirnantian） of northern Guizhou, China is known to belong to the cold or cool-water type corals. The components of the fauna are solitary corals only, and corallite septa are generally strongly dilated, especially the streptelasmatid corals are dominant comprising 98% of the whole fauna. The Guanyinqiao Bed is rich in rugosans of 18 genera, which are streptelasnmtid Streptelasma （=Helicelasma）, Brachyelasma, Amplexobrachyelasma, Salvadorea, Grewingkia, Borelasma, CrassUasma, Leolasma, KenophyUum, UUernelasma, Paramplexoides, Siphonolasma, Pycnactoides, Dalmanophyllum, Bodophyllum, Axiphoria, Lambeophyllum and cystiphyllid Sinkiangolasma. Although this fauna was fairly abundant in a confined area （northern-northeastern Guizhou, southern Sichuan） during the Hirnantian age, the rugosan mass extinction （generic extinction rate 81%） happened at the end of the Hirnantian Stage. It is conduded that the mass extinction is related to the ending of maximum glaciation and ice cap melting in Gondwana in the southern hemisphere in the latest Hirnantian, resulting in rapid global sea-level rise in the earliest Silurian. In the Upper Yangtze Basin, the sea bottom environments were replaced by anoxic and warmer water during that time, so that the cool-water type rugosan became extinct. The present paper attempts to revise some already described rugose coral genera and species （He, 1978, 1985） and to supplement a few new forms from the Guanyinqiao Bed. Fourteen species of 12 genera are re-described and illustrated, of which one species- Grewingkia latifossulata is new. As a whole, the rugosan fauna of the Guanyinqiao Bed may be correlated with those contemporaneous of North Europe, Estonia and North America, indicating a dose biogeographic affinity to North Europe.
基金granted by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.41472187)the China Geological Survey project (Grant No.12120114022901, 12120115027001)
文摘It seems to be progressively recognized that the stress of the India-Asia convergent front can be transferred rapidly through the southern and central Tibetan lithosphere to the northern Tibet, hence leading to the crustal thickening deformation there during or immediately after the onset of the India-Asia collision（ca.55 Ma）.This study focuses on the late Cenozoic deformation and tectonic uplift of the northern Tibet and Tian Shan area.Detailed compilations of a variety of proxy data from sediments and bedrocks suggest that the northern Tibet and Tian Shan area underwent one stage of approximately synchronous widespread contractile deformation since 25–20 Ma, which seemed to decrease at circa 18 Ma as revealed by low-temperature thermochronological data.The latest Oligocene-early Miocene was also significant basin-forming episodes when many intermontane subbasins began to receive syntectonic sedimentation in the northeastern Tibet.Subsequently, the other phase of compressional deformation began to encroach more widely into the northern Tibet and Tian Shan area in episodic steps or continuously from 16–12 Ma to present.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41972082)the Scientific and Technical Supporting Project during the National Twelfth Five-Year Plan Period(No.2011BAB06B06)。
文摘Two different evaporitic sequences occurred in the latest Cretaceous-Early Paleocene in Yarkand Basin,southwestern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang Province,China:one is characterized by poor gypsum and some small,lenticularshaped halite layers in the Tuyiluoke Formation of the latest Cretaceous,the other is characterized by very thick gypsum and halite layers in the Aertashen Formation of the early Paleocene.In the early developmental stage of the Tuyiluoke Formation,the Yarkand ancient saline lake was a long,strip-shaped depression,NW-SE oriented,along the West Kunlun piedmont,with its eastern boundary to the line along bores Ys1-T1-Ks101,the concentrated center located in the area of borehole S1.In the later developmental stage,the depositional scope was shifted inch by inch to the NW of this saline lake,forming a triangular depositional area,with apices at boreholes Wx1,Ak2 and S1,the concentrated center of the saline lake gradually migrating from borehole S1 region to the northwestern area of the lake,developing four small,evaporatedconcentrated sub-depressions,depositing lenticular-shaped halite.In the early Paleocene,the ancient saline lake was stretched from the West Kunlun piedmont in the west,to the Markit slope in the east,from the South Tianshan piedmont in the north,to the Hotan area in the south,accompanied by giant thicknesses of halite and large-scale gypsum layers,mainly interbedded with limestone in the Aertashen Formation.The evaporites in the latest Cretaceous-early Paleocene were controlled by the marine transgression-regression geological background in the Yarkand Basin.Generally,integrated evaporitic depositional sequences,such as clasolite-gypsum-halite-potash,usually occur in the presence of persistent seawater through evaporation,but this is not the case in the Tuyiluoke Formation.In contrast,very thick gypsum layers are common in the early Paleocene.Typically,adequate mineral sources for evaporites are found within seawater,such as in large basins undergoing long-term marine transgression-regression cycles,where adequate seawater remains,even though the basin was going through a marine regression stage.In the latest Cretaceous,thin gypsum layers indicate a lack of mineral sources.In contrast,the early Paleocene has far larger evaporites,both in width and thickness.This suggests a short-term marine regression stage must have occurred during the spatiotemporal evolution of the evaporites in the latest Cretaceous-Early Paleocene in the basin,meaning that a rapid marine regressive episode has been identified at the end of the Cretaceous.
基金supported by the research project of Exploration and Development Research Institute of Jilin Oilfield Company Ltd.(grant No.JLYT-YJY-2013-JS-305)
文摘Objective The Huoshiling Formation is the earliest volcanic stratum in the Songliao Basin,composed mainly of intermediate-basic volcanic rocks,with rare fossils.The geological age of this formation has been controversial for long.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province,China(grant No.QC2017035)
文摘Objective Mesozoic volcanic rocks are mainly distributed in the Da Hinggan Mountains.The Baiyingaolao Formation is the main stratum in this area and has been considered to be formed in the Late Jurassic.Many scholars have researched these Mesozoic volcanic rocks in this area,which have been much debatable（Zhang Xiangxin et al.,2017）.A series of studies focusing on the Baiyingaolao Formation volcanic rocks in the middle-south section of
