An effective evaluation system can provide specific and practical suggestions to the deep groundwater management. But such kind of evaluation system has not been proposed in China. In this study, an evaluation index s...An effective evaluation system can provide specific and practical suggestions to the deep groundwater management. But such kind of evaluation system has not been proposed in China. In this study, an evaluation index system is specifically developed to evaluate deep groundwater management efficiency. It is composed of three first-level indicators(law enforcement capability, management ability, and management effectiveness) and eleven second-level indicators. The second-level indicators include seven mandatory indicators and four optional indicators. Piecewise linear function is used to normalize the quantitative indicators, and expert scoring method and questionnaire survey method are used to normalize the qualitative indicators. Then a comprehensive indicator weighting evaluation method is used to evaluate the first-level indicators and the target topic. A case study is carried out to evaluate deep groundwater management efficiency in Tianjin City. According to the evaluation score in each period, the management efficiency of every district in Tianjin City gradually improved. The overall evaluation score in the early deep groundwater extraction period is 0.12. After a series of deep groundwater protection efforts, this score reached to 0.61 in 2007, and met the regulation criteria. The evaluation results also showed that the further groundwater management efforts in Tianjin City should be focused on building a dynamic database to collect comprehensive deep well-log data; and on a reasonable design and distribution of the groundwater monitoring network. It demonstrated that the index system is suitable to locate the deficiencies of current groundwater management systems and to guide further improvements. It can then be used to protect deep groundwater.展开更多
The present paper aims to analyze and discuss the morphological formation of the city of Jeriquara, located in the countryside of the state of S o Paulo, Brazil. The importance of this study lays on its primary docume...The present paper aims to analyze and discuss the morphological formation of the city of Jeriquara, located in the countryside of the state of S o Paulo, Brazil. The importance of this study lays on its primary documentation, that is, the long lease deeds (cartas de aforamento). These deeds are part of the medieval legal system implemented in Brazil by the Portuguese. The long lease, perpetual lease or tenure, or fiefdom (in the Brazilian legal system, aforamento, enfiteuse or emprazamento) are synonyms of this legal institute that divides urban land between two holders: the Catholic Church and the civil individual. This article employs as research method the interpretive and descriptive analysis of such deeds, based on theoretical bibliography on the referred legal institute, civil law and the Brazilian forms of urbanization. Following the presentation of a case study there will be the discussion of the juridical issues at the core of the national colonization implemented by the Portuguese and which are at the genesis of several of the current conflicts. This study shows that the urban territory of many cities is still ruled by these past contexts and, without understanding them, we will not be able to efficiently interfere with city spaces.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of National Basic Research Program of China(No.2010CB428804)
文摘An effective evaluation system can provide specific and practical suggestions to the deep groundwater management. But such kind of evaluation system has not been proposed in China. In this study, an evaluation index system is specifically developed to evaluate deep groundwater management efficiency. It is composed of three first-level indicators(law enforcement capability, management ability, and management effectiveness) and eleven second-level indicators. The second-level indicators include seven mandatory indicators and four optional indicators. Piecewise linear function is used to normalize the quantitative indicators, and expert scoring method and questionnaire survey method are used to normalize the qualitative indicators. Then a comprehensive indicator weighting evaluation method is used to evaluate the first-level indicators and the target topic. A case study is carried out to evaluate deep groundwater management efficiency in Tianjin City. According to the evaluation score in each period, the management efficiency of every district in Tianjin City gradually improved. The overall evaluation score in the early deep groundwater extraction period is 0.12. After a series of deep groundwater protection efforts, this score reached to 0.61 in 2007, and met the regulation criteria. The evaluation results also showed that the further groundwater management efforts in Tianjin City should be focused on building a dynamic database to collect comprehensive deep well-log data; and on a reasonable design and distribution of the groundwater monitoring network. It demonstrated that the index system is suitable to locate the deficiencies of current groundwater management systems and to guide further improvements. It can then be used to protect deep groundwater.
文摘The present paper aims to analyze and discuss the morphological formation of the city of Jeriquara, located in the countryside of the state of S o Paulo, Brazil. The importance of this study lays on its primary documentation, that is, the long lease deeds (cartas de aforamento). These deeds are part of the medieval legal system implemented in Brazil by the Portuguese. The long lease, perpetual lease or tenure, or fiefdom (in the Brazilian legal system, aforamento, enfiteuse or emprazamento) are synonyms of this legal institute that divides urban land between two holders: the Catholic Church and the civil individual. This article employs as research method the interpretive and descriptive analysis of such deeds, based on theoretical bibliography on the referred legal institute, civil law and the Brazilian forms of urbanization. Following the presentation of a case study there will be the discussion of the juridical issues at the core of the national colonization implemented by the Portuguese and which are at the genesis of several of the current conflicts. This study shows that the urban territory of many cities is still ruled by these past contexts and, without understanding them, we will not be able to efficiently interfere with city spaces.
