Value Judgments in Criminal Law Interpretation

Criminal law interpretation in China faces two primary challenges in terms of value judgments. Normative interpretations often fall into circular and inadequate reasoning, while judges, the key figures in applying interpretive principles, frequently lack the necessary value judgment engagement and proficiency. Traditional criminal law interpretation is ensnared in a subjective-objective dichotomy, resulting in a misalignment with the aim of "legitimate and rational" interpretation practices in China. To rectify this, a philosophical shift is required to allow intersubjective value judgments while maintaining subjectivityobjectivity as the prerequisite. Criminal law interpretation ensures the completeness of value judgments through a combination of specialized knowledge and public discourse.This involves the creation of systematic criteria for value judgments and adherence to legal principles. The former necessitates defining the internal and external standards of value judgments, formulating rules for the resolution of conflicting standards, and underlining the practical importance of criminalization under law, or "no crime or punishment without law"(the principle that only the law can define a crime and prescribe a penalty) and "Where no law applies, it is permissible to redefine a crime as non-criminal or minor"(decriminalization).The latter involves three perspectives: logical reasoning and theoretical arguments;positive and negative judgments;and formal and substantive rationality. Moreover, it should be approached from four dimensions: normative orientation, individual case promotion, reverse exclusion, and constitutional guidance.

Is the New Marriage Law Interpretation Right?

The Supreme People’s Court of China recently made public the latest interpretation on applying the Marriage Law, which is meant to provide a judicial basis for courts.The interpretation consists of 19 new itemsand is valid from August 13 this year.

On the “Law and Literature” Campaign in the Chinese Context and Its Significance for the Construction of China's Legal System

"Law and literature " comes from an American radical law school of the1970 s,and it was then considered a campaign,thus the school became one of the most post-modernistic schools of thought. Due to its western theoretic background,it is necessary to interpret its context; in other words,the "Law and literature"problems shall be interpreted in the Chinese context,which can also provide much inspiration and reference for the construction of China's legal system.

Research on the Perceptual Law of Artificial Ants

Beginning with the analysis of the behavior of natural ants, this paper illuminates the principle and method that, by adopting image texture energy as pheromone and finding their way on the track of the pheromone, artificial ants have the ability to identify and remember through similar measurement of pheromone. Based on the quantity of experiments, this paper analyzes some factors that influence the ability of artificial ants and draws some conclusions about the law of ant perception.

A New Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

The Copenhagen interpretation is the most authorized interpretation of quantum mechanics, but there are a number of ideas that are associated with the Copenhagen interpretation. It is ceratin that this fact is not necessarily desirable. Thus, we propose a new interpretation of measurement theory, which is the linguistic aspect (or, the mathematical generalization) of quantum mechanics. Although this interpretation is superficially similar to a part of so-called Copenhagen interpretation, we show that it has a merit to be applicable to both quantum and classical systems. For example, we say that Bell’s inequality is broken even in classical systems.

A Brief Assessment on Whether the CISG Should be Part of English Law with Reference to Parts Ⅰ and Ⅲ of the CISG

This article briefly assesses whether the CISG should be part of English law with reference to Parts Ⅰ and Ⅲ of the CISG,hopefully providing some slight values for the development of the International Sale of Goods.

From Power to Rights: Interpreting Inscribing “To Respect and Protect Human Rights” in the Amended Criminal Procedure Law

Human rights are one of the widely acknowledged value systems in the international ,community. The core of human rights lies in the life and dignity of human beings. On the one hand, criminal procedure law is related to life and freedom, which is the concern of everybody. On the other hand, it involves direct dialogue between national power and citizens＇ fights.

The Interpretation of the Basic Law——Common Law and Mainland Chinese Perspectives

I.Introduction In Lau Kong-yung and 16 others v.The Director of Immigration[1],the case in which the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal(CFA)considered the effect of the interpretation of the Basic Law issued by the National People’s Congress Standing Committee(NPCSC)in June 1999,Sir Anthony Mason,Non-Permanent Judge of the Court,said:

Textualism, structuralism and originalism： the art of the NPC Standing Committee＇s interpretations of the Basic Law

This paper offers an analysis of the approaches employed in the three interpretations of the Basic Law of the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong by the Standing Committee of the National People＇s Congress （NPC） after the return of Hong Kong to China, including textualism, structural reading and originalism. The paper stresses the application of jurisprudential theory in the skilful employment of these methods in the NPC interpretations. In the case of ＂the right of abode＂ in Hong Kong the differences between the interpretations by the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong and by the NPC rest mainly in whether a formalist procedural review or a substantivist presumption of intent should be adopted in the process of determining an authoritative text that embodies the original intention of the legislation. That is not just a difference of legal interpretation but also one of jurisprudential theory and political stance. Based on the above considerations, this paper criticizes the common misconception that it is not appropriate for legislators to undertake legal interpretation, and calls for an understanding of the Basic Law in the framework of Chinese constitutional government.

法律适用统一的路径和方法分析

在成文法体制下,法律适用统一是司法的一项基本理念和原则。该原则的实施关系到成文法体制语境中,司法公正与司法公信力的重要问题。在我国,实现法律适用的统一主要有三种路径:行政性路径、法律性路径以及学理性路径。这三种路径的作用机制和效用各有所不同。尽管行政性路径和方法直接、高效,但基于司法行政化本身的结构性弊端,从今后的发展来看该路径应当调整、限缩;在法律性路径中,救济程序中的上诉审还应当进一步完善和充实,通过设立法律审强化其法律适用的统一;学理性路径和方法是今后应该大力充实和发展的方向,但这一方向面临着学术与司法实践大环境的调整且是一项长期而艰巨的任务。

范畴·规律·体系:习近平文化思想的三重诠释

作为马克思主义中国化时代化理论成果的文化图绘,习近平文化思想是党的十八大以来中国特色社会主义文化建设实践的理论凝结,创造性地解答了建设社会主义文化强国、建设中华民族现代文明的“文化之问”。全面把握和深入理解习近平文化思想,要在概念范畴解读中明晰其演进脉络,总结具有原创性、标志性的概念群、范畴群,立足世界文化学术坐标体系以互学互鉴、交流提升,打造融通中外的文化新概念、新范畴、新表达。要在遵循文化建设规律中进一步检视其精髓要义,不断深化对文化及文化建设规律的认识,推动守正创新,强化中华民族自立于世界民族之林的自信自强。要在推进体系化学理化研究阐释中厘清其逻辑理路,在原则与路径、形式与内容、实质与目的、使命与价值的有机统一中昭显其结构明晰、层次分明、观点科学、逻辑严密的特征。这三重诠释整体彰显了习近平文化思想的理论广度、阐释深度、影响力度,为以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴提供了强大精神力量。

民事司法解释的历史性进步——最高人民法院《合同编通则司法解释》亮点评述

《合同编通则司法解释》是民事司法解释历史性进步的重要标志。《合同编通则司法解释》坚守民事司法解释的法律定位,较为准确地把握了《民法典》立法原意,压缩了《民法典》有关条款或多或少的争议或歧义空间,其中,合同解释规则堪称典范。《合同编通则司法解释》充实民事司法解释的基本功能,以更为具体、明确、肯定的行为规则强化《民法典》有关条款的确定性,其中,清晰合同行为的识别标准、填充合同行为的场景因素尤为出色。《合同编通则司法解释》运用40余年的民事司法解释积累的经验,自觉避免以往时有的路径选择不当的情形,形成固定词句含义与范围、指引合同行为与裁判、强化裁判程序与功能的鲜明特色。《合同编通则司法解释》的历史性价值与意义应当得以彰显和认同,以便未来的民事司法解释自觉前行。

试析国内与国际视域下的条约解释协调规则

条约解释协调规则旨在避免国内法院适用本国法的法律解释与该国承担义务(尤其是条约义务)的国际法相冲突,或者是国内法院与行政部门对涉案法律的解释冲突。在国内与国际视域下考察此类规则,有助于全面客观地认识其适用限制或现状,防止生搬硬套。中国在加入世界贸易组织之后制定实施的条约解释协调规则,有些存在适用上的困惑。对此,应在统筹推进国内法治和涉外法治思想的指导下,结合国内与国际视域,全面客观地分析、评估源于美国判例法的条约解释协调规则,从中国国情出发,打破通常涉外案件的界定,重新认识各级人民法院适用条约转化的国内法时进行条约解释的涉外性。

法定犯时代的刑法解释——兼论法秩序统一原则与刑法独立性

中国刑法已经进入法定犯时代。法定犯是指同时具有行政违法性和刑事违法性,且构成要件必须依托行政法规具体规范内容进行判断的犯罪。法秩序统一原则要求法定犯构成要件要素解释必须与行政法规在基本精神和终极价值上协调一致、互不冲突;刑法独立性要求法定犯的构成要件要素保持相对独立的解释立场。法定犯的双重违法属性要求,在解释构成要件时,首先必须对不法类型进行同质性审查。不法类型绝对同质性情形下,行政法规规制目的排斥对法定犯构成要件要素进行文义解释的,刑法应进行限制解释;在超法规的角度,当行政归责属于立法拟制或推定的积极归责时,要防止以“仅有量的区别”为判断标准,直接将行政责任以作为法定犯认定的根据。

人类遗传资源安全的刑法全面性保护

为贯彻落实总体国家安全观,并回应人类遗传资源安全管理的规范发展要求,《刑法修正案(十一)》专门增设第三百三十四条之一,但却仍不足以全面保障人类遗传资源安全。究其原因,一是未规定单位犯罪,二是未全面规制非法提供和买卖人类遗传资源的行为,三是未同等保护人类遗传资源材料和人类遗传资源信息。在总体国家安全观的背景下,涉及人类遗传资源的前置法规制体系日趋完善。刑法全面保护人类遗传资源安全的关键,在于填补非法采集人类遗传资源、走私人类遗传资源材料罪的规范漏洞,合理解释关联罪名则是当下最优解。具体而言,把人类遗传资源信息解释为公民个人信息中的生物识别信息,并将侵犯人类遗传资源安全的行为解释为出售、提供或以其他方法非法获取公民个人信息,从而借助侵犯公民个人信息罪,全面评价自然人或者单位实施的非法采集、非法提供、买卖人类遗传资源材料、人类遗传资源信息的行为。

社会主义核心价值观融入法学专业课程的价值、作用与路径

社会主义核心价值观融入法学专业课程,既是新时代培养德法兼修的卓越法治人才的内在要求,也是深入推进法治中国建设的外在需求。社会主义核心价值观继承了中华优秀传统文化,践行了习近平法治思想,为培养新时代德法兼修的卓越法治人才奠定了优良的价值基础。社会主义核心价值观与法学专业课程的教学目标高度契合,法学教师可以从理论、实践双层面实现社会主义核心价值观浸润式融入法学专业课程,并通过多维度评价机制实现对学生的考核反馈,形成社会主义核心价值观与法学专业课程的相互作用,培养出社会主义核心价值观的合格践行者。

著作权法中传播权界权范式的转换

著作权法在立法上细化传播权规定的本意是便于司法裁判,实践适用中却仍然出现了信息网络传播权与其他传播权的裁判分歧,产生分歧的原因可以归因于传播权彼此间悬而未决的边界。为界定传播权的边界,基于物权理论的事前界权范式将国际公约作为立法原意,边界先于个案界定且单纯决定私人间的权利义务关系。而基于侵权理论的事后界权范式则将国际公约作为立法历程,边界在个案中界定并衡量私人利益与公共利益。由于事后界权范式融入了公私利益的价值判断,避免了权利边界的绝对化,其更符合法教义学的基本立场,所以界权范式的转换有助于法院通过事后标准灵活调整权利边界,并将个案裁判有目的地作为实现公共利益的手段,从而尽可能地促成裁判共识。

略论交易习惯的功能和适用——以《合同编司法解释》第2条为中心

交易习惯作为一种“活法”和“软法”,是调整交易关系的重要依据。交易习惯与作为法律渊源的习惯并不完全等同,需要在适用中加以区别。在合同解释中,交易习惯的作用主要表现为认定合同的成立、澄清条款文义、使附随义务具体化,基于交易习惯的合同解释也兼顾了当事人信赖保护。交易习惯也是填补合同漏洞的重要方式。在适用中,系列交易习惯优先于行业习惯和地域习惯,与此同时,交易习惯劣后于合同优先于合同法任意性规定。主张适用习惯的当事人须证明是否存在交易习惯及其具体内容,同时法院负担交易习惯合法性与公平合理性的审查职责。

体育仲裁受理范围的争议问题与法律解释

就新《体育法》第92条体育仲裁受理范围的规定,当前理论与实务界存在限缩解释论和扩张解释论的分歧,争议焦点即是否将体育商事合同纠纷和体育领域工作合同纠纷纳入体育仲裁受理范围。体育自治规范的专业性和技术性意味着体育法律关系的纠纷解决需依赖专门的争端解决机制,这是解释体育仲裁受理范围的方法论基点。就国际体育仲裁法庭和体育发达国家的经验而言,体育仲裁受理范围包括体育商事合同纠纷,体育领域工作合同纠纷也未被明确排除出体育仲裁机构的管辖。从历史解释出发,体育仲裁受理范围的确定需要与国际经验接轨,保持开放空间。将体育商事合同纠纷和运动员工作合同纠纷纳入体育仲裁受理范围,内含于新《体育法》第92条的文义,有助于避免与新《体育法》第96条可能存在的体系冲突,符合新《体育法》及其“体育仲裁”章的立法目的。

论新《公司法》的溯及力——对最高人民法院司法解释的诠释

新《公司法》不溯及既往是基本原则,溯及既往是例外规则。《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国公司法〉时间效力的若干规定》明确了新《公司法》的有限溯及力,仍有再解释余地。既判力优位规则平等适用于各类生效裁判文书。有利溯及规则本身具有高度的模糊性与不确定性,该规定将此规则置换为“更有利于实现新《公司法》立法目的”是睿智之举,但未明确立法目的之优先顺序。有利溯及或新法立法目的优位都应有利于新《公司法》九大核心价值体系整体、均衡与全面的实现。裁判者应着眼于提取立法价值之间的最大公约数,画大公司利益相关者利益的同心圆。有必要细化解释新法立法目的优位、促成法律行为有效性、遏制履约风险外溢、填补旧法漏洞与完善旧法细节等溯及力规则。