Law Professor: Changes "Substantial" in China's Human Rights Conditions

"Substantial" changes have taken place in China’s human rights conditions, according to Professor Xu Xianming, president of the China University of Law and Political Sciences. As a member of the Law Committee of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, China’s highest legislature, he is known for his contributions to improvements in the country’s legal system. In an interview with Human Rights magazine, Professor Xu Xianming listed what he chose to call the "five most important changes" in China’s human rights conditions:

Reflection and operationalization of the common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities principle in the transparency framework under the international climate change regime

“Common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities”(CBDRRC) is the most significant guiding principle in the international climate change regime, created by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992 and inherited by the Paris Agreement 24 years later. This paper examines the operationalization of the CBDRRC principle in one of the cornerstone rules of the regimedits transparency provisions, both in existing practice under the convention and possible evolvement in negotiations under the Paris Agreement, from the perspectives of both international rule-making and domestic implementation. The authors have found a continuous enhancement of the transparency framework since the 1990s, and gradual consolidation of a bifurcated system between developed and developing countries into a common one. The authors argue that the transparency framework, as part of the procedural rules, should be designed to facilitate transparent information sharing in accordance with substantive commitments under international climate change laws. Thus, it indirectly reflects historical responsibilities for climate change, while the framework should also be designed as feasible and reflective of the respective capabilities of nations. Finally, the evolution of the transparency framework will aim to enact common and enhanced provisions while differentiating between developed and developing countries in the near term, and greater transparency-related capacity-building for developing countries.

On the Liquid-Vapor Phase-Change Interface Conditions for Numerical Simulation of Violent Separated Flows

Numerous models have been proposed in the literature to include phase change into numerical simulations of two-phase flows.This review paper presents the modeling options that have been taken in order to obtain a model for violent separated flows with application to sloshing wave impacts.A relaxation model based on linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics has been chosen to compute the rate of phase change.The integration in the system of partial differential equations is done through a non-conservative advection term.For each of these modelling choices,some alternative models from the literature are presented and discussed.The theoretical framework for all phase change model(conservation equations and entropy growth)is also summarized.

A METROD PREDICTING RESPONSE OF SEDIMENT YIELD TO POSSIBIE CHANGE OF PRECIPITATION DUE TO GLOBAL GREENHOUSE WARMING:AN EXAMPIE FROM NORTH FRINGE OF THE LOESS PLATEAU, CHINA

Starting from the supposition of time-space substitution, the Langbein-Schumm's Law was applied to deal with response of fluvial erosion System to the changes in mean annual Precipitation induced by global green-house warming. As a result, a simple method was put forward to predict change in sediment yield, with Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in the northern fringe of the Loess Plateau of China as an example. Results show that, even the change in mean annual precipitation is the same, the direction and magnitude of the resultant chang in sediment yteld would be quite different in fferent physico-geographical zones. When mean annual precipitation is increased, sediment yield in arid or semi-arid areas with a mean anntal Peripitation of less than 400 mm will be increased, while sediment yield in sub-humid or humid areas with a mean annual precipitation of more than 400 mm will be decreased.Additionally, the complex response of fluvial erosion system in time series due to the lag of change in vegetation behind the changn in precipitation has also been qualitatively discussed in this paper.

Simulation of Phase-Change Random Access Memory with Ring-Type Contactor for Low Reset Current by Finite Element Modelling

A three-dimensional finite element models for phase change random access memory （PCRAM） is established to simulate thermal and electrical behaviours during RESET operation. The RESET behaviours of the conventional structure （CS） and the ring-type contact in bottom electrode （RIB） are compared with each other. The simulation results indicate that the RIB cell has advantages of high heat efficiency for melting phase change material in cell, reduction of contact area and lower RESET current with maintaining good resistance contrast. The RESET current decreases from 1.26mA to 1.2mA and the heat consumption in CST material during programming increases from 12% to 37% in RIB structure. Thus the RIB structure PCRAM cell is suitable for future device with high heat efficiency and smaller RESET current.

Climate Change Impacts in Rwanda:Challenges and Adaptations

Climate change is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is,in addition to natural climate variability,observed over a period of considerable length.Rwanda shares with the world a big challenge of climate change,because climate change is not only an environmental issue,but also an economic issue,a social issue,a security issue and, above all,a moral issue.This paper reviews the origins of climate change and its impacts in Rwanda as they manifest themselves across various sectors

High Speed and Ultra-Low-Power Phase Change Line Cell Memory Based on SiSb Thin Films with Nanoscale Gap of Electrodes Less Than 100 nm

Si16Sbs4-based line cell phase change random access memory （PCRAM）, in which the Si16Sbs4 phase change line is contacted by TiN electrodes with a nanoscale gap, is fabricated by electron beam lithography. The lowest current and measured pulse width for RESET operation are 115 μA and 18 ns, respectively. The measured shortest pulse width for recrystallization is 110ns, with applied pulse amplitude of 1.5 V. SET and RESET currents for line cells with different line lengths are determined. Endurance of 106 cycles with a resistance ratio of above 800 has been achieved.

Phase Diagram of Antiferromagnetically Exchange-Coupled Bilayer

Magnetic hysteresis properties of antiferromagnetically exchange-coupled bilayer structures, in which the two magnetic layers have different magnetic parameters and thicknesses, are studied within the framework of the Stoner-Wohlfarth model. Analytical expressions for the switching fields corresponding to the linear magnetic states are obtained. By adjusting the magnetic parameters or thicknesses of layers, nine different types of easy-axis hysteresis loops may exist. The phase diagram of easy-axis hysteresis loops is mapped in the k1 and k2 plane, where k1 and k2 are the ratios of magnetic anisotropy to the interlayer exchange coupling of the two magnetic layers, respectively.

Fabrication and Characterization of SmCo5/Fe65Co35 and SmCo5/Fe Composite Spring Exchange Magnets

SmCo5/Fe65Co35 and SmCo5/Fe spring exchange magnets are fabricated by dc magnetron sputtering on MgO substrates and 100-nm-thick Si3N4 membranes, respectively. The base pressure of sputtering chamber is kept below 10^-7 Tort, and Ar pressure is 3 to 8mTorr. The samples are characterized by an x-ray diffractometer, a superconducting quantum interference magnetometer, and high resolution magnetic soft x-ray microscopy. We obtain the complete exchange coupling and single phase behaviour of composite magnets. The （BH）max value achieved is 28.8 MGOe.

DiStinguishing Structure Change of Cells Based on Analysis of Light Scattering Patterns

We develop a new method to distinguish structural change of cells based on light scattering and Fourier spectra analysis. The light scattering detection system is composed of a laser source, an optical microscope, a CCD with high resolution and low distortion. After the scattering patterns of cells are recorded by the CCD, the Fourier spectra are obtained by the intensity distribution of scattered light. In the experiment, the change of cell structure is designed by sonication treatment. It is found that different typical peaks can be shown in the Fourier spectra of MCF7 cells with and without sonication treatment, which indicates that this method can be used to distinguish the structural change of cells.

Formation patterns of Chang 9 oil reservoir in Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, NW China

Based on analysis of main controlling factors of Chang 9, the source rock, driving force of migration, migration and accumulation modes, reservoir forming stages and model and enrichment law of Chang 9 reservoir were examined. The study showed that the oil of Chang 9 reservoir in the Jiyuan and Longdong(Eastern Gansu) areas came primarily from the source rock of Chang 7 Member, but the oil of Chang 9 reservoir in the Zhidan area came primarily from the source rock of Chang 9 Member. There developed lithologic-structural oil reservoirs in Gufengzhuang-Mahuangshan area in northwest Jiyuan, structural-lithologic oil reservoirs in east Jiyuan, and lithologic reservoirs in Huachi–Qingcheng area and Zhidan area. The overpressure of Chang 7 Member was the driving force of oil migration. The burial history showed that Chang 9 Member experienced two stages of reservoir forming, the reservoir formed in the Late Jurassic was smaller in charging scope and scale, and the Early Cretaceous was the period when the source rock generated oil and gas massively and the Chang 9 reservoir came into being. Along with the tectonic movements, Chang 7 bottom structure turned from high in the west and lower in the East in the sedimentary stage to high in the east and lower in the west in the hydrocarbon accumulation stage and at last to gentle western-leaning monoclinal structure at present. In Early Cretaceous, the Chang 7 bottom structure was the lowest in the west of Huanxian-Huachi-Wuqi-Dingbian areas, so the oil migrated laterally towards the higher positions around after entering the reservoir. In the main reservoir forming period, Chang 7 bottom had an ancient anticline in Mahuangshan-Hongjingzi area of west Jiyuan, controlling the oil reservoir distribution in west Jiyuan.

Half-Cell Law of Regular Cellular Detonations

Numerical simulations illustrate the half-cell law of regular cellular detonations propagating in confined space, i.e., the number of cells always maintains an integral multiple of half cell. The cells adapt themselves larger or smaller to the size of the unconfined space by maintaining the cell scale larger or smaller than the original cells of detonation.

Analysis of precipitation characteristics of South and North China based on the power-law tail exponents

Precipitation sequence is a typical nonlinear and chaotic observational series, and studies on precipitation forecasts are restricted to the use of traditional linear statistical methods, especially when analysing the regional characteristics of precipitation. In the context of 20 stations＇ daily precipitation series （from 1956 to 2000） in South China （SC） and North China （NC）, we divide each precipitation series into many self-stationary segments by using the heuristic segmentation algorithm （briefly BG algorithm）. For each station＇s precipitation series, we calculate the exponent of power-law tall （EPT） of the cumulative probability distribution of segments with a length larger than l for precipitation and temperature series. Our results show that the power-law decay of the cumulative probability distribution of stationary segments might be a common attribution for precipitation and other nonstationary time series; the EPT somewhat indicates the precipitation duration and its spatial distribution that might be different from area to area. The EPT in NC is larger than in SC; Meanwhile, EPT might be another effective way to study the abrupt changes in nonlinear and nonstationary time series.

Effects of PHC on Water Quality of Jiaozhou Bay Ⅵ.Transfer Laws

According to the investigation data of PHC content in Jiaozhou Bay,China from 1979 to 1983,the content,sources,horizontal,vertical and seasonal distribution,and transfer laws of PHC in the water of the bay were analyzed on spatial scale,and the processes of pollution sources,land transfer,sedimentation,and water transfer of PHC in Jiaozhou Bay were discussed on temporal scale. These laws and changing processes could provide theoretical foundation for studies on water transfer of PHC and other heavy metals.

Relationship between the Three Laws of Dialectics of Nature and Agricultural Development

Based on the three laws of dialectics of nature-the law of unity of opposites, the law of mutual change of quality and the law of negation of negation, this paper analyzes the relationship between the three laws and agricultural development, and proposes making good use of the three laws to promote the better development of agriculture and realize agricultural modernization.

Conservation Laws for Partially Conservative Variable Mass Systems via d＇Alembert＇s Principle

Conservation laws for partially conservative variable mass dynamical systems under symmetric infinitesimal transformations are determined. A generalization of Lagrange-d ＇Alembert＇s principle for a variable mass system in terms of asynchronous virtual variation is presented. The generalized Killing equations are obtained such that their solution yields the transformations and the associated conservation laws. An example illusstrative of the theory is furnished at the end as well.

Equal Before Law China adopts stricter measures to curb the rise of imported cases of COVID-19

China adopts stricter measures to curb the rise of imported cases of COVID-19 It’s been over 10 years since John Vedasto Rwehumbiza,a Zambian businessman,settled in Guangzhou,south China’s Guangdong Province.He’s an old China hand and has seen a lot of change in that time,experiencing many highs and a fair share of lows.

我国主要河川径流演变规律与归因及其区域特征

从径流演变规律主要分析方法和主要河川径流演变规律、径流主要归因方法和主要河川径流归因分析、案例分析、我国主要河川径流演变规律与径流归因分析区域分布特征4个方面系统总结和梳理了我国近年来在主要河川径流演变规律与归因及其区域特征研究方面取得的主要研究成果。结果表明:Mann-Kendall非参数趋势检验方法是较为常用的径流演变规律分析方法,水文模型法、统计分析方法和Budyko假设的流域水热耦合平衡方法是进行径流变化归因分析的常用方法,其中Budyko假设的流域水热耦合平衡方法应用较为广泛;我国主要河川径流量除西北诸河和西南河流源区部分河流呈增加趋势外,其他区域河川径流大多呈减少趋势;人类活动是引起我国主要河川径流变化的主要原因。

Motoyosi Sugita—A “Widely Unknown” Japanese Thermodynamicist Who Explored the 4th Law of Thermodynamics for Creation of the Theory of Life

The purpose of this paper is to introduce to you, the Western people, nowadays a “widely unknown” Japanese thermodynamicist by the name of Motoyosi Sugita and his study on the thermodynamics of transient phenomena and his theory of life. This is because although he was one of the top theoretical physicists in Japan before, during and after WWII and after WWII he promoted the establishment of the biophysical society of Japan as one of the founding members, he himself and his studies themselves have seemed to be totally forgotten nowadays in spite that his study was absolutely important for the study of life. Therefore, in this paper I would like to present what kind of person he was and what he studied in physics as a review on the physics work of Motoyosi Sugita for the first time. I will follow his past studies to introduce his ideas in theoretical physics as well as in biophysics as follows: He proposed the bright ideas such as the quasi-static change in the broad sense, the virtual heat, and the field of chemical potential etc. in order to establish his own theory of thermodynamics of transient phenomena, as the generalization of the Onsager-Prigogine’s theory of the irreversible processes. By the concept of the field of chemical potential that acquired the nonlinear transport, he was seemingly successful to exceed and go beyond the scope of Onsager and Prigogine. Once he established his thermodynamics, he explored the existence of the 4th law of thermodynamics for the foundation of theory of life. He applied it to broad categories of transient phenomena including life and life being such as the theory of metabolism. He regarded the 4th law of thermodynamics as the maximum principle in transient phenomena. He tried to prove it all life long. Since I have recently found that his maximum principle can be included in more general maximum principle, which was known as the Pontryagin’s maximum principle in the theory of optimal control, I would like to explain such theories produced by Motoyosi Sugita as detailed as possible. And also I have put short history of Motoyosi Sugita’s personal life in order for you to know him well. I hope that this article helps you to know this wonderful man and understand what he did in the past, which was totally forgotten in the world and even in Japan.

论习近平法治思想对中华优秀传统法律文化的传承创新——基于党的二十大报告关于依法治国的视角

习近平法治思想坚持赓续我们党百余年法治和深刻传承中华法治几千年恢宏壮丽法治史中的精华,深刻体现了“中国之治”的文化自信,是弘扬中国特色社会主义法治文化的典范。习近平法治思想重视从中华优秀传统法律文化中汲取“奉法强国”的信念、全面依法治国的智慧和治国理政的经验,探寻强化法治生命力的路径。面对百年变局叠加世纪疫情,全球治理体系和国际秩序变革异常激烈,国际法治遭遇强烈挑战。习近平法治思想在中国法治和国际治理的实践中,坚持知古鉴今,弘扬中华法治智慧、吸收世界法治文明精华;资政育人,“中国方案”“中国之治”“中国智慧”既充分彰显国际法治的正道、顺应历史发展潮流、增进国际社会民生福祉,又更加增强中华法治自信,彰显中华优秀传统法律文化的时代特色。习近平法治思想把以人民为中心作为法治中国建设的基本立场,从中华优秀传统法律文化中汲取法治中国建设的不竭动力,是引领法治中国建设的思想旗帜和强劲动力源,是打破“西方中心论”长期遏制中国法治理论话语权的有力武器。新时代,推进法治中国建设,应坚持以习近平法治思想为指引,聚焦中国式现代化的法治新课题,把握好习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的世界观和方法论,深耕中华优秀传统法律文化,使其成为推进全面依法治国的智慧和力量源泉。