Determinants of Households’ Adoption of Organic Pesticides for Lawns and Gardens

This study investigates organic pesticide adoption in residential lawn care management, incorporating determinants based on a synthesis of multiple literatures. A mail survey using the Dillman method was conducted in Missouri in 2014 with a random sample of 2000 single-family households (44.1% effective response rate). The data indicate an adoption rate of 17.7% for organic pesticides. This unique dataset also allows us to differentiate distinct non-adopters by familiarity with the practice as well as non-use of any pesticides. Multinomial logit regressions find environmental concerns, awareness of neighbor’s opinions, and gardening behaviors as significant determinants. The effects on relative probability of being an adopter are large: 18 times more likely for people with serious environmental concerns or 5 times more likely for those spending more than 15 hours per month on lawn care.

Sporting Usefulness Potential of Nine Local Taxa of Grasses for Lawns in the Agro-Ecological Zone with Bimodal Rainfall in Cameroon

The Cameroonian flora has a very high biodiversity that remains largely unexplored. It contains many grasses that can be used for sports lawns, but are currently underutilized. In order to contribute to the improvement of the quality of sports lawns, nine local grass taxa from the agro-ecological zone with bimodal rainfall in Cameroon were evaluated for their potential for sporting use in natural lawns. The method of the Study and Control Group for Varieties and Seeds was used to evaluate the sports lawn characteristics of the taxa. The resistance to trampling and pulling, the density of the lawn, and the aesthetic appearance, which are factors in calculating the sports index, were monitored at two sites, including the experimental space at the University of Yaounde 1 in the Center region and Kagnol 2 in the East region, from January 2017 to January 2020. The monthly lawn characteristic data allowed for the differentiation between the means and the determination of the sports index of the taxa compared to commercialized lawn varieties. The sports index of the evaluated taxa varied: Cynodon dactylon (6.989), Eleusine indica (6.338), Sporobolus natalensis (6.301), Cynodon cf Cynodon dactylon (6.257), Eragrostis tremula (5.939), Sporobolus pyramidalis (5.583), Agrostis rupestris (5.335), Axonopus compressus (4.991), and Digitaria sp. (4.544). These results show that these grass taxa have potential for sporting use in lawn mixtures at different levels of sports disciplines.

Analysis of Application Status and Recommendations for Shade-Tolerant Lawns and Ground Cover Plants in the West Lake Scenic Area

Taking 8 parks in Xihu Scenic Area as the survey objects, this study found that there are 77 kinds of shade-tolerant lawns and ground cover plants under the forest in good growth condition, and there are 3 types of application forms: dense forest, sparse forest and forest edge. In response to the existing problems, it is proposed that it is necessary to adhere to principles of ecology, adapt to local conditions and plant suitable varieties in accordance with local conditions, develop and use new varieties of wild shade-tolerant lawns and ground cover plants, and strengthen the promotion of the mixed planting model of shade-tolerant lawns and ground cover plants, so as to provide guidance for the better use of shade-tolerant lawns and ground cover under the forest in the West Lake Scenic Area in the future.

Lovely lawns

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Survey and Application Prospect Analysis of Spontaneous Plants in Urban Park Lawn in Hangzhou

The spontaneous plants in the lawn not only improve the biodiversity of the lawn,but also provide food and shelter for insects,amphibians and birds,as well as pleasant sensory experience for people.The spontaneous plants in eight different types of parks in Hangzhou were investigated in detail by field survey.A total of 89 species of 27 families of spontaneous plants were found in Hangzhou urban parks,of which Asteraceae,Fabaceae and Poaceae were the dominant families.The life forms are mainly perennial herbs,and the growth forms are mostly erect.According to the screening criteria,20 spontaneous plants,such as Ranunculus sieboldii,Taraxacum mongolicum and Corydalis decumbens,were recommended for potential exploitation.According to the spontaneous plants of lawn,three application models of flower lawn,semi-natural succession of lawn and natural grassland were put forward.

Overview of Lawn and Its Planting Application

The planting principles of lawn were introduced in this study, and the application of lawn planning was discussed by taking the lawn planning for Teaching Practice Base in Yichun University as a study case.

Study on the Application of Lawn in Landscape Design

The development situation of lawn industry in China and abroad was introduced,the types of lawn were categorized from different perspectives,and the application of lawn in landscape design was also analyzed.

Multiple Usages of Urban Lawn and Problem Analysis

Based on lawn function theory and urban planning perspectives, functions of urban lawns were analyzed, status and prospect of the multiple usages of lawn were revealed. Urban lawn was concluded as an important part of modern urban greening, moveover, it has been integrated in people's lives gradually by playing a significant role in people's work, studying, leisure, urban disaster prevention and mitigation. At the same time, problems rise from the multiple usages of lawn were discussed and improvement suggestions were put forward.

美国Lawn式校园规划在近代中国的移植与转译

19世纪初美国Lawn式校园规划日渐成熟,它以其规整有序、自由开放的鲍扎式空间受到欢迎,成为19至20世纪美国校园的主导模式,并随着文化交流,于20世纪初来到中国。近代中国的校园规划在延续其基本构图形制的同时,也着力寻求中国传统文化语境下的现代大学校园规划形制。对这一过程加以研究有助于有效建立我国校园规划在世界规划历史中的位置,理解校园规划方案的历史、人文、社会内涵,为如今不断扩张、兴建的大学校园规划提供历史思考,为制定现代大学校园的保护提供历史依据。

Brief Study on Application of New Indoor Lawn in Northern Areas of China

At present,the development and function research of lawn has become diversified,and the application of lawn has been extended from outdoor to indoor environment. The indoor lawn has functions of absorbing toxic and harmful gases,releasing oxygen,increasing air humidity and regulating temperature. It can effectively improve the indoor air quality of northern areas,purify and beautify the home environment.This paper elaborated the purpose and significance of the application of new indoor lawn,the establishment methods of the indoor lawn,and the application design of the indoor lawn landscape.

STUDY ON THE INTRODUCTION OF LAWN PLANTS AND THE TECHNOLOGY OF PLANTING THEM IN NINGXIA'S ARID AREA

Ningxia lies inland in China. Its annual rainfall is from 130 mm to 380 mm. It lies inthe arid and semiarid areas of the midtemperate zone. Dry climate, sand blown by thewind, common salinization and scattered plants are the main climatic characteristics. So itis very important for the afforestation, environmental protection and management of

Status and Perspectives of the Researches on Lawn

There is a rapid development of lawn industry, however, the researches on lawn culture, maintenance and its mechanisms lag behind. Studies of drought-resistance, fertilization, management and maintenance of lawn are discussed in this paper. Besides, problems with the research on lawn culture and its maintenance in China are also analyzed. For example, soil has been destroyed seriously by the production of wrapping sward, but the studies on turf medium are deficient. Besides, the maintenance and management of lawn have not a standard due to the shortage of studies on turf quality assessment; applications of high-technique to lawn sciences are inadequate too. The developing tendency of lawn research in China is suggested at the end of this paper to help for the further studies in this field.

Weed Occurrence and Chemical Control Test in Public Lawn of Suzhou Urban Area of China

Weed occurrence and damage in public green lawn of Suzhou urban area was assessed using five-grade weed visual survey method. The occurrence and damage of weeds in public green lawn of Suzhou City was very common. There were totally 67 species of weeds in green lawn, with the density of 6.5 plant/m^2, the relative abundance of 7.6%, the relative coverage of 10.3%, the relative height and the occurrence frequency of 100%, and the overall damage level of weeds was above the forth level. There were 14 species of major weeds causing damage, and 15 species of weeds were found to pose regional damage. Haloxyfop-R-methyl or Ping＇an-14 could be applied to control grassy weeds in clover lawns, with the herbicidal effect above 90%. MCPA, fluroxypyr, or clopyralid could be administra- ted alone to control broadleaf weeds in Cynodon dactylon or Festuca elata lawn, with the herbicidal effect above 85%. Since the weed species in weed communities of lawn were different, the types of herbicides should be targeted, or SD additives could be added to improve the herbicidal effect.

Household Use of Composted Manure and Phosphorous-Free Fertilizers: Feeling Good versus Doing Good

Increasing urbanization has led to increasing impermeable surfaces and use of lawn care products. Phosphorous (P) is a major pollutant in freshwater systems, leading to eutrophication, harmful algal blooms and hypoxia. An important source is runoff from urban areas so reducing use of P fertilizers by homeowners would be helpful. This study examines the use of two alternative fertilizer sources in an urbanizing watershed in the Midwest, organic fertilizer/composted manure and P-free fertilizer. A mail survey of households was conducted, resulting in a 44% effective response rate. The adoption rates were relatively high (31% and 23% respectively) compared to those found in previous work for rain gardens and rain barrels. Probit regression results found that adoption of both practices was higher among those who tested their soil, knew the watershed concept, and spent more than 10 hours per month gardening. Results for use of composted manure imply that adopters do not view this as fertilizer, which may result in buildup of P levels in the soil over time. Respondents who indicated that water quality was more important than economic development were more likely to use P-free fertilizers. Significant demographic factors for organic fertilizer were somewhat surprising;those with two years of college were more likely to adopt than those with a four-year degree and those with household income of $50,000 - 75,000 were more likely to adopt than those with an income of $75,000 - 100,000. No demographic factors were important for P-free fertilizers.

Planting and Maintenance Strategy of Cold Season Lawn

At present, the scale of landscaping projects continues to expand, and lawn is a common construction project. The planting and maintenance of cold season lawn is crucial, which has great influence on the effect of landscaping projects. The paper expounds the planting methods of cold season lawn, then puts forward maintenance strategies from the aspects of timely pruning, reasonable irrigation, watering, pest control, etc., and finally summarizes the content of the full text.

SUSTAINABLE PLAYING FIELDS 8 Steps to an Easy Field Facelift

According to the National Safe Kids Coalition,30 million young people play organized sports in the United States annually.One million of them are treated annually in an emergency room and 50%of those treated injuries are preventable.As more people are encouraged to be active in their daily lives to combat health issues and obesity,an increased demand on recreational and sport facilities and playing surfaces will increase the degradation of the playing surfaces and thereby increase the risk of sports related injuries.Continual maintenance and upkeep of playing surfaces can be become a sinkhole for budgeted dollars if a facility use plan and a maintenance plan are not in place for dealing with the increase in play on athletic fields and parks.So why do the statistics of athletic injury matter?As we manage sports fields,our jobs are to reduce the number of injuries on our playing surfaces.We need to make our fields as safe as we can.There are a number of agronomic practices that many times are overlooked or forgotten about when managing sports turf.“8 Steps to an Easy Field Facelift”is a list of the management practices we can employ that will sustain our fields safer for play for a longer period of time at minimal cost.

For Wang Zhaomei. Happiness Is a Well-Tended Lawn

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Identification of Festuca arundinacea Schreb Cat1 Catalase Gene and Analysis of its Expression Under Abiotic Stresses

Ablotlc stresses, such as drought, high salinity, and cold/freezing, lead plants to produce excess reactive oxygen species. Catalase, a unique hydrogen peroxide-scavenging enzyme, plays a very Important role In plants. To characterize the catalase involved In plant response to ablotlc stresses, we constructed a cDNA library from 4℃-treated Festuca arundinacea Schreb seedlings and isolated a catalase gene from this library. The cDNA （FaCat1, 1 735 bp） contained an open reading frame of 1 479 bp. BLAST analysis Indicated that the deduced amino acid sequence showed 96% Identity with that from wheat TaCat1 and 87% Identity with that from maize ZmCat2. Northern blotting analysis showed an obvious Increase of FaCat1 transcripts In leaves In contrast with roots. Time-course analysis of the expression of FaCat1 in F. arundinacea leaves showed that FaCat1 expression was upregulated in cold- and salt-stressed leaves, with the FaCat1 transcripts accumulat-Ing mostly at 4 or 2 h after cold or salt stress, respectively. No significant changes in FaCat1 transcription were observed in dried leaves and inhibition of FaCat1 transcription was found In absclsic acid （ABA）-treated leaves, Indicating that the FaCat1 gene is differentially expressed during cold, high salt, drought, and ABA treatment In F. arundinacea leaves.

Soil warming effect on net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide during the transition from winter carbon source to spring carbon sink in a temperate urban lawn

The significant warming in urban environment caused by the combined effects of global warming and heat island has stimulated widely development of urban vegetations. However, it is less known of the climate feedback of urban lawn in warmed environment. Soil warming effect on net ecosystem exchange （NEE） of carbon dioxide during the transition period from winter to spring was investigated in a temperate urban lawn in Beijing, China. The NEE （negative for uptake） under soil warming treatment （temperature was about 5~C higher than the ambient treatment as a control） was -0.71 ~mol/（m2.sec）, the ecosytem was a CO2 sink under soil warming treatment, the lawn ecosystem under the control was a CO2 source （0.13 Ixmol/（mE.sec））, indicating that the lawn ecosystem would provide a negative feedback to global warming. There was no significant effect of soil warming on nocturnal NEE （i.e., ecosystem respiration）, although the soil temperature sensitivity （Q10） of ecosystem respiration under soil warming treatment was 3.86, much lower than that in the control （7.03）. The CO2 uptake was significantly increased by soil warming treatment that was attributed to about 100% increase of ct （apparent quantum yield） and Amax （maximum rate of photosynthesis）. Our results indicated that the response of photosynthesis in urban lawn is much more sensitive to global warming than respiration in the transition period.

Carbonyl sulfide and dimethyl sulfide fluxes in an urban lawn and adjacent bare soil in Guangzhou,China

Carbonyl sulfide （COS） and dimethyl sulfide （DMS） fluxes from as urban Cynodon dactylon lawn and adjacent bare soil were measured during April-July 2005 in Guangzhou, China. Both the lawn and bare soil acted as sinks for COS and sources for DMS. The mean fluxes of COS and DMS in the lawn （-19.27 and 18.16 pmol/（m^2.sec）, respectively） were significantly higher than those in the bare soil （-9.89 and 9.35 pmol/（m^A2.sec）, respectively）. Fluxes of COS and DMS in mowed lawn were also higher than those in bare soils. Both COS and DMS fluxes showed diurnal variation with detectable but much lower values in the nighttime than in the daytime. COS fluxes were related significantly to temperature and the optimal temperature for COS uptake was 29℃. While positive linear correlations were found between DMS fluxes and temperature. COS fluxes increased linearly with ambient COS mixing ratios, and had a compensation point of 336 ppt.