New Reynolds' mean momentum equations including both turbulent viscosity and dispersion are used to analyze atmospheric balance motions of the planetary boundary layer. It is pointed out that turbulent dispersion ...New Reynolds' mean momentum equations including both turbulent viscosity and dispersion are used to analyze atmospheric balance motions of the planetary boundary layer. It is pointed out that turbulent dispersion with r 0 will increase depth of Ekman layer, reduce wind velocity in Ekman layer and produce a more satisfactory Ekman spiral lines fit the observed wind hodograph. The wind profile in the surface layer including tur-bulent dispersion is still logarithmic but the von Karman constant k is replaced by k1 = 1 -2/k, the wind increasesa little more rapidly with height.展开更多
Taking the Gaoshangpu-Liuzan geothermal field in the Nanpu sag of the Bohai Bay Basin as the research object, this paper discusses the geological conditions and potential of the geothermal resources of the Guantao For...Taking the Gaoshangpu-Liuzan geothermal field in the Nanpu sag of the Bohai Bay Basin as the research object, this paper discusses the geological conditions and potential of the geothermal resources of the Guantao Formation in the study area, and introduces the development practice of geothermal energy heating in Caofeidian. The average buried depth of the Guantao Formation is 1500–2500 m, the lithology is dominated by sandy conglomerate, and the average thickness of thermal reservoir is 120–300 m. The average porosity of thermal reservoir is 28%–35%, the permeability is(600–2000)×10^(-3) μm^(2), and the temperature of thermal reservoir is 70–110 ℃. The formation has total geothermal resources of 13.79×10^(18) J, equivalent to 4.70×10^(8) t of standard coal. Based on a large amount of seismic and drilling data from oil and gas exploration, this study carried out high quality target area selection, simulation of sandstone thermal reservoir, and production and injection in the same layer. The geothermal heating project with distributed production and injection well pattern covering an area of 230×10^(4) m^(2) was completed in the new district of Caofeidian in 2018. The project has been running steadily for two heating seasons, with an average annual saving of 6.06×10^(4) t of standard coal and a reduction of 15.87×10^(4) t of carbon dioxide, achieving good economic and social benefits. This project has proved that the Neogene sandstone geothermal reservoir in eastern China can achieve sustainable large-scale development by using the technology of "balanced production and injection in the same layer". It provides effective reference for the exploration and development of geothermal resource in oil and gas-bearing basins in eastern China.展开更多
A dynamic two-zone model is proposed to address the formation of granulation and drying zones in fluidized bed layering granulation processes with internal product classification. The model assumes a constant volume f...A dynamic two-zone model is proposed to address the formation of granulation and drying zones in fluidized bed layering granulation processes with internal product classification. The model assumes a constant volume for the granulation zone, but a variable overall volume for the fluidized bed to account for classified product removal. The model is used to study the effect of various process parameters on dynamics and process stability. Stability is shown to depend on the separation diameter of product removal and the flow rate of the injected liquid. A lower and upper range of separation diameters with stable process behavior are found. In an intermediate range instability in the form of self-sustained oscillations is observed. The lower stability boundary is in qualitative agreement with recent experimental observations （Schmidt, Bück, ＆ Tsotsas, 2015）; the upper boundary was reported in a theoretical paper by Vreman, Van Lare, and Hounslow （2009） based on a single zone model.展开更多
文摘New Reynolds' mean momentum equations including both turbulent viscosity and dispersion are used to analyze atmospheric balance motions of the planetary boundary layer. It is pointed out that turbulent dispersion with r 0 will increase depth of Ekman layer, reduce wind velocity in Ekman layer and produce a more satisfactory Ekman spiral lines fit the observed wind hodograph. The wind profile in the surface layer including tur-bulent dispersion is still logarithmic but the von Karman constant k is replaced by k1 = 1 -2/k, the wind increasesa little more rapidly with height.
基金This study was supported and helped by Professor Yan Jiahong with China Petroleum Exploration and Development Research Institute,Yao Yanhua,Chief Geologist of the Hydrology Institute of PetroChina Liaohe Oilfield Company,and Dr.Kong Yanlong with the Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Taking the Gaoshangpu-Liuzan geothermal field in the Nanpu sag of the Bohai Bay Basin as the research object, this paper discusses the geological conditions and potential of the geothermal resources of the Guantao Formation in the study area, and introduces the development practice of geothermal energy heating in Caofeidian. The average buried depth of the Guantao Formation is 1500–2500 m, the lithology is dominated by sandy conglomerate, and the average thickness of thermal reservoir is 120–300 m. The average porosity of thermal reservoir is 28%–35%, the permeability is(600–2000)×10^(-3) μm^(2), and the temperature of thermal reservoir is 70–110 ℃. The formation has total geothermal resources of 13.79×10^(18) J, equivalent to 4.70×10^(8) t of standard coal. Based on a large amount of seismic and drilling data from oil and gas exploration, this study carried out high quality target area selection, simulation of sandstone thermal reservoir, and production and injection in the same layer. The geothermal heating project with distributed production and injection well pattern covering an area of 230×10^(4) m^(2) was completed in the new district of Caofeidian in 2018. The project has been running steadily for two heating seasons, with an average annual saving of 6.06×10^(4) t of standard coal and a reduction of 15.87×10^(4) t of carbon dioxide, achieving good economic and social benefits. This project has proved that the Neogene sandstone geothermal reservoir in eastern China can achieve sustainable large-scale development by using the technology of "balanced production and injection in the same layer". It provides effective reference for the exploration and development of geothermal resource in oil and gas-bearing basins in eastern China.
文摘A dynamic two-zone model is proposed to address the formation of granulation and drying zones in fluidized bed layering granulation processes with internal product classification. The model assumes a constant volume for the granulation zone, but a variable overall volume for the fluidized bed to account for classified product removal. The model is used to study the effect of various process parameters on dynamics and process stability. Stability is shown to depend on the separation diameter of product removal and the flow rate of the injected liquid. A lower and upper range of separation diameters with stable process behavior are found. In an intermediate range instability in the form of self-sustained oscillations is observed. The lower stability boundary is in qualitative agreement with recent experimental observations （Schmidt, Bück, ＆ Tsotsas, 2015）; the upper boundary was reported in a theoretical paper by Vreman, Van Lare, and Hounslow （2009） based on a single zone model.
