Effects of alloy elements on microstructure and crack resistance of Fe-C-Cr weld surfacing layer

Effects of alloy elements on the microstructure and crack resistance of Fe-C-Cr weld surfacing layer were investigated. The results show that microstructures of the layer mainly consist of carbides and austenite matrix. Increasing C and Cr contents impair the crack resistance of the layer due to increased amount of brittle carbides. The addition of Ni, Nb or Mo improves the crack resistance of Fe-C-Cr weld surfacing layer by increasing the amount of austenite and forming fine NbC or M 7C 3 carbides in the layer. But, the excessive Nb (>2.50wt%) or Mo (>1.88wt%) impairs the crack resistance of the layer, which has relation with increased carbides or carbide coarsening and austenite matrix solid solution strengthening. The proper combination of C, Cr, Ni, Nb and Mo can further improve not only the crack resistance of Fe-C-Cr weld surfacing layer but also the erosion resistance as a result of fine NbC and M 7C 3 carbides distributing uniformly in austenite matrix. The optimal layer compositions are 3.05wt%C, 20.58wt%Cr, 1.75wt%Ni, 2.00wt%Nb and 1.88wt%Mo.

A PENNY-SHAPED CRACK IN A MAGNETOELECTROELASTIC LAYER UNDER RADIAL SHEAR IMPACT LOADING

This paper analyzes the dynamic magnetoelectroelastic behavior induced by a pennyshaped crack in a magnetoelectroelastic layer. The crack surfaces are subjected to only radial shear impact loading. The Laplace and Hankel transform techniques are employed to reduce the problem to solving a Fredholm integral equation. The dynamic stress intensity factor is obtained and numerically calculated for different layer heights. And the corresponding static solution is given by simple analysis. It is seen that the dynamic stress intensity factor for cracks in a magnetoelectroelastic layer has the same expression as that in a purely elastic material. And the influences of layer height on both the dynamic and static stress intensity factors are insignificant as h/a 〉 2.

Hydrogen-increased dezincification layer-induced stress and susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking of brass

Dezincification layer formed during corrosion or stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of brass in an ammonia solution could induce an additive stress. The effect of hydrogen on the dezincification layer induced stress and the susceptibility to SCC were studied. The dezincification layer induced stress was measured using the deflection method and the flowing stress differential method, respectively. The latter measures the difference between the flowing stress of a specimen before unloading and the yield stress of the same specimen after unloading and forming a dezincification layer. The susceptibility to SCC was measured using slow strain rate test. Results show that both the dezincification layer induced stress and the susceptibility to SCC increase with increasing hydrogen concentration in a specimen. This implies that hydrogen enhanced dezincification layer induced stress is consistence with the hydrogen increased susceptibility to SCC of brass in the ammonia solution.

INVESTIGATION ON THE SCATTERINGOF ELASTIC WAVES (P OR SV) BY A PLANEINTERFACE CRACK IN LAYERED MEDIA

In this paper, the scattering of elastic waves by a plane interface crack in Layered media is investigated. By Fourier integral transform, the method of transfer matrix is extended to the scattering of elastic waves by a plane interface crack in layered media, and the problems are reduced to a set of dual integral equations in matrix form. As an example, the far field modes of scattering of elastic waves by a plane interface crack in a layered half space have been presented. Amplitudes in far field modes are plotted versus incident wave frequency for several groups of different material combinations, and the numerical results show that resonance peaks occur at some frequencies. The frequencies at which the resonanse peaks occur for P and SV waves are almost the same.

Investigation on Cracking in the Surfacing Welding Layer of Ni_3Al Based Alloy

Investigation has been made into the causes of cracking in the Surfacing welding layer of Ni3Al based alloy by analysing both the liqu id-to-solid transformation in the molten pool and the distribution of thermal stress within the surfacing welding layer. The results show that cracking in the surfacing welding layer is directly related to the producing of eutectic phase β' (NiAl) in the interdendritic region and high thermal stress within the surfacing welding layer. When the process of electric arc surfacing welding is changed from along straight line to along' Z' pattern, cracking in the surfacing welding layer of Ni3Al based alloy is prevented due to being reduced of both the cooling rate of liquid in the molten pool and the moving speed of the heat source. Reducing the melting volume of the substrate material by lowering the output power of electric arc welding would make the content of iron atoms in the molten pool decrease. and this also can reduce the trend of the eutectic reaction in the interdendfitic region and is helpful to Suppress cracking in the surfacing welding layer.

HYPERSINGULAR INTEGRAL EQUATIONS FOR PERIODIC ARRAYS OF PLANAR CRACKS IN A PERIODICALLY-LAYERED ANISOTROPIC ELASTIC SPACE UNDER ANTIPLANE SHEAR STRESS

Hypersingular integral equations are derived for the problem of determining the antiplane shear stress around periodic arrays of planar cracks in a periodically-layered anisotropic elastic space. The unknown functions are directly related to the jump in the displacements across opposite crack faces. Once the integral equations are solved, crack parameters of interest, such as the clack tip stress intensity factors, may be readily computed.For some specific examples of the problem, the integral equations are solved numerically by using a collocation technique, in order to compute the relevant stress intensity factors.

Analytical solution for a strained reinforcement layer bonded to lip-shaped crack under remote modeⅢuniform load and concentrated load

In this paper, the analytical solution of stress field for a strained reinforcement layer bonded to a lip-shaped crack under a remote mode III uniform load and a concentrated load is obtained explicitly in the series form by using the technical of conformal mapping and the method of analytic continuation. The effects of material combinations, bond of interface and geometric configurations on interfaciai stresses generated by eigenstrain, remote load and concentrated load are studied. The results show that the stress concentration and interfaciai stresses can be reduced by rational material combinations and geometric configurations designs for different load forms.

Penny-shaped interfacial crack between dissimilar magnetoelectroelastic layers

A penny-shaped interfacial crack between dissimilar magnetoelectroelastic layers subjected to magnetoelectromechanical loads is investigated,where the magnetoelectrically impermeable crack surface condition is adopted. By using Hankel transform technique,the mixed boundary value problem is firstly reduced to a system of singular integral equations,which are further reduced to a system of algebraic equations. The field intensity factors and energy release rate are finally derived. Numerical results elucidate the eects of crack configuration,electric and/or magnetic loads,and material parameters of the magnetoelectroelastic layers on crack propagation and growth. This work should be useful for the design of magnetoelectroelastic composite structures.

基于胡麻油工作液电火花成形加工可行性研究

传统的电火花工作液煤油或碳氢矿物油等,存在加工效率低、表面质量差且环境污染和资源消耗等问题。而绿色可持续制造也是当今发展的主要趋势。因此文章提出利用植物油胡麻油为工作液在电火花成形加工中的实验研究,旨在实现绿色可持续电火花加工。研究响应参数电流、脉冲宽度和间隙电压对材料去除率,表面粗糙度值,表面质量的影响规律。实验结果表明,胡麻油在电火花加工过程中表现出显著的性能优势。胡麻油为工作液时,材料去除率显著提高,可获得更好的加工表面,表面裂纹明显减少,重铸层厚度更薄。说明胡麻油具有代替传统工作液的潜质,有望进一步促进绿色电火花加工技术的发展和应用。

马鞍山长江公铁大桥主航道桥中塔下横梁施工关键技术

马鞍山长江公铁大桥主航道桥Z4号中塔采用空间四肢A形钢-混组合塔,横向两塔肢间设下横梁,下横梁间设3道系梁,纵向两塔肢间不设置横梁。下横梁采用支架法分层浇筑施工。下横梁施工支架采用落地式钢管支架配套模板体系,受力性能满足要求;通过有限元计算比选下横梁混凝土分层浇筑方案并进行优化,采取(5.5+2.5)m分层方案,上、下层混凝土分别分为2块、3块分层分块浇筑;通过低温升、易泵送、高抗裂的C60混凝土研制、下横梁与塔柱倒弧结合面抗裂措施优化、分块间接缝构造形式及施工工艺优化、下横梁与系梁混凝土浇筑施工组织优化、混凝土温度智能化监控、预应力束张拉时机控制等混凝土防裂措施,有效解决了下横梁大体积混凝土易开裂的难题。

气化炉激冷室堆焊层开裂原因

在对某气化炉进行定期检验过程中,发现气化炉激冷室内壁堆焊层存在大量树枝状裂纹,激冷水进口接管处出现穿透性裂纹。采用宏观观察、水质分析、金相检验、扫描电镜及能谱分析等方法对气化炉开裂原因进行分析。结果表明:气化炉底部黑水中含有大量氯离子,激冷室不锈钢堆焊层中镍元素含量较少,且气化炉长期在高温及应力条件下服役,最终导致堆焊层发生应力腐蚀开裂。

锌基镀层热成形钢裂纹的产生、扩展机理及高温力学性能研究

本文通过锌基镀层热成形钢的Gleeble试验和实际零件热冲压试验,在材料高温性能分析的基础上,建立了材料模型,用于高精度地拟合真应力和真应变之间的关系,进而研究成形温度、铁素体形成和弯曲变形对液态锌致基板脆裂(LMIE)的影响。结果表明,真应力随着变形温度的下降而增加。当变形温度为820℃时,LMIE导致真应变较低,约为0.13。根据Gleeble热模拟测试和实际零件试验结果,建议成形温度为720℃,可以避免LMIE并保证材料的力学性能。在实际应用中,拉应力容易导致微裂纹的产生,而压应力可以抑制微裂纹的产生。随着成形温度的降低,镀层中微裂纹的数量和宽度降低,同时镀层厚度增加。镀层主要为固态α-Fe(Zn)相。通过减少在加热保温和成形过程中的液态相可以减少甚至避免LMIE裂纹的产生。

基于DIC技术的碾压混凝土层面裂缝扩展规律

为研究碾压混凝土劈裂过程中层面裂缝演化规律,对不同砂浆处理的碾压混凝土开展劈裂抗拉试验,分析试件破坏形态和不同龄期的劈裂抗拉强度,结合数字图像相关(digital image correlation,DIC)技术观测碾压混凝土劈裂过程中层面裂缝发展规律,获取裂缝相关参数,包括裂缝宽度、裂缝扩展速率,并测定层面附近的显微硬度,分析裂缝扩展速率与显微硬度的关系。结果表明:砂浆处理可以有效提高层面结合效果和劈裂抗拉强度,降低裂缝扩展速率;层面裂缝发展过程分为初始、萌生、扩展、贯通4个阶段,扩展速率在贯通阶段呈陡增趋势,未处理试件的裂缝宽度最大;层面显微硬度明显低于上下层,砂浆处理能增强层面显微硬度,层面显微硬度与裂缝扩展速率、劈裂抗拉强度的决定系数R~2均在0.9以上,相关性较高。

激光熔覆铁基复合熔覆层的裂纹形成机理

激光熔覆是绿色再制造重点发展的工业技术。用高能密度的二氧化碳(CO_(2))激光束,在工件表面进行激光熔覆改性处理,形成成分和性能完全不同于母材的铁基复合熔覆层。激光熔覆层组织由马氏体α-Fe和细小弥散分布的碳氮化钛Ti(C,N)陶瓷颗粒组成。若激光熔覆工艺不当,会形成纵向或横向裂纹。熔合线附近的气孔和微空洞是复合熔覆层开裂的裂纹源,裂纹最初起裂于熔覆层与母材交界处,裂纹扩展为沿晶或穿晶断裂,属于脆性断裂。

航空多层铆接结构内层裂纹的远场涡流检测

多层铆接结构是飞机机身蒙皮与型材的主要结构。由于周期性载荷作用,其内部型材等承力部位易产生疲劳裂纹,该位置隐蔽性强,采用目视或常规无损检测技术难以检测出这些缺陷。而远场涡流检测技术可检测埋藏深度大的缺陷,采用该技术对飞机多层铆接结构的内层裂纹进行检测。结果表明:选择合适的检测频率时,检测信号阻抗的幅值与裂纹深度、检测信号阻抗的相位角与裂纹埋藏深度均呈良好的线性关系,对于确定的被检材料和检测传感器,得出的拟合公式可为裂纹损伤的定位、定量检测提供理论参考依据,从而获得裂纹的准确信息,实现裂纹损伤的准确定位和定量检测。

飞机结构X射线裂纹图像智能评定

飞机结构X射线图像评定过程存在复杂背景下裂纹分割不准确、检出难等问题。基于高效层聚合网络提出一种飞机结构X射线裂纹图像智能评定模型(ELAN-Seg),将ELAN-Seg模型和DeepLabv3+模型的射线图像裂纹分割能力进行对比,结合图像处理技术对模型分割的裂纹长度进行评估,利用飞机强度试验及外场维护过程采集的X射线图像对模型进行验证。结果表明:分割的最小裂纹长度约为3 mm,ELAN-Seg模型对复杂背景射线图像裂纹分割更加准确,裂纹漏检率小于3.8%,该模型具有工程适用性。

景区公路路面白改黑应用研究

以实际工程为例,探讨了水泥路面直接加铺沥青层方案的设计思路,并针对反射裂缝等问题提出了相应的处治措施,通过理论计算得出沥青加铺层最小厚度,结合实际施工条件提出设计要点。

考虑注液参数影响的水力裂缝穿层扩展判别模型

为准确判别煤系复合储层合层压裂过程中,水力裂缝遇到层间界面时的扩展路径,基于流体流动和固体弹性变形理论及水力裂缝遇到天然裂缝时扩展路径的判别准则,建立了复合储层水力合层压裂裂缝穿层扩展的判别模型;模型重点考虑了压裂液注液速率和黏度对水力裂缝穿层扩展的影响,给出了水力裂缝穿层扩展与沿界面扩展的临界缝压,通过比较井筒水压与2个临界缝压的大小,判断裂缝的扩展行为;通过比较模型的预测结果、压裂试验数据及现场压裂结果的差异,验证了模型的准确性。以临兴区块石盒子组砂-泥岩复合储层为地质背景,研究了注液参数对水力裂缝穿层扩展的影响。结果表明:注液速率及压裂液黏度能够直接影响井筒内的水压,进而改变裂缝扩展路径;注液速率与压裂液黏度越大,越有助于水力裂缝穿层,其中注液速率的影响程度更大;现场压裂施工过程中,主要通过提高压裂液注液速率达到穿层压裂的目的。

基于IDEAL-CT试验评价超薄磨耗层抗裂性能及指标分析

为分析IDEAL-CT试验在评价超薄磨耗层沥青混合料抗裂性能时的适用性,结合该试验对12组超薄磨耗层沥青混合料进行测试,得到最大荷载、断裂能、裂缝扩展指数和抗裂指数4个指标;首先分析了各指标对沥青混合料抗裂性能排序的影响,然后采用熵权法和高低分组法对抗裂指标的区分度进行分析。结果表明:不同指标在评价沥青混合料抗裂性能时存在显著差异甚至相反的情况,从区分度来看抗裂指数和裂缝扩展指数最优,而最大荷载和断裂能不宜用于评价超薄磨耗层沥青混合料的抗裂性能。

探讨路面水泥稳定层裂缝产生的原因及预防措施

路面水泥稳定层常常也因为一些因素而引发裂缝,如荷载、温度、收缩、地基变形、施工材料质量等,一旦发生裂缝就会破坏路面,进而影响路面的使用,严重时还会引发人们的生命财产安全。基于此,着重对路面水泥稳定层裂缝进行研究。并通过对路面水泥稳定层裂缝产生原因的分析,查找裂缝产生的规律,从而根据其规律进行有效的防治和处理,以此来为相关部门提供参考。