Integrated simulation and monitoring to analyze failure mechanism of the anti-dip layered slope with soft and hard rock interbedding

The significant difference between the mechanical properties of soft rock and hard rock results in the complexity of the failure mode of the anti-dip layered slope with soft and hard rock interbedding.In order to reveal the landslide mechanism,taking the north slope of Fushun West Open-pit Mine as an example,this paper analyzed the failure mechanism of different landslides with monitoring and field surveys,and simulated the evolution of landslides.The study indicated that when the green mudstone(hard rock)of the anti-dip slope contains siltized intercalations(soft rock),the existence of weak layers not only aggravates the toppling deformation of anti-dip layered slope with high dip,but also causes the shear failure of anti-dip layered slope with stable low dip.The shear failure including subsidence induced sliding and wedge failure mainly exists in the unloading zone of the slope.Its failure depth and failure time were far less than that of toppling failure.In terms of the development characteristics of deformation,toppling deformation has the long-term and progressive characteristics,but shear failure deformation has the abrupt and transient characteristics.This study has deepened the understanding of such slope landslide mechanism,and can provide reference for similar engineering.

Effect of slope gradient on the subsurface water flow velocity of sand layer profile

Subsurface water flow velocity influences the hydrodynamic characteristics of soil seepage and the interaction between subsurface water flow and surface runoff during soil erosion and sediment transport.A visualized method and equipment was adopted in this study to observe the subsurface water flow.Quartz sand was used as the test material of subsurface water flow and fluorescent dye was used as the indicator for tracing subsurface water flow.Water was supplied at the same flow discharge to the three parts at the bottom of the test flume,and the subsurface water flow were determined with four slope gradients(4°,8°,10°,and 12°).The results showed that the seepage velocity gradually increased with increasing slope gradient.The pore water velocity at different depths of sand layer profile increased with increasing slope gradient,whereas the thickness of the flow front gradually decreased.For the same slope gradient,the pore water velocity in the lower layer was the largest,whereas the thickness of the flow front was the smallest.Comparative analysis of the relationship between seepage velocity and pore water velocity at different depths of sand layer profile showed that the maximum relative difference between the measured pore water velocity and the computational pore water velocity at different depths of sand profile in the experiment was 4.38%.Thus,the test method for measuring the subsurface water flow velocity of sand layer profile adopted in this study was effective and feasible.The development of this experiment and the exploration of research methods would lay a good test foundation for future studies on the variation law of subsurface water flow velocity and the determination of flow velocity in purple soils,thus contributing to the improvement of the hydrodynamic mechanism of purple soils.

Fault characteristics and control on hydrocarbon accumulation of middle-shallow layers in the slope zone of Mahu sag, Junggar Basin, NW China

The development, evolution and formation mechanism of faults and their control on the migration and accumulation of Mesozoic oil and gas in the middle-shallow layers of the slope zone of Mahu sag were studied by the interpretation of seismic and drilling data. Two types of faults, normal and strike-slip, are developed in the middle-shallow layers of the slope zone of the Mahu sag and they are mostly active in the Yanshanian period. They are divided into four grade faults: The grade I strike-slip faults with NWW to near EW direction are related to the left-lateral transpressive fault zones in the northwest of Junggar Basin since the end of the Triassic. The grade II faults with NE to NNE direction are the normal faults located at the junction of the fault zone and the slope zone, and their formation is related to the extension at the top of the nose-like structures in the fault zone. The grade III faults, which are also the normal faults, are the result of the extension at the top of the lower uplifts in the slope zone and differential compaction. The grade IV faults with NE direction are normal faults, which may be related to the extension environment at the tip of the lower uplifts. Faults not only are the channel for the vertical migration of oil and gas, but also control the oil-gas accumulation. There are two types of oil-gas reservoirs in the middle-shallow layers of slope zone of Mahu sag: fault block reservoirs and fault-lithologic reservoirs. They have large traps and promising exploration potential.

纤维加筋层厚度对边坡抗蚀性影响试验研究

纤维加筋土对边坡有良好的防护效果,为确定纤维加筋层最佳厚度,分别按纤维长度为5、10、20、30 mm和加筋率(纤维质量占干土质量的比例)为0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%,制作麦秸秆纤维加筋土试样,通过崩解试验确定纤维长20 mm、加筋率0.3%为麦秸秆纤维加筋土最佳配比,进而按此配比设置麦秸秆纤维加筋层厚度分别为0、3、6、9 cm的45°边坡,进行强度为12 mm/h、持续时间为9 h的模拟降雨冲刷试验。试验结果表明:在强降雨情况下,麦秸秆纤维加筋层提高边坡抗蚀性的效果明显,纤维加筋层厚度越大边坡土体体积含水率越高、冲蚀量越小,纤维加筋层厚度为3、6、9 cm边坡的冲蚀量分别较无纤维加筋层边坡的冲蚀量减少53.4%、66.0%、67.0%,但厚度达到6 cm后随厚度继续增大边坡土体含水率不再明显增大、冲蚀量不再明显减小。从纤维加筋层对边坡土体含水率和抗蚀性的影响、整体防护效果及成本等方面综合分析,认为麦秸秆纤维加筋层最优厚度为6 cm。

SLOPE/W在某露天煤矿采掘场边坡稳定性分析中的应用

某煤矿采掘场非工作帮边坡为软岩高边坡,为分析边坡是否存在潜在安全隐患而影响施工进度及施工安全,进行了非工作帮边坡的稳定性分析。采用Geo-studio软件中的Slope/W模块建立了边坡的计算模型,并用Bishop法和Morgenstern-price法对暴雨工况和暴雨叠加地震工况进行计算,得出边坡的稳定性系数。推测的滑面计算结果与边坡稳定性评价的标准进行对比,发现计算结果与现场勘察后预测结论基本一致。该边坡整体稳定性为基本稳定。

缓冲层-桩板墙组合支护膨胀土边坡现场试验研究

为研究缓冲层对桩板墙结构支护膨胀土边坡的力学与变形特性的影响,以湖北当阳某铁路膨胀土边坡的桩板墙-缓冲层[包括聚苯乙烯泡沫(EPS)缓冲层和袋装砂石缓冲层2种]组合支护结构为对象,通过实施现场试验,分析气候环境作用下该组合支护结构中的土体湿度、桩身位移、板后土压力及桩与板弯矩的变化规律,揭示不同缓冲层情况下膨胀土边坡-缓冲层-桩板墙组合支护结构的相互作用及其协同的力学与变形关系.结果表明:相比于袋装砂石缓冲层,EPS缓冲层能够更有效地降低侧向膨胀压力,在本试验中测得最大消减率为69%.同时,EPS缓冲层能够及时响应气候环境引起的膨胀土胀缩变化,继而动态改善板后侧向总土压力的分布,而袋装砂石缓冲层对气候环境的响应能力明显相对较弱.膨胀土边坡-EPS缓冲层-桩板墙结构三者之间能够形成稳定的协调相互作用,进而降低膨胀土膨胀特性对桩间板弯矩的影响.

基于GEO-SLOPE的互层土边坡稳定性研究

GEO-SLOPE是边坡工程中广泛应用的一种稳定性分析软件,提供了基于极限平衡法的多种边坡稳定计算方法,本文在前人研究的基础上,分析互层土形成的独特性,其土层类别、层厚比等特征是影响互层土边坡稳定性的重要因素,选用互层土的水平层理构造,利用GEO-SLOPE软件中的SLOPE/W模块功能,对互层土边坡中的淤泥质与粉砂互层、粉砂与淤泥质土互层按不同层厚比进行稳定性计算和分析,分别计算各工况下其安全系数,结果为今后互层土边坡研究提供可借鉴的方法。

泸定M_(S)4.5地震不对称高陡谷坡地震动响应

基于2023年四川泸定M_(S)4.5地震实测地震动数据,开展不对称斜坡时频域数据分析。结果表明:1)位于右岸1^(#)监测点的PGA放大系数最大,水平向和竖直向分别为3.16~15.08、4.37;2)Arias强度右岸最大值为2.24 cm/s,左岸最大值为0.79 cm/s,说明右岸地震动响应能量更强;3)斜坡右岸监测点的卓越频率为2~9 Hz,左岸卓越频率为2~17 Hz,地震幅值所呈现出来的能量在水平向比竖直向更为集中。地震动响应在不对称高陡谷坡右岸凸出半岛状斜坡地形比直线形斜坡更为强烈,高位覆盖层的存在会增强地震动响应。

Groundwater monitoring of an open-pit limestone quarry:Water-rock interaction and mixing estimation within the rock layers by geochemical and statistical analyses

Water-rock interaction and groundwater mixing are important phenomena in understanding hydrogeological systems and the stability of rock slopes especially those consisting largely of moderately watersoluble minerals like calcite. In this study, the hydrogeological and geochemical evolutions of groundwater in a limestone quarry composed of three strata: limestone layer(covering), interbedded layer under the covering layer, and slaty greenstone layer(basement) were investigated. Water-rock interaction in the open-pit limestone quarry was evaluated using PHREEQC, while hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA)and principal component analysis(PCA) were used to classify and identify water sources responsible for possible groundwater mixing within rock layers. In addition, Geochemist's Workbench was applied to estimate the mixing fractions to clarify sensitive zones that may affect rock slope stability. The results showed that the changes in Ca2+and HCO3àconcentrations of several groundwater samples along the interbedded layer could be attributed to mixing groundwater from the limestone layer and that from slaty greenstone layer. Based on the HCA and PCA results, groundwaters were classified into several types depending on their origin:(1) groundwater from the limestone layer(LO),(2) mixed groundwater flowing along the interbedded layer(e.g., groundwater samples L-7, L-11, S-3 and S-4), and(3) groundwater originating from the slaty greenstone layer(SO). The mixing fractions of 41% LO: 59% SO, 64% LO: 36% SO, 43%LO: 57% SOand 25% LO: 75% SOon the normal days corresponded to groundwaters L-7, L-11, S-3 and S-4,respectively, while the mixing fractions of groundwaters L-7 and L-11(61% LO: 39% SOand 93% LO: 7% SO,respectively) on rainy days became the majority of groundwater originating from the limestone layer.These indicate that groundwater along the interbedded layer significantly affected the stability of rock slopes by enlarging multi-breaking zones in the layer through calcite dissolution and inducing high water pressure, tension cracks and potential sliding plane along this layer particularly during intense rainfall episodes.

微型桩倾斜角度和桩径对含软弱下卧层边坡稳定性的影响

为探究倾斜微型桩在含软弱下卧层边坡的承载特性,基于有限元强度折减法,分别对不同倾斜角度和桩径的微型桩支护下的含软弱下卧层边坡进行了数值模拟,探讨了微型桩倾斜角度和桩径对边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:相比未设桩边坡,微型桩提高了边坡的安全系数,有效阻碍了滑弧面的发展,提高了边坡的稳定性。在边坡倾角为45°下,微型桩的最优倾斜角度为15°。桩径对边坡稳定性提升存在临界值,达到临界值之后稳定性提升显著。无论设桩与否,滑弧面经过软弱下卧层,且最大塑性应变出现在软弱下卧层。

Boundary Layer Distributions and Cooling Rate of Cooling Sloping Plate Process

According to the principle of grain refining and slurry preparation by cooling sloping plate process, the distributions of boundary layers during melt treatment by cooling sloping plate were studied, and mathematic model of cooling rate was established. The calculation value approximately agrees with the experimental result. Laminar flow and turbulent flow exist on sloping plate surface commonly. The thickness of velocity boundary layer and the critical transfer distance from laminar flow to turbulent flow increase with the decrease of initial flow velocity. The thickness of temperature boundary layer increases with the increment of flow distance and the decrease of initial flow velocity. The melt cooling rate and melt thickness have an inverse proportion relationship. The melt cooling rate increases along the plate direction gradually when the initial flow velocity is lower than 1 m/s, the melt cooling rate keeps nearly a constant when the initial flow velocity is 1 m/ s, when the initial flow velocity is higher than 1 m/s, the melt cooling rate decreases gradually. The melt cooling rate of cooling sloping plate process can reach 102-103 K/s and belongs to meta-rapid solidification scope.

地震作用下双层土质边坡稳定性上限分析

为探究地震作用对双层土质边坡稳定性的影响,基于极限分析上限理论,建立了地震作用下双层土质边坡旋转破坏机构。采用拟静力法简化地震荷载作用,推导了双层土质边坡安全系数表达式。分析土体黏聚力比、边坡坡角以及地震作用对双层土质边坡稳定性及其滑动面参数的影响。研究结果表明:在水平地震作用下,随着黏聚力比的增大,边坡安全系数呈非线性增大且潜在滑动面变浅;当水平地震作用增强时,边坡失稳破坏范围显著加大;随着竖向地震系数及黏聚力比的增大,边坡安全系数略微降低;水平地震作用增强时,竖向地震作用对边坡稳定性的影响逐渐增大,此时需要考虑竖向地震的影响。

地震作用下含弱层顺向坡响应规律分析

以抚顺西露天矿南帮含弱层顺向坡作为参考原型,利用FLAC3D软件模拟实际地震动及地震动输入、斜坡模型的边界条件、岩体参数以及网格模型划分,对含弱层顺向坡进行数值模拟计算,通过监测点的加速度和速度探讨含弱层顺向坡在地震作用下的响应规律。研究结果表明:(1)地震作用下对于含单一弱层斜坡响应特征起到决定性的影响因素是弱层的厚度,在地震荷载作用下影响斜坡的稳定程度要大于单一弱层倾角的影响。(2)通过弱层与斜坡坡面的相交部位监测点2#在水平方向速度可以得出,厚度对于X方向的速度大小影响程度较大。(3)对于地震作用下双弱层特性斜坡的响应规律分析时,弱层与斜坡相交部位的破坏响应规律会随着坡高的增大而有所变化,双弱层监测点3#的加速度幅值变化及速度变化程度均比双弱层监测点2#明显。地震作用下顺向坡的响应规律与含有弱层的倾角、厚度和弱层的数量位置有关,在对斜坡的治理与防护的过程中应当充分考虑地震与弱层特性的耦合作用对斜坡稳定性的影响。

隧道爆破作用下堆积层边坡稳定性的耦合数值分析

隧道施工爆破荷载会对地表边坡产生较大的动力扰动,加上堆积层边坡自身稳定性较差,极易形成堆积层滑坡、隧道塌方等工程事故。以渝湘高速樵坪山隧道工程为背景,结合CT扫描技术和PFC中clump命令,建立土石混合体颗粒流堆积层边坡数值模型并开展动三轴试验对堆积体模型的力学参数进行标定,运用FLAC^(3D)-PFC^(3D)耦合分析方法研究隧道开挖爆破作用下不同堆积层厚度边坡的稳定性。结果表明,在爆炸应力波的作用下,随着堆积层厚度从0.25倍隧道跨径增加至1.0倍时,堆积层颗粒速度减少4倍左右且颗粒松动范围几乎消失,颗粒沉降量从2 cm缓慢降至1 cm后保持稳定,颗粒间粘结与张拉力链比值从2.2迅速增加至4.5,此后颗粒间的张拉破坏作用较小,颗粒间不易发生滑移,堆积层稳定性较好;在超过1.0倍隧道跨径后,爆破产生的塑性区面积基本呈对称分布,且接近于隧道横断面面积,塑性区位于基岩范围内且集中在拱顶和拱底附近;总体上,当堆积层厚度超过1.0倍隧道跨径后,可显著降低隧道开挖爆破对边坡的动力扰动影响,研究结果可为隧道洞口段的设计与施工提供理论依据。

供水工程新近系红层区斜坡深层变形破坏模式分析

针对新近系红层区斜坡变形破坏模式认识不足的问题,通过对以往工程区斜坡破坏现象的调查分析,寻找已有深层破坏形成的滑坡体,反分析滑坡体破坏前原始斜坡地质结构模型,并建立典型斜坡深层破坏模式,根据变形体主要工程地质条件,建立红层斜坡变形体的三维数值模型,分析其在天然、地震及降雨等条件下的稳定性。结果表明,通过建立的新近系地层不同岩段区斜坡深层破坏模式,识别出新近系地层区供水工程20#支线沿线有一个大型深层破坏斜坡变形体。该斜坡变形体在降雨条件下的稳定性较差。

Simulation study of the void space gas effect on slope instability triggered by an earthquake

This study aims at exploring the void space gas effect of earthquake-triggered slope instability and providing a new method for studying the formation mechanism of earthquake-triggered landslides. We analysed the basic characteristics, kinematic characteristics, initiation mechanisms and physical mechanical parameters of the Daguangbao landslide, generalized a landslide prototype, and established a geological model and performed simulation tests. Based on the seismic wave propagation theory of rock-soil mass, rock fracture mechanics and the effective stress principle, we found that the void space gas effect is due to the occurrence of excess void space gas pressure when the dynamic response of seismic loads impacts the void space gas in weak intercalated layers of the slope. The excess void space gas pressure generated by the vibration(earthquake) damages the rock mass around the void space with a certain regularity. The model test results show that the effective shear strength of the rock mass can be reduced by 4.4% to 21.6% due to the void space gas effect.

SSA-MLP模型在岩质边坡稳定性预测中的应用

岩质边坡的力学参数量化及稳定性分析对岩质边坡灾害的防治具有重要意义。Hoek-Brown(H B)准则是一种用于确定岩体力学参数的经典方法,能反映出边坡岩体变形和位移的非线性破坏特征。在此基础上,首先,提出一种麻雀搜索算法(Sparrow Search Algorithm,SSA)改进多层感知器(Multi-Layer Perceptron,MLP)的神经网络模型,并用于边坡稳定性预测、指标敏感性分析及参数反演。其次,将收集的1085组岩质边坡的几何参数和H B准则参数等作为输入变量,极限平衡理论Bishop法求解的安全系数作为输出变量,对SSA MLP模型进行训练学习和性能评估。最后,将该模型运用于25个边坡实例,验证模型的有效性。结果显示,该模型收敛速度快、精度高,为边坡稳定性分析和参数量化提供了一种新思路。

基于变形的降雨后地震基覆型边坡劣化特性与机制研究

降雨地震多因素作用下基覆型边坡破坏模式的识别和评估具有重大工程意义。为研究降雨后地震作用下基覆型边坡的失稳演化机制,开展一组大型振动台模型试验,基于边坡土体空间变形特性和坡面位移特性识别和评估边坡的劣化模式,综合土体应力−应变特性、渗流场特性、地震动应力分布及边坡变形特性,对降雨后地震下边坡的变形演化机制进行探讨。结果表明:(1)降雨阶段,边坡坡顶与坡脚饱和度显著升高区强度劣化显著,但整体无明显变形;地震阶段,坡顶首先滑塌失稳,进一步演化为多级滑塌的整体失稳。(2)宏观破坏具有突发特征,边坡内部土体的空间应变分布特性能更好地识别边坡塑性区扩展−贯通−失稳的演化历程。(3)基于位移残余率分析的边坡失稳演化模式与土体空间应变演化特性结果吻合,相较于累积位移量对边坡损伤状态的识别更准确。(4)含水率变化影响土体力学特征,降雨后的渗流场分布影响边坡整体力学特性及地震动应力的传递及空间分布,土体力学特性和动应力空间特征决定边坡的破坏模式。

倾角变化条件下反倾层状斜坡倾倒变形演化研究

倾倒变形是反倾层状岩质边坡的一种典型破坏模式,为了研究不同岩层倾角对反倾层状岩质边坡倾倒变形的影响,以澜沧江上游古水水电站坝前倾倒变形体为原型,从岩层倾角变化的角度出发,利用大型土工离心机试验分析了反倾层状岩质边坡的失稳破坏过程、变形演化特征与最终失稳模式等。结果表明:①反倾层状斜坡的变形演化过程基本概括为岩层压密-坡脚压裂阶段、弯折面形成-部分失稳阶段和弯折面贯通-彻底失稳3个阶段,岩层倾角的改变并不会影响斜坡阶段性演化过程;②岩层倾角越大的斜坡,斜坡形成弯折面所需时间越短,失稳破坏发生后坡体贯通性倾倒破坏深度更大,对应的变形范围越大,折断岩层的破坏程度越剧烈;③岩层倾角变化会导致斜坡的倾倒变形过程与最终失稳模式存在一定差异。倾角较小的55°和70°模型斜坡前部岩层在重力作用下发生明显弯曲倾倒变形,最终以“倾倒-弯曲-滑移”的失稳模式发生破坏;倾角最大的85°斜坡岩层发生的弯曲变形较小,最终以“倾倒-折断-崩塌”的模式发生破坏。研究结果对大型工程项目的顺利开展具有一定指导意义。

细粗粒覆盖层对膨胀土边坡防渗效果数值研究

为了研究由一层细粒土层下覆一层粗粒土层组成的毛细阻滞护坡结构对膨胀土边坡防渗效果的影响,采用初应变法将膨胀土中湿度应力以类似温度应力场的形式施加到土体上,通过数值软件实现对膨胀土边坡吸湿膨胀的数值模拟,将等效塑性应变完全贯通作为边坡稳定性的判别准则。数值模拟结果表明:毛细阻滞护坡结构层形成强透水层,能有效防止降雨入渗,达到较好的护坡效果;0.5 m厚细粒土层+0.2 m厚粗粒土层组成的毛细阻滞结构护坡效果与1.5 m水泥改性土护坡结构相当。毛细阻滞生态护坡结构对膨胀土边坡有较好的护坡效果。研究成果可以为相关膨胀土边坡防护提供理论和设计依据。