Dam foundation excavation techniques in China:A review

A protective layer(PL) is commonly reserved above foundation surface to protect the underlying rock mass during dam foundation excavation. In China, the PL of dam foundation is conventionally subdivided into two or three thin layers and excavated with the shallow-hole blasting method, even by pneumatic pick method in case of soft rock mass. The aforementioned layered excavation of the PL delays the construction of the whole project. After nearly 30-year practices, several safe and effcient methods for the PL excavation of dam foundation are gradually developed. They include shallow-hole bench blasting with cushion material(SBC) at the bottom of the hole, and horizontal smooth blasting(HSB). The PL is even cancelled on the condition that horizontal pre-split technique is employed during dam foundation excavation. This paper introduces the aforementioned two PL excavation methods(shallow-hole blasting and bench blasting) and horizontal pre-split technique of dam foundation without protective layer(HPP). The basic principles of blasting method, blasting geometry, charge structure, drill-and-blast parameters of typical projects are examined. Meanwhile, the merits and limitations of each method are compared. Engineering practices in China show that HSB is basically the optimal method for dam foundation PL excavation in terms of foundation damage control and rapid construction. Some new problems for dam foundation PL excavation arising, such as strong unloading and relaxation phenomenon that encountered in the gorge region of southwest China, are needed to be addressed; and the corresponding countermeasures are discussed as well.

ON THE STABILITY OF FORCED DISSIPATIVE NONLINEAR SYSTE

This paper, applying the stratification theory, proves the instability of certain initial (boundary) Value problem of forced dissipative nonlinear system in atmospheric dynamies. An example in given.

Layer construction of topological crystalline insulator LaSbTe

Topological crystalline insulator(TCI)is one of the symmetry-protected topological states.Any TCI can be deformed into a simple product state of several decoupled two-dimensional(2 D)topologically nontrivial layers in its lattice respecting its crystalline symmetries called the layer construction(LC)limit.In this work,based on first-principles calculations we have revealed that both tetragonal LaSbTe(t-LaSbTe)and orthorhombic LaSbTe(o-LaSbTe)can be interpreted as stacking of 2 D topological insulators in each lattice space.The structural phase transition from t-LaSbTe to o-LaSbTe due to soft phonon modes demonstrates how the real space change can lead to the modification of topological states.Their symmetry-based indicators and topological invariants have been analyzed based on LC.We propose that LaSbTe is an ideal example demonstrating the LC paradigm,which bridges the crystal structures in real space to the band topology in momentum space.