Time-dependent squeezing deformation mechanism of tunnels in layered soft-rock stratum under high geo-stress

Large squeezing deformation of layered soft rock tunnel under high geo-stress has a significant time-dependent deformation behavior.In this paper,we studied the deformation mechanism during the construction period of deep-buried softrock tunnel by means of a combination of field observations and a numerical method.First,a new classification criterion for large deformations based on the power exponent variation law between the deformation and the strength-stress ratio is proposed.Then,the initial damage tensor reflecting the bedding plane(joint)distribution and an equivalent damage evolution equation derived from the viscoplastic strain are introduced based on the geometric research method,i.e.,a new rheological damage model(RDL model)of layered soft rock is established consisting of elastic,viscous,viscoelastic,viscoplastic and plastic elements.A field test was conducted on the Maoxian tunnel in Sichuan province,southwestern China,which is in broken phyllite(layered soft rock)under high geo-stress.The tunnel has experienced large deformation due to serious squeezing pressure,thus we adopted double primary support method to overcome the supporting structure failure problems.The rheological parameters of phyllite in the Maoxian tunnel were recognized by using SA-PSO optimization,and the RDL model does a good job in describing the time-dependent deformation behavior of a layered soft-rock tunnel under high geo-stress.Thus,the RDL model was used to investigate the supporting effect and bearing mechanism of the double primary support method.Compared with the single primary support method,the surrounding rock pressure,secondary lining force,surrounding rock deformation,and the depth of the damage to the rock mass was reduced by 40%-60%after the double primary support method was used.

Kernel broken smooth particle hydrodynamics method for crack propagation simulation applied in layered rock cells and tunnels

Understanding the cracking process of layered tunnels requires a high-fidelity method.Improved smooth particle hydrodynamics(SPH),termed kernel broken SPH(KBSPH),was implemented to simulate the crack propagation and deformation of layered rock cells and field layered tunnels with dip angles of 0°–90°,and the results were compared with those of the laboratory tests.Three attempts,including the bedding angle,interlayer distance,and lateral pressure coefficient,were made to investigate the crack propagation and deformation of layered tunnels.Finally,the pros and cons of the KBSPH method applied in the rock field were compared with those of other methods.The results indicate that the KBSPH can explicitly reproduce crack propagation by improving the kernel function with a totally damaged symbol,and the deformation responses have been captured reasonably.We infer that this method is effective and rapid in crack propagation and large deformation simulation for other types of rock tunnels.