Analysis of Oxygen Consumption in Lead and Zinc Metallurgy

This article analyzes the role of oxygen in lead zinc metallurgy,including shortening the metallurgical process,promoting energy conservation and environmental protection,improving metallurgical strength,enhancing raw material adaptability,and enhancing comprehensive recovery efficiency.This article introduces different lead zinc metallurgical processes and their oxygen consumption characteristics,including oxygen enriched side blowing lead smelting,oxygen bottom blowing lead smelting,oxygen enriched top blowing lead smelting,flash smelting lead,oxygen pressure leaching zinc smelting,and atmospheric pressure oxygen leaching zinc smelting.It is pointed out that oxygen enhanced metallurgy is the direction for the transformation and upgrading of lead zinc metallurgy.

Heavy metal concentrations in soils and plants in the vicinity of Arufu lead-zinc mine, Middle Benue Trough, Nigeria

This study focused on the influence of base metal mining on heavy metal levels in soils and plants in the vicinity of Arufu lead-zinc mine, Nigeria. Soil samples (0-15 cm depth) and plant samples were collected from cul-tivated farmlands in and around the mine, the unmineralized site and a nearby forest (the control site). The samples were analyzed for heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cr and Cd) by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The physical properties of soils (pH and LOI) were also measured. Results showed that soils from cultivated farm-lands have neutral pH values (6.5-7.5), and low organic matter contents (<10%). Levels of Zn, Pb and Cd in culti-vated soils were higher than the concentrations obtained from the control site. These heavy metals are most probably sourced from mining and agricultural activities in the study area. Heavy metal concentrations measured in plant parts decreased in the order of rice leaves>cassava tubers>peelings. In the same plant species, metal levels decreased in the order of Zn>Fe>Mn>Cu>Pb>Cr>Cd. Most heavy metals were found in plant parts at average concentrations normally observed in plants grown in uncontaminated soil, however, elevated concentrations of Pb and Cd were found in a few cassava samples close to the mine dump. A stepwise linear regression analysis identified soil metal contents, pH and LOI as some of the factors influencing soil-plant metal uptake.

Analysis and Evaluation of Bioavailable Heavy Metals in Surface Soil of the Abandoned Lead-zinc Mine in Changhua,Hainan Province

[Objectives] The research was conducted to study characteristics of bioavailable levels pollution of heavy metals in the surface soil of the lead-zinc mine in Changhua.[Methods] A total of 56 surface samples were collected from the 3 study zones （peripheral zone, reclamation zone and tailing zone） located at the lead-zine mine in Changhua. Based on total and bioavailable heavy metals （Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd） in soils, the correlation of total content with bioavailable content was analyzed, and their pollution characteristics were assessed by methods of single factor pollution index, Nemerow pollution index, geological accumulation index and potential ecological risk index.[Results] （i） The surface soils were polluted by Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd in different degrees, and the overall trend of the contents of the 4 heavy metals was in order of Cd 〉 Pb 〉 Zn 〉 Cu. The average excess multiple of heavy metals of total and bioavailable content in soils were in the order of peripheral zone 〉 tailing zone 〉 reclaimed zone, and their pollution degrees were tailing zone 〉 peripheral zone 〉 reclaimed zone. （ii） In general, the total and bioavailable contents of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd showed a significant correlation, but were not correlated in each study zone. （iii） Pollution degrees of the study zones were in the order of tailing zone 〉 peripheral zone 〉 reclamation zone. The pollutions of heavy metals Pb and Cd were more serious, especially Cd reached high levels of pollution degree, and the pollution degrees of Zn, Cu were lighter. Contributors of ecological risk were mainly Cd, Pb and Cu, and the contribution of Cd achieved more than 90 %, making it the main source of pollution.[Conclusions] The results not only revealed the pollution status of heavy metals in the surface soil of the abandoned coal mine, but also could provide scientific guidance for reasonable utilization and ecological recovery of the land.

Feasibility of Simultaneous Application of Fuzzy Neural Network and TOPSIS Integrated Method in Potential Mapping of Lead and Zinc Mineralization in Isfahan-Khomein Metallogeny Zone

Iran is located on a silver, lead, and zinc belt and according to the latest studies holds 11 million tons of lead, zinc, and silver stones which constitute 4 percent of global resources. Considering that mineral materials are explored in an uncertain space, exploration investment risk is an inseparable part of these activities. The important fact is to minimize the effect of this undesired factor in exploration. To achieve this, it is required that exploration activities and withdrawals are performed in a certain framework in which risk minimization is considered. Using mineral potential modelling for determining promising zones which should be taken into consideration in more detailed stages could make achieving the purpose possibly. This work is aimed at applying fuzzy neural network and TOPSIS methods simultaneously in order to explore zinc and lead resources. In this article, geological, telemetry, geophysics, and geochemistry data is integrated using fuzzy-neural network (neuro fuzzy) and using TOPSIS method rating for lead and zinc ore deposit potential mapping in Isfahan-Khomein strip which has been introduced as one of zinc and leads mineral scopes in Iran. This area which is composed of several zinc and lead ore deposits has been considered as the target area. Fuzzy integration results of zinc and lead mineralization witness layers confirm the relatively high potential of lead and zinc mineralization in this region having a northwest-southeast trend and involving more than 90 percent of the known indices and ore deposits of the region. In this research, it was shown that the results of TOPSIS-Neuro-Fuzzy integrated model (a combination of neural network and fuzzy logic) have increased the resolution of talented areas from the areas with no mineralization potential in comparison with the fuzzy method individually.

New Constraints on the Environmental Impact of Iron Oxides and Lead-Zinc Mines in Red Sea Hills,Egypt

Iron oxides and lead-zinc deposits in host rocks located in ten drainage basins in the coastal plain of the Red Sea,Egypt,have been subjected to important mining activities.The drainage basins were analyzed to estimate the transportations of these minerals. Fourteen soil samples and fifteen plant samples were collected from sites located in the basin and also in neighboring area and chemically analyzed.In

Effect of Earthworm(Pheretimasp.) Density on Revegetation of Lead/zinc Metal Mine Tailings Amended with Soil

The objective of this study was to investigate the ef- fects of earthworm density on the availability of nutrients and heavy metals in metal contaminated soils.Pb/Zn mine tailings were mixed throughly with a red yellow podzolic soil at the ratio (w/w) of 75:25.Earthworms (Pheretima sp.) were introduced to the mixture at four different densities,zero,three,six and nine individuals per pot planted with ryegrass (Loliun multiflorum). The results indicated that earthworm activity significantly en- hanced ryegrass shoot biomass.However,as denser earthworm population was introduced,shoot biomass tended to decrease. Earthworm activity significantly increased soil pH and availability of N,P and K in the tailings and soil mixture.There was a general tendency that uptake of Zn by ryegrass increased after earthworm inoculation,although the increase in extractable Zn in tailings and soil mixture was not significant.On the contrary,there seemed to be a lower uptake of Pb by ryegrass under earthworm inoclation, despite the fact that higher extractable Pb concentrations were observed.The present project indicated that the improved growth of ryegrass was due to improved nutrient availability and other soil conditions,by inoculation of earthworms at an appropriate rate.Further studies are needed to illustrate the relationship be- tween metal availability and earthworm activity in the field.

Sulfidation roasting of lead and zinc carbonate with sulphur by temperature gradient method

In order to enhance the lead and zinc recovery from the refractory Pb-Zn oxide ore, a new technology was developed based on sulfidation roasting with sulphur by temperature gradient method. The solid-liquid reaction system was established and the sulfidation thermodynamics of lead and zinc carbonate was calculated with the software HSC 5.0. The effects of roasting temperature,molar ratio of sulphur to lead and zinc carbonate and reaction time in the first step roasting, and holding temperature and time in the second roasting on the sulfidation extent were studied at a laboratory-scale. The experimental results show that the sulfidation extents of lead and zinc are 96.50% and 97.29% under the optimal conditions, respectively, and the artificial galena, sphalerite and wurtzite were formed. By the novel sulfidizing process, it is expected that the sulphides can be recovered by conventional flotation technology.

Local Structure Analysis of Lead Zinc Niobate-Barium Titanate Ceramic by X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Density Functional Calculation

The local structure of an alternative Pb（Zn1/3Nb2/3）O3-based perovskite ceramic is investigated. The 0.07BaTiO33-0.93Pb（Zn1/3Nb2/3）O3 ceramic is synthesized using a combination of Zn3Nb2O8 B-site precursor and BaTiO33 perovskite phase stabilizer. Then, x-ray absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory are employed to calculate the local structure configuration and formation energy of the prepared samples. Ba2＋ is found to replace Pb2＋ in AA-site with Zn2＋ occupying BB-site in Pb（Zn1/3Nb2/3）O3, while in the neighboring structure, Ti4＋4＋ replaces Nb5＋5＋ in BB-site with Pb2＋2＋ occupying AA-site. With the substitution of BaTiO33 in Pb（Zn1/3Nb2/3）O3, the bond length between Zn2＋ and Pb2＋ is longer than that of the typical perovskite phase of Pb（Zn1/3Nb2/3）O3. This indicates the key role of BaTiO33 in decreasing the steric hindrance of Pb2＋ lone pair, and the mutual interactions between Pb2＋ lone pair and Zn2＋ and the formation energy is seen to decrease. This finding of the formation energy and local structure configuration relationship can further extend a fundamental understanding of the role of BaTiO33 in stabilizing the perovskite phase in PbZn13Nb23O3-based materials, which in turn will lead to an improved preparation technique for desired electrical properties.

THE METALLOGENIC STRUCTURE OF VEIN-SHAPED LEAD-ZINCDEPOSIT IN HENGSHANLING-SHEXINGPING,CHENZHOU,HUNAN

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Qinling-Type Lead-Zinc Deposits

Qinling-type Pb-Zn deposits are located in the Qinling fold belt, occurring in the fine-clastic and carbonate rocks of the Devonian marine facies. They are reformed sedimentary deposits originating from hydrothermal waters, and may be subdivided into 2 subtypes: hydrothermal sedimentary deposits (Changba subtype) and reformed hydrothermal sedimentary deposits (Bijiashan-Qiandongshan subtype). In comparison with some of the famous Palaeozoic Pb-Zn deposits in the world, the Qinling-type Pb-Zn deposits constitute an independent type, which possesses some characteristics of both hydrothermal sedimentary deposits (Meggen type) and reformed hydrothermal deposits (Mississippi Valley type).

青海某铜铅锌多金属矿选矿工艺研究

针对青海某铜铅锌多金属矿,进行了不同类型捕收剂对铜铅锌浮选分离影响的试验,重点考察了新型捕收剂4037B、P5100C、QBSC的选别效果。结果表明:P5100C和QBSC更有利于铜、铅分离,在最佳条件下,采用铜快速浮选—铜铅混选—铜铅再磨分离—锌浮选流程,获得铜品位35.56%、铜回收率75.23%的铜精矿;铅品位45.02%、铅回收率71.92%的铅精矿;锌品位41.49%、锌回收率72.58%的锌精矿;含铜20.14%、含铅8.90%、含锌28.38%,铜回收率11.93%、铅回收率6.77%、锌回收率11.81%的混合精矿。全流程铜总回收率97.94%,铅总回收率96.62%,锌总回收率92.64%。

旬阳铅锌矿带地质环境问题现状及治理对策

旬阳铅锌矿带铅锌矿资源多年粗放式开发,导致地质环境问题逐步显现,主要表现为由采矿活动引发的地质环境污染、矿山土地资源损毁及矿山地质灾害隐患等。对旬阳铅锌矿带环境问题现状进行了详细分析和总结,并提出相应的地质环境治理对策。

磷基材料修复铅锌矿山重金属污染研究进展

铅锌矿是典型的有色金属矿,铅锌矿的开采很容易产生重金属的污染。针对开采过程中形成的Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu等污染,磷基材料对其有很好的修复效果。文章对修复铅锌矿重金属污染的磷基材料进行了较为系统的总结。按照磷基物质来源,主要划分为天然物质和人工制剂两大类。磷基物质修复Pb的机制有吸附、表面络合以及形成沉淀等,以沉淀作用为主;修复Cd的机制主要为表面络合和共沉淀,较高的pH值使Cd更易形成沉淀;修复Zn、Cu、Ni的机制主要以表面配位、离子交换和生成非晶体物质为主。磷基材料修复铅锌尾矿重金属的影响因素非常多,影响方式也很复杂,包括各种阴阳离子、pH值、含磷物质的形态和用量、重金属的形态和初始浓度等。各影响因子对不同磷基物质修复效果的影响具有复杂性,这跟磷基物质的多样性,性质差异大有关。目前,磷基物质修复铅锌矿重金属污染的研究仍在理论探索层面,实际应用方面略显不足。未来需要对修复效果的影响因素及微界面过程进行进一步的研究,并加强实际应用推广。

典型铅锌矿区周边土壤-稻米重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

为了掌握黔西北典型铅锌矿区周边稻田土壤重金属污染状况,分别采集98个土壤样品和稻米样品,运用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对研究区稻田土壤中八种重金属(Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Hg、As)进行污染特征分析和风险评价,并采用健康风险评估模型对研究区稻米进行健康风险评价。结果表明:研究区稻田土壤受到重金属不同程度污染,整体处于中度污染水平(P_(N)=2.61),但Cu为重度污染(P_(Cu)=3.13);土壤生态风险总体处于中等水平(RI=279),最主要生态风险因子为Hg,其生态风险危害程度为很强(E_(Hg)=179);研究区稻米中重金属平均含量未超标,但有部分点位样品重金属含量超标;食用研究区种植的稻米不会对成人和儿童引起单一重金属健康风险,但长期食用,多种重金属复合污染会对成人和儿童健康产生负面影响(THQ_(成人)=2.41,THQ_(儿童)=2.48)。

昌化铅锌矿尾矿库土壤重金属纵向污染特征

为了解昌江铅锌矿尾矿库区重金属组成特征及纵向迁移规律,在研究区尾矿库均匀选择6个深钻孔,分层采集了深度为0~15.4 m的土壤和岩石样品,以及在尾矿库区周边土地选择6个浅钻孔,采集了0~1.3 m土壤样品,分析了尾矿库区重金属组成特征及纵向迁移规律。结果表明:1)研究区尾矿库表层土壤中Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb 4元素的平均含量严重偏高,尤其是Zn、Cd和Pb;2)研究区尾矿库土壤主要受到Cd、Pb和Zn的污染,且污染深度已达到了5.8 m;3)尾矿库土壤层及其外围土地表层土壤中Cd、Zn和Pb元素含量较高与尾矿库区堆放过大量的矿渣、尾矿和选矿场废弃物等有密切关系;4)尾矿库外围土地表层土壤重金属含量低于尾矿库表层土壤,但Cd、Zn和Pb元素含量仍然较高。如研究区尾矿库外围土地要作为保障农业生产的土地使用,需对其重金属进行治理。

铅锌矿尾砂水稳层力学及耐久性研究

为实现铅锌矿尾砂的资源化利用,规避土壤污染风险,拟将其作为水稳层浇筑材料。开展了不同水泥掺量和水胶比条件下铅锌矿尾砂水稳层的力学及耐久性试验,并进一步以重金属离子浸出试验探究水泥对铅锌矿尾砂中Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)等离子的固稳能力,最后利用微观测试手段表征了水稳层的物相组成及微观形貌。结果表明:随着水泥掺量的增加及水胶比的提升,将产生更多的C-S-H凝胶与AFt等水化胶凝产物,该类产物能够有效胶结铅锌矿尾砂颗粒并填补空隙,使试样微观结构更加密实,从而提升试样的宏观力学性能;当水泥掺量为6%、水胶比为0.5时制备的铅锌矿尾砂水稳层28 d抗压强度达到4.15 MPa,且经干湿、冻融循环后,其无侧限抗压强度保留率分别为73%~79%和88%~90%,均满足JTG E51—2009《公路工程无机结合料稳定材料试验规程》的要求;同时水泥可以有效固稳铅锌矿尾砂中的重金属离子,当水泥掺量为6%时,水稳层浸出液重金属质量浓度低于GB 5749—2022《生活饮用水卫生标准》中的控制值。相关研究成果可为铅锌矿尾砂的利用提供参考和借鉴。

基于FLAC^(3D)对某铅锌矿巷道稳定性及采空区治理方案研究

根据Hoek-Brown准则,采用Roclab1.0软件对岩石力学实验参数数据计算,获取矿体和围岩的岩石力学参数,在此基础上运用FLAC^(3D)数值模拟铅锌矿山矿体回采后,采空区围岩及巷道最大主应力、竖向位移、塑性区的变化情况,判定铅锌矿体回采对现有巷道的影响,最终为现场采空区治理提供相应的理论依据。

云南永平热水塘铅锌多金属矿地质特征及控矿因素

永平热水塘铅锌多金属矿体呈脉状、条带状产于侏罗系上统坝注路组构造破碎褪色蚀变带中。矿体受层位及岩性、断层破碎带、层间构造等因素控矿。矿床赋存于张扭性-压扭性转换的沉积环境,构造-岩浆热流对矿源层富化改造,在流体、热液和盐卤水作用下,形成沉积岩容矿的热液脉型铅锌多金属矿床。