Large phase shift of spatial soliton in lead glass by cross-phase modulation in pump-signal geometry

We investigate the co-propagation of a strong pump beam and a weak signal beam in lead glass, and find that the large phase shift of the strongly nonlocal spatial optical soliton （SNSOS） can be realized via cross-phase modulation. The theoretical study suggests a synchronous propagation of the pump SNSOS and the signal SNSOS under the required initial condition. A π-phase shift of the signal SNSOS is experimentally obtained by changing the power of the pump SNSOS by about 13 mW around the soliton critical power, which agrees qualitatively with our theoretical prediction. The ratio of the phase shift rate of the signal SNSOS to that of the pump SNSOS shows a close match to the reciprocal of the ratio between their wavelengths.

Coloring Characteristic of Lead Glass for X-Ray Irradiation

The lead glass used in an X-ray examination room is indispensable for watching a subject being tested or a situation of operation of an X-ray generator, but because it is some structure equipment of an X-ray examination room, it must obey legal restrictions. Although the standard for lead glass is determined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), there are few reports about the characteristics related to interaction with radiation. We performed a comparison of three lead glass products, which are principally used in world. As for three products, differences are not looked by physics and chemical characteristics features. Simply the difference was looked by the coloring characteristic for an interaction with radiation. Furthermore, we checked that temporal decolorization of coloring had two half-lives. The short half-life is about 28 hours and the long half-life is about 107 days.

THE PHYSICAL SIMULATION ON EXTRUSION PROCESS OF GLASS FIBER COMPOSITE WIRE COATED BY LEAD

The method of manufacturing the composite wire by extruding lead to coated glass fiber is described. The different composite wire that diameter is from 0.5 to 1.0mm has been produced by two kinds of different extruding technology (getting wire along horizontal direction and getting wire along perpendicular direction). The optimal extruding techno- logical parameter has been given in different extruding technology by the physical simulation (H: 300℃, 550kN, 0.16mm. P: 300℃, 215kN, 0.16mm). The effect on the coating speed by other extruding technological parameters in the different extruding technology has been discussed. The extruding temperature and extruding force is higher, the coating speed is faster. It has been pointed, that the affection on the extruding technology by the extruding temperature has also behaved as the extruding temperature rising up spontaneously. The reason for exiting the minimum extruding force and maximum extruding force also has been discussion in this paper. It is also important to the extruding process and coating speed that is the coating clearance.

Fabrication of composite wire of lead coated on glass fiber by extrusion

A new technology of using lead coated on glass fiber to produce continuous wire for battery of electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) was studied. Some new devices were made to improve the material capability, and the technological parameters were determined. The relationships among different parameters in the new technology were discussed, especially the relationship between the coating speed and other parameters. The microstructure and tensile strength of the composite wire were also analyzed.

Band Gap Determination from Diffuse Reflectance Measurements of Irradiated Lead Borate Glass System Doped with TiO₂by Using Diffuse Reflectance Technique

Ultraviolet-visible UV-Vis diffuse reflectance measurements of irradiated lithium tetra-borate glass have been acquired using. Evolution 600 Spectrophotometer equipped with praying Mantis Diffuse Reflectance Accessory DRA base upon the onset of the diffuse reflectance spectra of the powdered or bulk materials. Also the absorption edge and band gap energies of the prepared glass were determined. The optical energy gap is calculated and found to be (3.0 - 3.5) eV. Which is in close agreement to the one calculated for r = 1/2, i.e. the transition mechanism, is accordingly direct allowed transition. The density increases from 3.1 to 3.9 gm/cm3 for the undoped and doped glass.

Interaction of RuO₂and Lead-Silicate Glass in Thick-Film Resistors

Results of investigation of X-ray diffraction, infrared and optical spectra of powders of the ruthenium dioxide, lead-silicate glass as well as their mixture before and after sintering are reported. Sintering conditions typical for thick film resistors were used. Intensity of main lines of RuO2 in X-ray diffraction patterns of sintered mixtures decreases and they slightly shift towards small angles. No new reflexes appear in these patterns. Absorbance of RuO2 in the range of 2.5-100 μm is proportional to and featureless. Infrared spectrum of lead-silicate glass has absorption bands of [SiO4]4- tetrahedra and Pb-O bonds only. Optical spectrum of RuO2 has wide absorption bands at 950 and 370 nm. Spectra of the mixture of RuO2 and glass powders before and after sintering are different indicating that there is interaction between them during the sintering process. Concentration of free charge carriers estimated from the optical spectra is about 1021 cm-3.

Dependence of the emission electric dipole line strength of Eu^(3+) on the composition of lead borate glasses

Lead borate glasses xB2O3+(99–x)PbO+0.5Eu2O3(x=70,60,...,10) were prepared by melt-quenching method.The luminescent properties were characterized with excitation and emission spectra.The emission intensities for 5D0-7FJ(J=0–4) were analyzed to give variation of the relative electric dipole line strengths with the composition of glasses so as to examine the crucial implicit assumption of independent electric dipole line strength on the composition of glass in the Phys.Rev.Lett.2003,91,203903 paper studying l...

Electrical and Spectroscopic Studies of the CdO Substituted Lead Vanadate Glass System vs Crystalline Form

Results of the direct current (DC) Electrical Conductivity, thermoelectric power and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) of CdO substituted PbO-V2O5 glass system are reported. Conduction in these glasses is found to be electronic and the hoping of polaron seems to be the dominant process in the transport mechanism. There is a remarkable decrease in the activation energy for conduction in the annealed and devitrified samples when compared to their amorphous counter parts. It is observed that there is remarkable improvement in the conductivity of the crystalline samples when compared to their amorphous counter parts. The thermoelectric power measurements indicates that the amorphous samples are n-type at room temperature where as the crystalline samples are p-type at room temperature. In crystalline samples the hyperfine structure is nearly smeared out and a relatively broad line with an isotropic g value characterizes the spectra.

PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF CRYSTAL GLASSES WITHOUT LEAD CONTENT

BaO is the most common consideration in the preparation of newcrystal glass for getting rid of lead content in the glass andceramic wares to protect hu- man health and environment. But forkeeping the glass products' properties to meet the requirements ofthe tradi- tional crystal glass, B_2O_3, Al_2O_3, TiO_2, SrO and ZnOetc (at a special ratio) had been researched with BaO to con- stitutea mixture to replace the lead content in the glass compositions.

Laser-diode excited intense upconversion luminescence of Er^3＋ in bismuth-lead-germanate glasses

We have investigated infrared-to-visible upconversion luminescence of Er^3＋ in bismuth-lead-germanate glasses. The UV cutoff wavelength is shortened while its lifetime is increased almost linearly, with PbF2 substituting for PbO in the bismuth-lead germanate glasses. Three emissions centred at around 529, 545 and 657 nm are clearly observed, which are identified as originating from the ^2H11/2→^4 I15/2,^4S3/2→^4 I15/2 and ^4 F9/2 →^4 I15/2 transitions, respectively. It is noted that all the upconversion emission intensities increase with PbF2 concentration increasing. The ratio between the intensities of red and green emissions increases with the increasing of PbF2 content. Energy transfer processes and nonradiative phonon-assisted decays account for the populations of the ^2 H11/2,^4 S3/2 and ^4F 9/2 levels. The quadratic dependence of fluorescence on excitation laser power confirms a two-photon process to contribute to the upconversion emissions.

FORMATION AND CRYSTALLIZATION OF LEAD HALIDE BASED GLASSES

A series of new glass compositions based on PbX2 (X: Cl, Br or I) have been studied. Binary and ternary glasses resulted from the association of PbI2, Pb-Cl-2, AgI, KCl and KBr. By means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the mechanism and kinetics of crystallization process were studied. X-ray diffraction studies demonstrate that there is the formation of complicated crystalline phases in crystallized lead iodide based glasses. By heat treating halide glasses of appropriate composition under adequate heating temperature and duration, the lead iodide based glasses could be converted into glass-ceramics with microcrystal size less 1 mu m of which mechanical properties are improved.

Chemical Durability, Properties and Structural Approach of the Glass Series xFe2O3-(45-x) PbO-55P2O5 (with 0 ≤ x ≤ 20;mol%)

The synthesis for glasses series xFe2O3-(45-x)PbO-55P2O5, (with 0 ≤ x ≤ 20;mol%) carried out in a temperature (1050 ± 10)°C, leads to obtaining transparent glasses, brown in color and with a non-hygroscopic appearance. The study of glasses dissolution rate, immersed in distilled water at 90°C for 24 days, indicates a considerable chemical durability. The increase in the Fe2O3 content in the vitreous network to the detriment of PbO is a favorable factor for the chemical durability improvement. Different techniques have been used such as X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, DSC, SEM and density for the study of these glasses. These techniques have led to establish correlations between chemical and structural properties. Thus the results obtained confirmed the creation of P-O-M bonds (M = Pb, Fe) with a strongly covalent nature to the detriment of the hydrated P-O-P bonds and led to the formation, mainly, of pyrophosphate groups. The low melting point of Pb-O makes it possible to play an important role, at the same time, on the viscosity, on the equilibrium between the vitreous bath and the crystallites formed. The dissolution rate obtained is 100 times smaller than that of silicate glasses used as an alternative form for the vitrification of radioactive waste.

玻璃分相联用机械化学法脱除废旧含铅玻璃中重金属铅

传统分相法采用热酸浸提工艺脱除CRT锥玻璃分相产物中重金属铅,酸浸过程强酸消耗量大,废酸无法回用,易引发酸污染。目的 为了绿色、高效回收CRT锥玻璃分相产物中重金属铅,方法 采用乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)作为浸提剂,通过机械化学法研究锥玻璃中重金属在快速分相和机械活化浸出过程中的迁移转化规律,揭示影响重金属脱除率的主要因素和作用机制。结果 结果表明:在分相处理过程中锥玻璃所含Pb,K,Ca等元素主要富集在呈连通结构的富B_(2)O_(3)相中。在随后湿法球磨浸提过程中,分相产物中富B_(2)O_(3)相在机械活化作用下快速溶解到水中,同时富B_(2)O_(3)相中所含金属离子与EDTA形成可溶络合物,且可从分相产物中脱除。锥玻璃所含Pb,K,Ca等金属脱除率随EDTA添加量增大、球磨转速提高、球磨时间延长等不断提升,但随液固比增大呈先升高后降低趋势。当EDTA添加量(质量分数,下同)为80%,球磨转速500 rpm,液固比0.8时,球磨处理30 min,分相产物中Pb,K,Ca,Al脱除率分别达到98.79%,94.92%,95.17%,65.71%,获得SiO_(2)质量分数超过92%的高硅氧玻璃粉末。结论 研究结果可为含重金属玻璃绿色、高附加值利用提供借鉴与参考。

γ射线视线防护材料的研究进展及发展趋势

随着核技术的迅猛发展,核能被广泛应用于工业、医学、科研、国防等诸多方面。但是,核能的使用为人类带来了便利的同时也隐藏着巨大的安全隐患。对于γ射线的防护材料,目前应用于防护服等的不透明材料的研究较为成熟,而主要应用于防护服视窗、防护眼镜等部分的透明γ射线屏蔽材料的研究较为薄弱。鉴于此,对现有γ射线透明防护材料的技术现状进行了全面的分析和总结,并列举了国内几家较为典型的生产企业,最后对γ射线透明防护材料的发展趋势进行了展望。

基于ISODATA聚类算法的古代玻璃文物制品类型鉴别

针对古代玻璃文物制品表面有无风化问题,通过权值比重模型得出纹饰、玻璃类型、颜色在有无分化情况下的内在关系;在高钾玻璃风化、铅钡玻璃风化、高钾玻璃无风化和铅钡玻璃无风化4类情况下,计算出古代玻璃文物制品14种化学成分的平均含量;采用聚类算法对古代玻璃文物制品进行分类,并预测出古代玻璃文物制品风化前的化学成分含量。通过分析古代玻璃文物制品在未知玻璃类别时的主要化学成分,确定其在未知玻璃类别时的化学成分及其所属类型,进而为古代玻璃文物制品的鉴别和保护提供科学依据,也为相关领域的研究提供新的思路和方法。

Upconversion Emission in Er^(3+) Doped Novel Bismuthate Glass

Novel Er3+-doped bismuth lead strontiam glass was fabricated and characterized, and the absorption spectrum and upconversion spectrum of the glass were studied. The Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters Ωt (t=2, 4, 6) were found to be Ω2=3.27×10-20 cm2, Ω4=1.15×10-20 cm2, and Ω6=0.38×10-20 cm2. The oscillator strength, the spontaneous transition probabilities, the fluorescence branching ratios, and excited state lifetimes were also measured and calculated. The upconversion emission intensity varies with the power of infrared excitation intensity. A plot of log Iup vs log IIR yields a straight line with slope 1.86, 1.88 and 1.85, corresponding to 525, 546, and 657 nm emission bands, respectively, which indicates that a two-photon process for the red and green emission.

双组分涤纶/玻璃纤维复合隔板的物理性能分析

为探索性能卓越且符合高性能电池使用要求的玻璃纤维复合隔板,将三种规格的双组分涤纶与玻璃纤维制成复合隔板,进行了纤维分散试验,测试了复合隔板的拉伸强度、抗穿刺强度、最大孔径与孔隙率,并与纯玻璃纤维隔板进行比较。结果表明:复合隔板的拉伸强度、抗穿刺强度能够达到纯玻璃纤维隔板的1倍以上,最大孔径可达16.04μm;1.67 dtex双组分涤纶与玻璃纤维制成的复合隔板具有较好的物理性能。在实际隔板生产时,建议双组分涤纶的配比为15%,生产温度为155~165℃。

Cr^(5+):alkali lead borotellurite玻璃吸收光谱的理论研究

关于对alkali lead borotellurite玻璃吸收光谱的研究具有重大的现实意义.采用点电荷模型,调节R1和R2的值,对alkali lead borotellurite玻璃中Cr5+的吸收光谱进行理论解释,计算了d-d跃迁,对实验结果的一些主要吸收峰进行识别,同时还计算了g因子.计算结果表明能级的理论值与吸收光谱的实验值以及g因子的实验值和理论值都符合的比较好.由此确定了alkali lead borotellurite玻璃中键长R1和R2.

Thermal and FT-IR Properties of Semiconducting SnO<SUB>2</SUB>-PbO-V<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>5</SUB>Glass System

Melt quenched “SnO2(50-x)PbO:50V2O5” glass system containing x = 5, 10, 15 in molar ratio has been investigated. Effects of heating rate, glass transition, crystallization, melting temperature and infrared spectra of SnO2 substituted PbO-V2O5 glass system are reported. XRD results show that perfect vitrification has been achieved for all the glass samples after annealing at 150°C. DSC results have indicated that eutectic composition of the lead metavanadate has been maintained for all the glass systems up to 15 mole% of substitution. IR spectra for a SnO2 substitution of 5 mole% V=O stretching frequency occur at 966 cm-1 without appearance of any additional peak. But for 10 mole% and 15 mole% SnO2 substituted samples, additional peaks appear at 1023 and 1005 cm-1 indicating the effect of SnO2 in the vanadate crystalline matrix such that there is an elongation of V=O bond. Since the crystalline matrix is affected, we can expect similar effect in the glass matrix also.

On the Conduction Mechanism of Silicate Glass Doped by Oxide Compounds of Ruthenium (Thick Film Resistors)

The results of the investigation of conduction mechanism of silicate glass doped by oxide compounds of ruthenium (thick film resistor) are reported. The formation of diffusion zones in the softened glass during firing process of the mixture of the glass and the dopant powders is considered. As the result the doping glass becomes conductive. These diffusion zones have higher conductivity and act as percolation levels for the free charge carriers. The effect of tem-perature and duration of firing process on the conductivity of doped glass is considered. Experimental results are in a good agreement with the model.