Research on thin grid materials of lead-acid batteries

A detailed investigation on Pb-Ca-Sn alloys was made in order to choose suitable grid alloys materials for thin plate lead-acid batteries. The electrochemical performances of alloys were investigated by electrochemical corrosion experiment, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) test. The results indicate that Pb-Ca-Sn-Bi-Cu alloys can be used to make the grids used for thin grid lead-acid batteries, the content of bismuth has primary effects on the corrosion resistance of grid alloys, the composition of alloys plays an important role on batteries performance, and appropriate scale of elements can be choosed to obtain optimal electrochemical performance. The lead-acid batteries using this kind of grid show good performance by cycle life test.

Experiments Study on Charge Technology of Lead-Acid Electric Vehicle Batteries

The basic theory of the fast charge and several charge methods are introduced. In order to heighten charge efficiency of valve-regulated lead-acid battery and shorten the charge time, five charge methods are investigated with experiments done on the Digatron BNT 400-050 test bench. Battery current, terminal voltage, capacity, energy and terminal pole temperature during battery experiment were recorded, and corresponding curves were depicted. Battery capacity-time ratio, energy efficiency and energy-temperature ratio are put forward to be the appraising criteria of lead-acid battery on electric vehicle （EV）. According to the appraising criteria and the battery curves, multistage-current/negative-pulse charge method is recommended to charge lead-acid EV battery.

PREPARATION OF LEAD-ACID BATTERY USING ELECTROPLATED RETICULATED SiC AS THE POSITIVE CURRENT COLLECTOR

The possibility of using Pb-electroplated reticulated SiC as the positive current collector for lead-acid batteries was investigated. Reticulated SiC with two aperture sizes (3 and 2mm) were tested as the substrate of positive electrode. It was found that the reticulated SiC has an excellent corrosion resistance in H2SO4 solution, and the Pb layer electroplated on reticulated SiC showed analogous electrochemical behavior to metal Pb. Preliminary test of the battery performance indicated that the utilization efficiency of the positive active mass of new designed batteries are improved compared with the conventional batteries. The improvement could be ascribed to the high specific surface area of the reticulated structured positive current collector, which was further supported by the even better performance of the battery made from a smaller aperture size (2mm) reticulated SiC as the substrate of the positive electrode.

Study of the Charge Acceptance of Small-Size Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries

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Self-Discharge in Valve-Regulated Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries

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Mathematical Model and Experiment of Temperature Effect on Discharge of Lead-Acid Battery for PV Systems in Tropical Area

This paper presents Mathematical Model and Experiment of Temperature effect on Charge and Discharge of Lead-Acid Battery performance in PV system power supply. To test temperature effect on battery discharge cycles, a temperature range of tropical area from 25 - 60 degrees Celsius in a simulator is set up for testing. This temperature range is normally practical for battery usage. This allows the battery to determine the parameters of the battery quickly and high accurate. A Mathematical Model with MATLAB Program is written and constructed as block diagram using the equations of battery the parameters. By running program, the effects of various parameters are investigated. The results showed that time of discharge the battery is longer. Then, the experiment is set up by battery VRLA 12 V 20 AH. The results confirmed the mathematical model simulations.

Potentiometric Measurement of State-of-Charge of Lead-Acid Batteries Using Polymeric Ferrocene and Quinones Derivatives

Measurement of state-of-charge of lead-acid batteries using potentiometric sensors would be convenient;however, most of the electrochemical couples are either soluble or are unstable in the battery electrolyte. This paper describes the results of an investigation of poly (divinylferrocene) (PDVF) and Poly(diethynylanthraquinone) (PAQ) couples in sulfuric acid with the view to developing a potentiometric sensor for lead-acid batteries. These compounds were both found to be quite stable and undergo reversible reduction/oxidation in sulfuric acid media. Their redox potential difference varied linearly with sulfuric acid concentration in the range of 1 M - 5 M (i.e. simulated lead-acid electrolyte during battery charge/discharge cycles). A sensor based on these compounds has been investigated.

Application of a Sulfur Removal Hydrometallurgical Process in a Lead-Acid Battery Recycling Plant in Costa Rica

This study presents the implementation of a desulphurization process for lead recycling under different chemical and physical conditions using pyro-metallurgical processes. Desulphurization was done using a hydrometallurgical process using sodium carbonate as a desulphurization agent and different lead-bearing loads compositions. Waste characterization included: SO2 concentrations in the stack emissions, total lead content in the furnace ash, the total lead content in the slag, and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). A significant reduction in SO2 emissions was achieved (~55% reduction) where mean SO2 concentrations changed from 2193 ± 135 ppm to 1006 ± 62 ppm after the implementation of the modified processes. The desulfurized lead paste (i.e. the metallic fraction lead of the battery) of the modified process exhibited an improvement in the concentration of the lead in the TCLP test, with an average value of 1.5 ppm which is below US EPA limit of 5 ppm. The traditional process TCLP mean value for the TCLP was 54.2 ppm. The total lead content in the bag house ashes shows not significant variations, when comparing the desulphurization (67.6% m/m) and non-desulphurization process (64.9% m/m). The total lead mean content in the slag was higher in the desulphurization process (2.49% m/m) than the traditional process (1.91% m/m). Overall, the implementation of a new desulphurization method would potentially increase the operation costs in 10.3%. At the light of these results, a combination of hydrometallurgical and pyro-metallurgical processes in the recycling of lead-acid batteries can be used to reduce the environmental impact of these industries but would increase the operational costs of small lead recyclers.

Effect of lead foam grid on performance of lead-acid battery

In order to increase the specific energy and specific power of a lead-acid battery, lead foam grid was prepared by electrodepositing Pb-Sn alloy on a copper foam substrate and used as negative current collector for a lead acid battery whose capacity was limited by the negative plate. Comparing the effect of the cast grid, under the same conditions, the mass of lead foam grid decreases by 35%, and the area of lead foam contacted with active material increases by about 20 times. Under 2 h rate discharge condition, with a high current （3 0 I2） e and low-temperature （-10 ℃, I2） discharge system, the lead foam grid markedly boosts the discharge performance of lead acid battery. It increases not only the negative electrode mass specific capacity by 27%,37% and 29%,but also the utilization efficiency of the negative active material by 5%. Compared with the negative electrode of cast grid, XRD and SEM results show that after 20 cycles at the state of charge, the sponge lead in the negative lead foam electrode has smaller crystals and less PbSO4 on its surface. Meanwhile, at the state of full discharge, the PbSO4 crystals are smaller and occur less on the surface of lead foam electrode. This indicates its active material reacts more uniformly.

A low-cost green approach for synthesis of lead oxide from waste lead ash for use in new lead-acid batteries

This paper proposes a novel method relating to the recycling of waste lead ash originated from procedure of lead alloy production.The spent lead ash was first disposed by acetic acid leaching system,where lead ash structure wrapping impurities would be destroyed.The synthesis of lead oxide products was conducted at a lower temperature of 90℃.The effect of molar ratio of CH3 COOH to lead content of the ash on leaching efficiency was studied through the acetic acid leaching system.The results demonstrate that 84.6%of lead could be obtained in the leaching solution,while merely 0.7%of Fe blend in solution within a leaching time of 120 min.In the stage of lead oxide synthesis from leaching solution,the yield of lead oxide products could reach up to 94.4%when the molar ratio of NaOH to lead in filtrate was 2.5.This novel green method could shed light on the reuse of lead from exhausted ash with a much more convenient and environmentally friendly procedure.

变电站铅酸电池的失效及综合修复

铅酸电池是直流(DC)系统的重要储能设备,对变电站的安全稳定运行至关重要。站用铅酸电池寿命普遍低于理论寿命,大量电池的提前失效给电网企业带来巨大的经济和环境压力。针对变电站铅酸电池的特殊运行环境,对失效电池复杂的失效模式进行分析。采用化学和物理相结合的技术手段,针对性地选择合适的活化剂,同时使用“大电流-恒流-恒压”的充电方式,达到修复活化失效铅酸电池的目的,修复后的铅酸电池容量可达额定容量的80%以上。

乙炔黑包覆的铅及其氧化物复合材料对铅酸电池负极性能的影响

铅酸电池负极析氢问题和硫酸盐化问题是限制铅酸电池性能的主要因素,大量的研究集中在负极的添加剂上。本文以乙炔黑包覆的铅及其氧化物形成的复合材料作为铅酸电池负极添加剂,研究其对铅酸电池性能的影响。实验结果表明,加入复合材料的电极,有效抑制了析氢问题,并降低了硫酸盐化现象,延长了其寿命。

2023年中国电池市场分析

介绍2023年我国电池的产量及进出口量:电池总产量约609.66亿只,其中锂离子电池约960 GW·h,铅蓄电池约270 GW·h,碱性锌锰电池约147亿只,普通锌锰电池约166亿只,太阳能电池约541.16 GW,燃料电池为5 668堆;电池出口总量333.35亿只,进口总量23.04亿只。讨论我国电池市场发展趋势。

退役铅酸蓄电池铅膏回收策略及研究进展

推动再生铅产业的高质量发展,是铅资源实现生产-消费-再生良性循环的重要保障,缓解铅资源枯竭的同时,有效降低铅的生产成本和改善环境污染,对促进铅工业可持续发展具有重要的战略意义。本文概述了近年来铅酸蓄电池铅膏回收的最新研究进展,基于铅酸蓄电池的资源特点和再生产品的经济效益,详细总结了以金属铅、氧化铅、硫化铅及功能性铅基材料为目标的回收工艺技术,重点分析了不同铅产品回收方法的优缺点及需注意的关键环节。结合铅产业链的下游应用,介绍了废铅酸蓄电池再生产品在电池及传感器等领域的应用。最后从实际应用角度出发,展望了未来废铅酸蓄电池铅膏回收及再生铅产品的发展方向。

L-赖氨酸功能化纤维素对模拟苹果汁中铅的吸附特性研究

本研究采用微米级微晶纤维素(microcrystalline cellulose,MCC)和纳米级纤维素纤维(cellulose nanofiber,CNF)为基质,L-赖氨酸为接枝单体,制备了L-赖氨酸功能化纤维素基铅吸附剂,探究吸附剂在果汁中的吸附性能及果汁中糖类与有机酸对吸附性能的影响。结果表明,以单一铅体系为目标溶液,L-赖氨酸功能化高碘酸钠氧化的微晶纤维素(L-lysine functionalized sodium periodate-oxidized MCC,L-g-POCM)与L-赖氨酸功能化四甲基哌啶体系氧化的纳米纤维素纤维(L-lysine functionalized TEMPO-oxidized CNF,L-g-TOCF)对铅(20 mg L^(-1))有较好的吸附效果,吸附效率分别高达77.36%和96.16%。偏中性的糖类对吸附效果的影响属于较弱的竞争吸附,高酸性的有机酸则属于较强的竞争吸附,且L-g-TOCF受影响程度较小。在pH小于4时,L-g-TOCF的吸附性能被抑制,低至7.54%,而在pH大于4时,最高可达92.18%,因此,L-g-TOCF在低酸类果汁的重金属去除中有良好的前景。

铅对大鼠皮质神经元γ-氨基丁酸A型受体介导电流及GABA能突触传递的抑制作用

目的研究铅(Pb^(2+))对大鼠皮质神经元γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)A型受体介导电流(I_(GABA))及GABA能突触传递的抑制作用及其机制。方法①分离出生0 d的SD大鼠大脑皮质神经元进行原代培养,培养7~14 d用膜片钳系统记录神经元GABA激活的I_(GABA),检测不同浓度Pb^(2+)(1,5,10,50和100μmol·L^(-1))(Y管给药,作用时间20 s)对GABA(100μmol·L^(-1))激活I_(GABA)的影响,并检测Pb^(2+)50μmol·L^(-1)(Y管给药,作用时间20 s)对不同浓度GABA(1,10,50,100,500和1000μmol·L^(-1))激活I_(GABA)的影响。②取15~19 d日龄雄性SD大鼠大脑制作厚度为350μm的脑片样本,记录自发抑制性突触后电流(sIPSC)、微小抑制性突触后电流(mIPSC)和注入电流诱导的动作电位(AP),检测Pb^(2+)10μmol·L^(-1)(灌流速度2 mL·min^(-1))处理前和处理5 min后sIPSC和mIPSC振幅和频率及AP频率。结果①在10,50和100μmol·L^(-1)浓度时,随浓度升高,Pb^(2+)抑制原代培养神经元I_(GABA)的作用增强,IC_(50)值为(68±20)μmol·L^(-1)。②Pb^(2+)50μmol·L^(-1)抑制GABA最大激活电流(P<0.01),升高GABA的EC50值,由无Pb^(2+)组的(20±6)μmol·L^(-1)增加到(87±39)μmol·L^(-1),表明Pb^(2+)可能以非竞争性机制抑制I_(GABA)。③脑片实验中,与处理前比较,Pb^(2+)10μmol·L^(-1)处理5 min后可逆地抑制神经元sIPSC的频率(P<0.01)而未影响其振幅,而mIPSC的频率和振幅均未受到影响。此外,Pb^(2+)10μmol·L^(-1)抑制AP的频率(P<0.01),降低神经元的整体兴奋性。结论Pb^(2+)对原代培养神经元I_(GABA)有明显的抑制作用;Pb^(2+)可能通过抑制皮质神经元的AP抑制sIPSC的频率;提示Pb^(2+)对原代培养神经元I_(GABA)的抑制以及对脑片神经元sIPSC频率的抑制可能存在不同的机制,反映了Pb^(2+)中毒机制的复杂性。

稀土元素镧对于电池板栅耐蚀作用的研究

稀土金属用于制造合金,可改善合金的性能,提高材料韧性、耐磨性能、抗腐蚀性能等。通过在板栅Pb-Sn-Ca-Al合金掺杂La,在电解液中加入 La_(2)(SO_(4))_(3 ),使用循环伏安(CV)、电化学交流阻抗频谱(EIS)、线性扫描伏安法(LSV)等电化学测试和场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征方法,多方位探究了稀土金属La对铅酸蓄电池的影响。结果表明:正极板栅中添加镧细化了合金晶粒、增加氢氧析出过电位,电解液中的硫酸镧能够降低极板反应电流、减少枝晶产生。

造纸黑液源类黄腐酸对水体中铅的吸附作用研究

造纸黑液占整个造纸业污染的90%以上,对环境造成严重影响,造纸黑液中大量的有机质可以作为黄腐酸的合成前体,黄腐酸对重金属有良好的吸附作用。根据国际腐植酸协会推荐方法,自两种不同造纸工艺的黑液中成功提取出了碱法类黄腐酸(JFLA)和铵法类黄腐酸(AFLA);通过平衡络合试验,在不同Pb^(2+)浓度和pH的重金属水溶液中,研究了两种类黄腐酸对铅的吸附效果与规律,AFLA在低Pb^(2+)浓度、高pH条件下具有更好的吸附能力,且AFLA比JFLA的吸附能力更强。研究结果表明了黑液类黄腐酸有修复Pb^(2+)污染水体的可能性,为相关研究开展奠定了理论基础。

有机酸强化饲用玉米修复镉铅污染农田效果

为探究饲用玉米在有机酸强化下对镉铅污染农田的修复和改良效果,本研究采用田间试验比较了柠檬酸(CA)、酒石酸(TA)和聚天冬氨酸(PASP)强化饲用玉米的修复效果和经济效益。结果表明:3种有机酸均能够提高玉米的生物量和产量,与对照相比,产量增幅在2.92%~8.37%。施用有机酸后,玉米籽粒镉、铅含量分别在0.13~0.90 mg·kg^(-1)和0.06~0.25 mg·kg^(-1)之间,均符合国家饲料卫生标准(GB 13078—2017),可作为植物性饲料原料;同时,玉米穗轴、秸秆和根中镉、铅含量较对照提升显著,秸秆和根对镉、铅的富集转运能力得到提高。按照修复0~20 cm耕层土壤计算,在酒石酸处理下,高玉2068和京科968分别对镉和铅提取量最高,达到了3.78 mg·m^(-2)和48.97 mg·m^(-2),理论上最短13 a可使该农田达到安全利用类耕地标准。施用有机酸后,玉米成熟期土壤pH值下降了0.09~0.19个单位,有效态镉和铅含量最高增幅达到了52.37%和63.22%,提高了玉米植株的提取能力,进而降低了土壤中全量镉和铅的含量。从经济效益看,在有机酸处理下,种植裕丰303的投入产出比相对较高,在1.18~1.78之间。本研究证明高玉2068在酒石酸和聚天冬氨酸强化下修复效果最显著,而裕丰303在柠檬酸强化下虽修复年限较长,但具有较高经济效益,二者均可推广应用于重金属污染耕地的边生产边修复。