Research on thin grid materials of lead-acid batteries

A detailed investigation on Pb-Ca-Sn alloys was made in order to choose suitable grid alloys materials for thin plate lead-acid batteries. The electrochemical performances of alloys were investigated by electrochemical corrosion experiment, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) test. The results indicate that Pb-Ca-Sn-Bi-Cu alloys can be used to make the grids used for thin grid lead-acid batteries, the content of bismuth has primary effects on the corrosion resistance of grid alloys, the composition of alloys plays an important role on batteries performance, and appropriate scale of elements can be choosed to obtain optimal electrochemical performance. The lead-acid batteries using this kind of grid show good performance by cycle life test.

PREPARATION OF LEAD-ACID BATTERY USING ELECTROPLATED RETICULATED SiC AS THE POSITIVE CURRENT COLLECTOR

The possibility of using Pb-electroplated reticulated SiC as the positive current collector for lead-acid batteries was investigated. Reticulated SiC with two aperture sizes (3 and 2mm) were tested as the substrate of positive electrode. It was found that the reticulated SiC has an excellent corrosion resistance in H2SO4 solution, and the Pb layer electroplated on reticulated SiC showed analogous electrochemical behavior to metal Pb. Preliminary test of the battery performance indicated that the utilization efficiency of the positive active mass of new designed batteries are improved compared with the conventional batteries. The improvement could be ascribed to the high specific surface area of the reticulated structured positive current collector, which was further supported by the even better performance of the battery made from a smaller aperture size (2mm) reticulated SiC as the substrate of the positive electrode.

Application of a Sulfur Removal Hydrometallurgical Process in a Lead-Acid Battery Recycling Plant in Costa Rica

This study presents the implementation of a desulphurization process for lead recycling under different chemical and physical conditions using pyro-metallurgical processes. Desulphurization was done using a hydrometallurgical process using sodium carbonate as a desulphurization agent and different lead-bearing loads compositions. Waste characterization included: SO2 concentrations in the stack emissions, total lead content in the furnace ash, the total lead content in the slag, and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). A significant reduction in SO2 emissions was achieved (~55% reduction) where mean SO2 concentrations changed from 2193 ± 135 ppm to 1006 ± 62 ppm after the implementation of the modified processes. The desulfurized lead paste (i.e. the metallic fraction lead of the battery) of the modified process exhibited an improvement in the concentration of the lead in the TCLP test, with an average value of 1.5 ppm which is below US EPA limit of 5 ppm. The traditional process TCLP mean value for the TCLP was 54.2 ppm. The total lead content in the bag house ashes shows not significant variations, when comparing the desulphurization (67.6% m/m) and non-desulphurization process (64.9% m/m). The total lead mean content in the slag was higher in the desulphurization process (2.49% m/m) than the traditional process (1.91% m/m). Overall, the implementation of a new desulphurization method would potentially increase the operation costs in 10.3%. At the light of these results, a combination of hydrometallurgical and pyro-metallurgical processes in the recycling of lead-acid batteries can be used to reduce the environmental impact of these industries but would increase the operational costs of small lead recyclers.

Self-Discharge in Valve-Regulated Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries

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Study of the Charge Acceptance of Small-Size Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries

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Mathematical Model and Experiment of Temperature Effect on Discharge of Lead-Acid Battery for PV Systems in Tropical Area

This paper presents Mathematical Model and Experiment of Temperature effect on Charge and Discharge of Lead-Acid Battery performance in PV system power supply. To test temperature effect on battery discharge cycles, a temperature range of tropical area from 25 - 60 degrees Celsius in a simulator is set up for testing. This temperature range is normally practical for battery usage. This allows the battery to determine the parameters of the battery quickly and high accurate. A Mathematical Model with MATLAB Program is written and constructed as block diagram using the equations of battery the parameters. By running program, the effects of various parameters are investigated. The results showed that time of discharge the battery is longer. Then, the experiment is set up by battery VRLA 12 V 20 AH. The results confirmed the mathematical model simulations.

Potentiometric Measurement of State-of-Charge of Lead-Acid Batteries Using Polymeric Ferrocene and Quinones Derivatives

Measurement of state-of-charge of lead-acid batteries using potentiometric sensors would be convenient;however, most of the electrochemical couples are either soluble or are unstable in the battery electrolyte. This paper describes the results of an investigation of poly (divinylferrocene) (PDVF) and Poly(diethynylanthraquinone) (PAQ) couples in sulfuric acid with the view to developing a potentiometric sensor for lead-acid batteries. These compounds were both found to be quite stable and undergo reversible reduction/oxidation in sulfuric acid media. Their redox potential difference varied linearly with sulfuric acid concentration in the range of 1 M - 5 M (i.e. simulated lead-acid electrolyte during battery charge/discharge cycles). A sensor based on these compounds has been investigated.

Simple electrode assembly engineering:Toward a multifunctional lead-acid battery

Electrochemical energy storage is a promising technology for the integration of renewable energy.Lead-acid battery is perhaps among the most successful commercialized systems ever since thanks to its excellent cost-effectiveness and safety records.Despite of 165 years of development,the low energy density as well as the coupled power and energy density scaling restrain its wider application in real life.To address this challenge,we optimized the configuration of conventional Pb-acid battery to integrate two gas diffusion electrodes.The novel device can work as a Pb-air battery using ambient air,showing a peak power density of 183 mW cm^(−2),which was comparable with other state-of-the-art metal-O_(2)batteries.It can also behave as a fuel cell,simultaneously converting H_(2)and air into electricity with a peak power density of 75 mW cm^(−2).Importantly,this device showed little performance degradation after 35 h of the longevity test.Our work shows the exciting potential of lead battery technology and demonstrates the importance of battery architecture optimization toward improved energy storage capacity.

Experiments Study on Charge Technology of Lead-Acid Electric Vehicle Batteries

The basic theory of the fast charge and several charge methods are introduced. In order to heighten charge efficiency of valve-regulated lead-acid battery and shorten the charge time, five charge methods are investigated with experiments done on the Digatron BNT 400-050 test bench. Battery current, terminal voltage, capacity, energy and terminal pole temperature during battery experiment were recorded, and corresponding curves were depicted. Battery capacity-time ratio, energy efficiency and energy-temperature ratio are put forward to be the appraising criteria of lead-acid battery on electric vehicle （EV）. According to the appraising criteria and the battery curves, multistage-current/negative-pulse charge method is recommended to charge lead-acid EV battery.

Analysis of Lead-acid Battery Industry Development Trend in China in 2018

As lead-acid battery market segment shows fierce competition,scale advantage is the key.With high market concentration and fierce competition in chemical battery industry,the price war and cost increase have significantly reduced the net profit margin of major players in the industry.With higher requirements for battery performance by consumers and greater attention paid to environmental protection

Improving Cyclic Stability and Rate Performance of Lithium Ion Batteries Using La^(3+)Modified LiNi_(0.6)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.2)O_(2)Cathode Materials

La_(4)NiLiO_(8)-coated NCM622 samples were prepared through a sol-gel method,and the electrochemical performance as cathode materials was investigated.It is revealed that part of the introduced La^(3+)ions produce a coating layer on the surface of NCM622 particles,while the rest occupy the 3b position of the lattice.The optimized sample exhibits a capacity retention of 96.54%after 100 cycles under 1C rate with a discharge specific capacity of 117.54 mAh·g^(-1)under 5C rate,much higher than those of the unmodified sample.The results show that the addition of La^(3+)ion can greatly improve the cyclic stability and the rate performance of NCM622.

Stabilized effects of L-S cement-mixed batter pile composite foundation for existed warm frozen soil subgrade

In permafrost regions with warm frozen soil,subgrade thaw-collapse phenomenon commonly occurs,facing thaw collapse problems of the existed frozen soil subgrade,thus it is difficult to use traditional methods such as active cooling and passive protection technology to stabilize the existed warm frozen soil subgrade.This study derives a novel stabilizer method,a long-short(L-S)cement-mixed batter pile composite foundation to stabilize the existed warm frozen soil subgrade.To solve the thawcollapse problems in warm frozen soil subgrade,high water content and large compressibility characteristics were compared between soft soil and warm frozen soils.Theoretical analysis of heat conduction and numerical simulation of finite element model were used to study the freeze–thaw process and evaluate the stabilized effects of the L-S cement-mixed batter piles on the warm frozen soil foundation of the Qinghai-Tibet Highway.Furthermore,the thaw process and mechanical properties of foundation and piles were analyzed by introducing the hydration heat factor in the thermodynamic control equation.The results indicate that the thawing displacement of the existed warm frozen soil subgrade was reduced owing to the“support”and“grasp”effects of the L-S cement-mixed batter piles on the surrounding soil.The composite ground formed by strengthening the warm frozen ground with batter piles could considerably improve the bearing capacity of the existed warm frozen ground,effectively restrain the deformation of the upper embankment,and improve the strength of the ground.The analysis can provide method for the construction design of cement mixing batter pile foundation in cold regions.

不同油炸条件对挂糊肉制品品质的影响

【目的】探究油炸参数对挂糊肉制品品质的影响及淀粉糊的作用。【方法】通过改变油炸温度和油炸时间,借助质构仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪、X-射线衍射仪等仪器,研究挂糊肉制品的品质和淀粉糊的结构变化,采用皮尔逊(Pearson)相关性分析探讨淀粉糊的结构改变对挂糊肉制品品质形成的贡献。【结果】随着油炸温度的升高和油炸时间的延长,挂糊肉制品亮度值升高,红度值与黄度值降低,水分含量降低,硬度与咀嚼性无显著变化,总体感官得分逐渐上升;表面淀粉的结晶结构及分子构型遭到破坏,含油率上升,直至19.4%;包裹淀粉糊可以提高挂糊肉制品亮度值,减少水分流失,并降低油炸挂糊肉制品的硬度与咀嚼性;直至温度达到170℃或时间延长至140 s以后时,淀粉的结晶衍射峰逐渐平缓,含油率下降,水分含量进一步降低至46.13%,硬度与咀嚼性迅速升高至819.12 g和472.18 g,此时挂糊肉制品表面呈现金黄色,口感质地最为酥脆;淀粉R 1值降至最低值0.9982,结构被破坏转为无序,对肉的保护作用降低,但此时挂糊肉制品的感官得分达到最高点。【结论】马铃薯淀粉糊可以提高油炸肉制品的亮度值,增加水分含量及出品率,并降低硬度与咀嚼性,进而提高挂糊肉制品的感官评分。

抑制穿梭效应的锂硫电池隔膜研究进展

锂硫电池因其高比容量和高能量密度、环境友好等优点在新型锂电池研究中掀起热潮。然而锂硫电池内部严重的多硫化锂穿梭效应导致电池寿命缩短及库仑效率降低,极大地阻碍了其实际应用。许多研究表明,通过对隔膜进行合理设计和改性可以有效抑制多硫化物的穿梭。抑制穿梭的方法可分为物理阻断、化学吸附和催化。在众多隔膜材料中,碳材料因其电导率高、比表面积大、孔径可调而备受关注,但它们的非极性使其无法与极性的多硫化物产生强的相互作用,因此可对碳材料进行杂原子掺杂或引入官能团,或与极性组分复合成高极性的复合材料,以增强对多硫化物的吸附和快速转化。从锂硫电池的结构和工作原理展开介绍,并针对碳基材料、非碳的极性材料、碳基复合材料这三类功能材料,重点评述了基于商用多孔隔膜功能化的解决穿梭效应的最新进展,最后对锂硫电池隔膜的未来进行了展望。

外源氨基酸添加对春卷皮面浆体系的影响

氨基酸作为良好的营养、风味增强剂,其在春卷皮面浆体系的研究鲜有报道,该研究选取四类八种氨基酸[碱性氨基酸:精氨酸(Arginine,Arg),赖氨酸(Lysine,Lys);酸性氨基酸:谷氨酸(Glutamic Acid,Glu)、天冬氨酸(Aspartic Acid,Asp);中性氨基酸:苏氨酸(Threonine,Thr)、甘氨酸(Glycine,Gly);非极性氨基酸:色氨酸(Tryptophan,Trp)、蛋氨酸(Methionine,Met)]来探究其对制备春卷皮面浆体系流变学与热力学特性、微观结构以及面筋蛋白二级结构的影响。发现碱性和酸性氨基酸的添加增加了面浆粘度,降低了面浆析水率,致使体系中游离水含量减少,面筋蛋白网络结构强度增加,进而面浆体系连接更紧密;其中,碱性氨基酸中的Arg降低了面浆中淀粉糊化所需能量焓值(1.68至1.24 J/g);此外,加入酸性氨基酸后,面浆淀粉糊化所需能量增大,面筋蛋白二级结构中β-折叠含量减少、α-螺旋和无规卷曲含量增加。中性和非极性氨基酸的加入降低了面浆粘度,提高了面浆析水率,对面浆体系热力学特性影响较小,同时增加了面筋蛋白二级结构中β-折叠和β-转角的含量。该研究以期为氨基酸在面制品中的应用提供相关理论基础。

Batter综合征——附2例有肾脏基本疾病的病例报告

Bartter综合征的临床特点是:低血钾、代谢性碱中毒、肾素—血管紧张素—醛固醛系统亢进,同时又有前列腺素增多,但血压正常,血管对外源性血管紧张素升压反应低下。自1962年Bartter首次报告以来,国外文献已报告100余例,有明确病因的病例尚不多见,其发病机理也未完全清楚。

酵母菌与乳酸菌协同发酵对玉米面糊理化性质及其发糕品质的影响

为探讨酵母菌与乳酸菌协同发酵对玉米面糊理化特性及其发糕品质的影响,本研究采用快速黏度分析仪、流变仪、差示扫描量热仪、低场强核磁共振仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、物性测定仪等技术手段,探究发酵过程中面糊的理化性质并对面糊结构进行表征。结果表明,随着发酵时间的延长,与酵母菌发酵面糊和乳酸菌发酵面糊相比,酵母菌和乳酸菌协同发酵面糊产气、持气能力较高;协同发酵后面糊峰值黏度呈下降的趋势,发酵90 min时峰值黏度降低了11.66%,糊化焓、淀粉分子短程有序度呈上升的趋势,弹性和强结合水含量呈先升高后降低的趋势。协同发酵50 min时面糊弹性最大,损耗角正切值最小,结构最稳定;此时发糕比容最大,硬度和胶着性最低,内聚性和回复性最高。本实验结果可为玉米主食化产业提供可靠的技术依据。

Batter综合征6例临床分析

目的 研究并总结Batter综合征的临床特点,并探讨低钾血症的常见病因及合理的诊疗方法。方法 回顾分析2012-01～2014-12在首都医科大学宣武医院内分泌科住院治疗,以低钾血症收入院,出院时诊断为Batter综合征的患者6例,对其临床特点进行总结。结果 本组患者均有不同程度的低钾血症,通过进行血气分析,尿检测,血管紧张素Ⅰ（基础）卧位加（激发）立位试验,醛固酮卧位加立位试验,肾上腺CT,心电图及进行安体舒通试验,明确诊断为Batter综合征,并针对病因给予合理治疗。明确病因后给予对症治疗,6例患者明确诊断后出院,院外继续服用安体舒通20-60 mg/次3次/d,及间断口服补钾治疗,2周后复查血钾正常。结论 当患者出现有下肢乏力、低血钾、高尿钾而血压正常时需考虑Bartter综合征的诊断。同时应注意排除其他原因的低钾血症。

预干燥对油炸外裹糊鱼块油脂渗透和质构特性的影响

本研究将外裹糊鱼块置于鼓风干燥箱中,40℃干燥3~9 h(3、4.5、6、7.5、9 h)后180℃油炸60 s,分析油炸前后外裹糊鱼块的水分状态、油炸外裹糊鱼块的油脂含量与分布、微观结构及质构特性,模拟油炸过程中油脂的吸收,探讨预干燥对油炸外裹糊鱼块油脂渗透和质构特性的影响。结果显示,油炸后外壳的深层结合水(T21)、弱结合水(T22)和自由水(T23)以及鱼块的结合水(T21)、肌纤维中(T22)和外部(T23)的水分含量均减小。随着干燥时间的延长,油炸后外壳T22峰的起始时间逐渐减小,水分的自由度降低,且T21和T22峰的信号强度减小,结合水向自由水转化;鱼块的T22峰只有干燥9h的发生明显左移;油炸外裹糊鱼块的表面油脂含量和总油脂含量呈减小趋势,表面渗透油脂含量逐渐增加;外壳结构先紧密后粗糙,鱼块表面先光滑后出现裂缝和孔洞;外壳中荧光强度逐渐减弱,苏丹红染色幅度逐渐减小,外壳与鱼块交界处的染色幅度逐渐增大;外壳的硬度和酥性先减小后增大,而鱼块的弹性和咀嚼性呈现相反趋势。这些结果表明,预干燥降低了外裹糊鱼块水分的自由度,改变了油炸外裹糊鱼块的微观结构,从而影响了油脂的渗透和质构特性。本研究可为低脂油炸外裹糊鱼制品的规模化生产提供科学指导和技术支撑。

基于应变楔模型的堆载下被动斜桩受力变形分析

被动斜桩大多应用于开挖基坑的支护工程中,很少应用于填筑体抗滑工程中,且工程性状尚不清楚.为分析侧向堆载作用下被动斜桩受力变形特性,本文基于应变楔模型(SW模型),结合Boussinesq解进行双重积分及坐标变换,建立了侧向堆载作用下被动斜桩的挠曲微分方程,推导了其相应桩身内力与侧移的有限差分解,并通过与现场试验和室内模型试验对比验证了本文方法的有效性.结果表明:相同荷载作用下,负斜桩的桩顶侧移与桩身弯矩峰值最小、正斜桩次之、直桩最大;正斜桩和负斜桩的桩顶侧移与桩身弯矩峰值均随其倾斜角的增大而减小.侧向堆载下斜桩桩身变形模式为“平移叠加转动”.桩身常规倾斜角范围内(≤20°),坡脚处将桩设置成向堆载中心倾斜、倾斜角较大的负斜桩,可以取得更好的工程效果.