Simple electrode assembly engineering:Toward a multifunctional lead-acid battery

Electrochemical energy storage is a promising technology for the integration of renewable energy.Lead-acid battery is perhaps among the most successful commercialized systems ever since thanks to its excellent cost-effectiveness and safety records.Despite of 165 years of development,the low energy density as well as the coupled power and energy density scaling restrain its wider application in real life.To address this challenge,we optimized the configuration of conventional Pb-acid battery to integrate two gas diffusion electrodes.The novel device can work as a Pb-air battery using ambient air,showing a peak power density of 183 mW cm^(−2),which was comparable with other state-of-the-art metal-O_(2)batteries.It can also behave as a fuel cell,simultaneously converting H_(2)and air into electricity with a peak power density of 75 mW cm^(−2).Importantly,this device showed little performance degradation after 35 h of the longevity test.Our work shows the exciting potential of lead battery technology and demonstrates the importance of battery architecture optimization toward improved energy storage capacity.

Earth-abundant coal-derived carbon nanotube/carbon composites as efficient bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts for rechargeable zinc-air batteries

The exploration of active and robust electrocatalysts for both the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is the bottleneck to realize the commercialization of rechargeable metal-air batteries and regenerative fuel cells.Here we report facile synthesis of three-dimensional(3 D)carbon nanotube(CNT)/carbon composites using earth-abundant coal as the carbon source,hydrogen reductant and heteroatom dopant to grow CNTs.The prepared composite featuring 3 D structural merits and multiple active sites can efficiently catalyze both ORR and OER,affording high activity,fast kinetics,and long-term stability.With the additional incorporation of manganese,the developed catalyst afforded a potential difference of 0.80 V between ORR at the half wave potential and OER at a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2).The optimized sample has presented excellent OER performance within a constructed solar-powered water splitting system with continuously generating oxygen bubbles at anode.Notably,it can be further used as a durable air-electrode catalyst in constructed Zn-air battery,delivering an initial discharge/charge voltage gap of 0.73 V,a remained voltaic efficiency of 61.2%after 160 cycles and capability to power LED light for at least 80 h.This study provides an efficient approach for converting traditional energy resource i.e.coal to value-added alternative oxygen electrocatalysts in renewable energy conversion systems.

Research on thin grid materials of lead-acid batteries

A detailed investigation on Pb-Ca-Sn alloys was made in order to choose suitable grid alloys materials for thin plate lead-acid batteries. The electrochemical performances of alloys were investigated by electrochemical corrosion experiment, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) test. The results indicate that Pb-Ca-Sn-Bi-Cu alloys can be used to make the grids used for thin grid lead-acid batteries, the content of bismuth has primary effects on the corrosion resistance of grid alloys, the composition of alloys plays an important role on batteries performance, and appropriate scale of elements can be choosed to obtain optimal electrochemical performance. The lead-acid batteries using this kind of grid show good performance by cycle life test.

Experiments Study on Charge Technology of Lead-Acid Electric Vehicle Batteries

The basic theory of the fast charge and several charge methods are introduced. In order to heighten charge efficiency of valve-regulated lead-acid battery and shorten the charge time, five charge methods are investigated with experiments done on the Digatron BNT 400-050 test bench. Battery current, terminal voltage, capacity, energy and terminal pole temperature during battery experiment were recorded, and corresponding curves were depicted. Battery capacity-time ratio, energy efficiency and energy-temperature ratio are put forward to be the appraising criteria of lead-acid battery on electric vehicle （EV）. According to the appraising criteria and the battery curves, multistage-current/negative-pulse charge method is recommended to charge lead-acid EV battery.

PREPARATION OF LEAD-ACID BATTERY USING ELECTROPLATED RETICULATED SiC AS THE POSITIVE CURRENT COLLECTOR

The possibility of using Pb-electroplated reticulated SiC as the positive current collector for lead-acid batteries was investigated. Reticulated SiC with two aperture sizes (3 and 2mm) were tested as the substrate of positive electrode. It was found that the reticulated SiC has an excellent corrosion resistance in H2SO4 solution, and the Pb layer electroplated on reticulated SiC showed analogous electrochemical behavior to metal Pb. Preliminary test of the battery performance indicated that the utilization efficiency of the positive active mass of new designed batteries are improved compared with the conventional batteries. The improvement could be ascribed to the high specific surface area of the reticulated structured positive current collector, which was further supported by the even better performance of the battery made from a smaller aperture size (2mm) reticulated SiC as the substrate of the positive electrode.

Self-Discharge in Valve-Regulated Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries

Factors that cause the self-discharge in valve-regulated sealed lead-acid batteries are discussed and measures to inhibit the self-discharge are put forward.

Study of the Charge Acceptance of Small-Size Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries

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Mathematical Model and Experiment of Temperature Effect on Discharge of Lead-Acid Battery for PV Systems in Tropical Area

This paper presents Mathematical Model and Experiment of Temperature effect on Charge and Discharge of Lead-Acid Battery performance in PV system power supply. To test temperature effect on battery discharge cycles, a temperature range of tropical area from 25 - 60 degrees Celsius in a simulator is set up for testing. This temperature range is normally practical for battery usage. This allows the battery to determine the parameters of the battery quickly and high accurate. A Mathematical Model with MATLAB Program is written and constructed as block diagram using the equations of battery the parameters. By running program, the effects of various parameters are investigated. The results showed that time of discharge the battery is longer. Then, the experiment is set up by battery VRLA 12 V 20 AH. The results confirmed the mathematical model simulations.

A study on equivalent circuit model of lead-acid battery for electric vehicles

A 100Ah@42V lead-acid battery package for electric vehicles are used for study. 1he hybrid pulse test is applied to the battery package to acquire enough data, by which the partnership for a new generation of vehicles （PNGV） equivalent circuit model parameters are identified by the least square method. Then, the PNGV model is verified under two conditions, i.e., the composite pulse excitation and the constant-current respectively. The corresponding maximum relative errors of output voltage are less than 3 % and 3.5 %. Results show that the present PNGV equivalent circuit model and verification method is effective, which can satisfy requirement of simulation of power system of electric vehicles.

Potentiometric Measurement of State-of-Charge of Lead-Acid Batteries Using Polymeric Ferrocene and Quinones Derivatives

Measurement of state-of-charge of lead-acid batteries using potentiometric sensors would be convenient;however, most of the electrochemical couples are either soluble or are unstable in the battery electrolyte. This paper describes the results of an investigation of poly (divinylferrocene) (PDVF) and Poly(diethynylanthraquinone) (PAQ) couples in sulfuric acid with the view to developing a potentiometric sensor for lead-acid batteries. These compounds were both found to be quite stable and undergo reversible reduction/oxidation in sulfuric acid media. Their redox potential difference varied linearly with sulfuric acid concentration in the range of 1 M - 5 M (i.e. simulated lead-acid electrolyte during battery charge/discharge cycles). A sensor based on these compounds has been investigated.

Application of a Sulfur Removal Hydrometallurgical Process in a Lead-Acid Battery Recycling Plant in Costa Rica

This study presents the implementation of a desulphurization process for lead recycling under different chemical and physical conditions using pyro-metallurgical processes. Desulphurization was done using a hydrometallurgical process using sodium carbonate as a desulphurization agent and different lead-bearing loads compositions. Waste characterization included: SO2 concentrations in the stack emissions, total lead content in the furnace ash, the total lead content in the slag, and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). A significant reduction in SO2 emissions was achieved (~55% reduction) where mean SO2 concentrations changed from 2193 ± 135 ppm to 1006 ± 62 ppm after the implementation of the modified processes. The desulfurized lead paste (i.e. the metallic fraction lead of the battery) of the modified process exhibited an improvement in the concentration of the lead in the TCLP test, with an average value of 1.5 ppm which is below US EPA limit of 5 ppm. The traditional process TCLP mean value for the TCLP was 54.2 ppm. The total lead content in the bag house ashes shows not significant variations, when comparing the desulphurization (67.6% m/m) and non-desulphurization process (64.9% m/m). The total lead mean content in the slag was higher in the desulphurization process (2.49% m/m) than the traditional process (1.91% m/m). Overall, the implementation of a new desulphurization method would potentially increase the operation costs in 10.3%. At the light of these results, a combination of hydrometallurgical and pyro-metallurgical processes in the recycling of lead-acid batteries can be used to reduce the environmental impact of these industries but would increase the operational costs of small lead recyclers.

过渡性肥煤煤质分析与配煤试验研究

系统研究过渡性肥煤的煤质特性和结焦性能,以及其在炼焦配煤中的作用及适配性。试验结果表明:过渡性肥煤是一种介于肥煤和焦煤二者之间的过渡性煤种,既具有肥煤的强黏结性工艺性质,又具有焦煤的煤岩相结构,单种煤结焦性能好,其结焦性能处于肥煤和焦煤之间,单种煤所炼焦炭的冷、热态强度好,但略差于典型焦煤所炼焦炭的冷、热态强度。用15%的2^(#)T FM替代焦煤时,焦炭质量可满足大型高炉使用要求,并可在一定程度上降低焦炭灰分和硫分。通过配用一定比例的过渡性肥煤,可以提高焦炭质量,降低焦煤配用量,降低配煤成本,节约优质焦煤资源,扩大炼焦煤的使用范围。

Battery Management System with State ofCharge Indicator for Electric Vehicles

Aim To research and develop a battery management system(BMS)with the state of charge(SOC)indicator for electric vehicles (EVs).Methods On the basis of analyzing the electro-chemical characteristics of lead-acid. battery, the state of charge indicator for lead-acid battery was developed by means of an algorithm based on combination of ampere-hour, Peukert's equation and open-voltage method with the compensation of temperature,aging,self- discharging,etc..Results The BMS based on this method can attain an accurate surplus capa- city whose error is less than 5% in static experiments.It is proved by experiments that the BMS is reliable and can give the driver an accurate surplus capacity,precisely monitor the individual battery modules as the same time,even detect and warn the problems early,and so on. Conclusion A BMS can make the energy of the storage batteries used efficiently, develop the batteries cycle life,and increase the driving distance of EVs.

采用两步炭化法和熔盐模板法制备N、S共掺杂煤基硬炭及共储钠性能

硬炭因资源丰富、结构稳定及安全性高等优势,已成为钠离子电池常用阳极材料。其中,煤基衍生硬炭受到了广泛的关注。本工作以长焰煤为碳源,硫脲为氮硫源,NaCl为模板,通过两步炭化工艺和杂原子掺杂相结合的方法合成了N和S共掺杂的煤基硬炭(NSPC1200)。两步炭化过程在调节碳微晶结构和扩大层间距方面发挥了重要的作用。N和S的共掺杂调节了炭材料的电子结构,赋予其更多的活性位点;此外,引入NaCl作为模板有助于孔结构的构建,有利于电极和电解质之间的接触,从而实现Na+和电子的有效传输。在协同作用下,样品NSPC1200表现出优异的储钠能力,在20 mA g^(−1)电流密度下呈现314.2 mAh g^(−1)的可逆容量。即使在100 mA g^(−1)下循环200次,仍保持224.4 mAh g^(−1)的比容量。这项工作成功实现了策略性调整煤基炭材料微观结构的目标,最终获得了具有优异的电化学性能的硬炭阳极。

高硫煤基多孔碳材料的可控制备及其用于锂硫电池

高性能、低成本的多孔碳材料是理想的锂硫电池硫宿主材料,但利用廉价的原料实现其规模化制备仍面临巨大挑战。以资源丰富的高硫煤为原料,采用氧化镁和氢氧化钾作为模板剂和活性剂,制备了煤基多孔碳材料,并研究了其作为锂硫电池硫宿主材料的构效关系。研究发现,煤基碳材料制备过程中,模板剂MgO作用下产生介孔(占比74%);活性剂KOH主要导致微孔(占72%)生成;MgO和KOH共同作用制备的碳材料PCMgO+KOH比表面积大(1616 m^(2)/g)、孔容高(1.02 m^(3)/g)、孔结构丰富(介孔54%、微孔46%)。电化学性能测试结果表明,S@PCMgO+KOH具有良好的倍率性能和优异的循环稳定性,在1 C充放电倍率循环500圈后容量仍能保留553.2 mAh/g,容量保持率达65.5%,每个循环的衰减率低至0.069%;在2 C下,循环500圈后容量为484.0 mAh/g,容量保持率为63%,每圈衰减率仅0.075%,具有良好的倍率性能和优异的循环稳定性。PCMgO+KOH优异的电化学性能主要来自其较小的欧姆电阻和电荷转移电阻、快速的多硫化物氧化还原反应动力学及对多硫化锂优异的束缚能力。本研究为价廉性高的锂硫电池硫宿主材料的制备提供了可选择的路线。

7.63 m焦炉装煤模型及装煤冒烟问题的探讨

建立了装煤模型,并根据模型对7.63 m焦炉增加装煤量后装煤冒烟的问题进行了分析,提出了在不减少装煤量、不增加操作时间的前提下,通过调整平煤时机、改进平煤操作达到消除装煤冒烟目的的方法。

煤基硬炭在钠离子电池负极材料中的应用研究进展

煤炭是全球储量最丰富、分布最广泛且使用最经济的能源之一。在可预见的未来,煤炭仍将是世界主要能源。在“双碳”背景下,探索煤炭资源的高效清洁利用是一项重要而紧迫的工作。本文简述了硬炭在钠离子电池中的存储机理,分析了以4种不同变质程度的煤作为前驱体调控硬炭结构的方式和电化学性能的差异,总结了煤基硬炭材料在钠离子电池应用中存在的共性问题,指出了目前煤基硬炭的研究重点和改进方向。研究成果可为煤基硬炭原料选择、结构调控、缺陷设计等提供参考。

Structural regulation of coal-derived hard carbon anode for sodium-ion batteries via pre-oxidation

Hard carbon(HC)is broadly recognized as an exceptionally prospective candidate for the anodes of sodium-ion batteries(SIBs),but their practical implementation faces substantial limitations linked to precursor factors,such as reduced carbon yield and increased cost.Herein,a cost-effective approach is proposed to prepare a coal-derived HC anode with simple pre-oxidation followed by a post-carbonization process which effectively expands the d_(002)layer spacing,generates closed pores and increases defect sites.Through these modifications,the resulting HC anode attains a delicate equilibrium between plateau capacity and sloping capacity,showcasing a remarkable reversible capacity of 306.3 mAh·g^(-1)at 0.03 A·g^(-1).Furthermore,the produ ced HC exhibits fast reaction kinetics and exceptional rate performance,achieving a capacity of 289 mAh·g^(-1)at 0.1 A·g^(-1),equivalent to~94.5%of that at 0.03 A·g^(-1).When implemented in a full cell configuration,the impressive electrochemical performance is evident,with a notable energy density of 410.6 Wh·kg^(-1)(based on cathode mass).In short,we provide a straightforward yet efficient method for regulating coal-derived HC,which is crucial for the widespread use of SIBs anodes.

Overview of coals as carbon anode materials for sodium-ion batteries

Energy storage is an important technology in achieving carbon-neutrality goals.Compared with lithium-ion batteries,the raw materials of sodium-ion batteries are abundant,low-cost,and highly safe.Furthermore,their costs are expected to be further reduced as large-scale applications take off,making them viable for energy storage applications.The primary anode material for sodium-ion batteries is hard carbon,which has a high sodium-ion storage capacity but is relatively expensive,limiting its applications in energy storage.In order to widen the applications of sodium-ion batteries in energy storage and other fields,it is particularly important to develop anode materials that have both high performance and low cost.Coals,with abundant reserves and worldwide availability,can serve as low-cost carbon sources for anode materials.Additionally,coals of different grades of metamorphism have different structural characteristics that can be tailored for the structural characteristics of coal-based anode materials for sodium-ion batteries.Recent research on tailoring coals as the anode materials for sodium-ion batteries is summarized and the recent progress made towards mitigating the existing issues is analysed in this review.Specifically,the impacts of different grades of metamorphism on the sodium-ion storage performance of coal-based anode materials prepared using direct carbonization are discussed in detail.Studies on improving the electrochemical performances of coal-based anode materials through pore and microcrystalline structure controls and surface as well as interface modifications are presented.Finally,the advantages and disadvantages of different preparation methods are identified.To make the industrial applications of coal-based anode materials for sodium-ion batteries more viable,the importance of the de-ashing process is introduced.

高含碳煤渣硫酸熟化——水浸法回收钒、镍

印度某高含碳含钒煤渣含钒3.57%、镍1.19%,具有较高回收价值,但该渣碳含量较高(14.61%),采用传统直接浸出效果较差。首先采用氧化焙烧对该含钒煤渣进行脱碳预处理,然后采用硫酸熟化—水浸技术提取其中的钒和镍。重点研究了焙烧、硫酸熟化和水浸工艺参数条件对钒、镍的浸出的影响。结果表明,最优焙烧温度和时间分别为800℃、2h;焙砂的最佳浸出粒度为-0.075mm占比90%;最佳熟化工艺参数条件为:酸料比1.5∶1、熟化温度200℃、熟化时间1h;最佳水浸条件为:固液比4∶1、水浸温度95℃、水浸时间2.5h;在上述最佳工艺参数条件下,钒的浸出率可高达96%,镍的浸出率约53%。