Inhibition of the NF-κB Signaling Pathway Improves Cigarette Mainstream Smoke-Induced Lung Injury and Gut Microbiota Disturbance

Currently,cigarette smoke(CS)remains a major contributor to disease morbidity and mortality.CS can be divided into cigarette mainstream smoke(CMS)and side-stream smoke,depending on where it is produced by burning tobacco^([1]).CMS is inhaled by smokers from the filter end during cigarette combustion and is strongly associated with the development of several diseases^([2-4]).

Small-scale fire tests in the underwater tunnel section model with new sidewall smoke extraction

The Shenzhen–Zhongshan Bridge is a 24‐km‐long bridge and tunnel system,including a 6.8-km-long super cross section subsea tunnel.To solve the smoke exhaust problem of a super large cross-section subsea tunnel,the tunnel has a new smoke exhaust system that combines a horizontal smoke exhaust cross section at the top and sidewall smoke exhaust holes.In order to evaluate the potential fire hazards of this type of tunnel,a 1:30 tunnel model was established and 140 smallscale experiments on underwater tunnel fires were conducted.By changing the fire power,fire location,and fan operation mode,different scenarios of submarine immersed tunnel fire were simulated and the related key parameters such as fire smoke diffusion behavior and smoke temperature distribution were studied.On this basis,the optimal smoke control strategy was proposed for different fire scenarios.The research results indicate that the new smoke exhaust system can fully utilize the smoke flow characteristics,significantly improve smoke exhaust efficiency,and increase available evacuation time,thus further enhancing the fire safety of super large cross-section subsea tunnels.

U-Net Inspired Deep Neural Network-Based Smoke Plume Detection in Satellite Images

Industrial activities, through the human-induced release of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions, have beenidentified as the primary cause of global warming. Accurate and quantitative monitoring of these emissions isessential for a comprehensive understanding of their impact on the Earth’s climate and for effectively enforcingemission regulations at a large scale. This work examines the feasibility of detecting and quantifying industrialsmoke plumes using freely accessible geo-satellite imagery. The existing systemhas so many lagging factors such aslimitations in accuracy, robustness, and efficiency and these factors hinder the effectiveness in supporting timelyresponse to industrial fires. In this work, the utilization of grayscale images is done instead of traditional colorimages for smoke plume detection. The dataset was trained through a ResNet-50 model for classification and aU-Net model for segmentation. The dataset consists of images gathered by European Space Agency’s Sentinel-2 satellite constellation from a selection of industrial sites. The acquired images predominantly capture scenesof industrial locations, some of which exhibit active smoke plume emissions. The performance of the abovementionedtechniques and models is represented by their accuracy and IOU (Intersection-over-Union) metric.The images are first trained on the basic RGB images where their respective classification using the ResNet-50model results in an accuracy of 94.4% and segmentation using the U-Net Model with an IOU metric of 0.5 andaccuracy of 94% which leads to the detection of exact patches where the smoke plume has occurred. This work hastrained the classification model on grayscale images achieving a good increase in accuracy of 96.4%.

Pursuing a smoke-free generation

The United Kingdom may soon become a world leader in forging a smoke-free generation.Last month,the country passed a bill that bans the sale of cigarettes to anyone born in 2009 or later.The prime minister claims the policy will"phase out smoking in young people almost completely as early as 2040."A final vote by Parliament is expected next month.Tobacco claims 8 million lives every year,and could claim a billion lives over this century-mostly in low-and middle-income countries.For every person that dies,at least 30 more suffer from smokingrelated chronic disease.The benefits of a tobacco-free society would be transformational.

The Association between Exposure to Second-Hand Smoke and Disease in the Chinese Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective To analyze the association between exposure to second-hand smoke(SHS) and 23 diseases,categorized into four classifications, among the Chinese population.Methods We searched the literature up to June 30, 2021, and eligible studies were identified according to the PECOS format: Participants and Competitors(Chinese population), Exposure(SHS),Outcomes(Disease or Death), and Study design(Case-control or Cohort).Results In total, 53 studies were selected. The odds ratio(OR) for all types of cancer was 1.79(1.56–2.05), and for individual cancers was 1.92(1.42–2.59) for lung cancer, 1.57(1.40–1.76) for breast cancer, 1.52(1.12–2.05) for bladder cancer, and 1.37(1.08–1.73) for liver cancer. The OR for circulatory system diseases was 1.92(1.29–2.85), with a value of 2.29(1.26–4.159) for stroke. The OR of respiratory system diseases was 1.76(1.13–2.74), with a value of 1.82(1.07–3.11) for childhood asthma. The original ORs were also shown for other diseases. Subgroup analyses were performed for lung and breast cancer. The ORs varied according to time period and were significant during exposure in the household;For lung cancer, the OR was significant in women.Conclusion The effect of SHS exposure in China was similar to that in Western countries, but its definition and characterization require further clarification. Studies on the association between SHS exposure and certain diseases with high incidence rates are insufficient.

基于WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ模型的济南市清洁取暖改造环境效益评估

为评估济南市清洁取暖改造后的环境效益,以2018年为基准年,采用WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ模型模拟计算了2019—2021年济南市冬季清洁取暖改造后各项污染物改善率,并分析了不同污染时段和不同气象条件下污染物的改善率。结果表明:济南市清洁取暖改造后各污染物浓度均有不同程度的改善,其中CO、SO_(2)和细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))基准年改善率(模拟的污染物浓度相对于基准年同时段的改善率)较大,主要与散煤燃烧CO、SO_(2)和PM_(2.5)的排放因子较大有关,2020年年均改善率(模拟的污染物浓度相对于去年同时段的改善率)最大,主要与污染物的减排量最多有关;各污染物改善呈现出明显的区域差异,清洁取暖改造户数较多的区县污染物年均改善率较高;各污染物在空气严重污染时段基准年改善率均最大,重度污染时段次之,并且在不利气象条件时基准年改善率也最大,说明清洁取暖改造对冬季不利气象条件造成的高污染物浓度起到明显的削峰作用,可为济南市空气质量持续改善提供有力保障。

Carbon Monoxide and Respiratory Disorders in Professional Female Fish Smokers at 2 Artisanal Sites in Benin

Introduction: The use of biomass for cooking is a very common practice in Africa and Benin, and is associated with exposure to organic pollutants. The aim of this study was to assess carbon monoxide exposure and respiratory disorders in women at artisanal fish-smoking sites. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of women fish smokers at two artisanal fish-smoking sites in Benin. Recruitment was exhaustive. An interview using a respiratory questionnaire inspired by the Union questionnaire, spirometry and carbon monoxide (CO) measurement were carried out. Descriptive analysis and comparison of means using Student’s t-test with a threshold of p = 0.05 were performed. Results: The median age of the 81 people surveyed was 40, with an interquartile range (IQT) of [25 to 75]. The median duration of daily exposure to smoke was 6 h IQT [4, 7]. Of those surveyed, 64 (79.01%) were illiterate and 39 (48.24%) had been working for 20 years. CO levels at the start of activity varied from 89 to 145 ppm in one case and from 40 to 89 ppm in the other. Respiratory symptoms were present in 19 (23.46%);18 (22.22%) had mild airway impairment on spirometry. There was a statistically significant decrease between the mean values of peak expiratory flow (PEF), mean expiratory volume in seconds (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) before and after exposure to smoke. Conclusion: CO levels are high on fish smoking sites and respiratory problems are common. Improved working conditions are important for these women.

Impact of Smoke-Free Legislation on Acute Myocardial Infarction and Subtypes of Stroke Incidence in Shenzhen,China,2012-2016:An Interrupted Time Series Analysis

Objective This study assesses the impact of smoke-free legislation on the incidence rate for acute myocardial infarction(AMI)and stroke in Shenzhen.Methods Data on ischemic(n=72,945)and hemorrhagic(n=18,659)stroke and AMI(n=17,431)incidence covering about 12 million people in Shenzhen from 2012 to 2016 were used.Immediate and gradual changes in incidence rates were analyzed using segmented Poisson regression.Results Following the smoke-free legislation,a 9%(95%CI:3%-15%)immediate reduction was observed in AMI incidence,especially in men(8%,95%CI:1%-14%)and in those aged 65 years and older(17%,95%CI:9%-25%).The gradual annual benefits were observed only in hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke incidence,with a 7%(95%CI:2%-11%)and 6%(95%CI:4%-8%)decrease per year,respectively.This health effect extended gradually to the 50-64 age group.In addition,neither the immediate nor gradual decrease in stroke and AMI incidence rates did not show statistical significance among the 35-49 age group(P>0.05).Conclusion Smoke-free legislation was enforced well in Shenzhen,which would generate good experiences for other cities to enact and enforce smoke-free laws.This study also provided more evidence of the health benefits of smoke-free laws on stroke and AMI.

Design and Optimization of New Smoke Exhaust Pipe for Mining Trucks

In order to improve the maintenance efficiency,extend the use time,ensure that the exhaust emission meets the standard,forthe 830E truck heating bucket exhaust pipe design defects,the current single smoke exhaust system is transformed into atime period,convertible smoke exhaust system.After the transformation,it can not only realize the side row to prevent direct corrosion of the box bucket in summer,but also realize the heating of the box bucket at low temperature in winter to prevent snow and ice and frozen blocks from sticking to the box bucket and the materials transported.After the transformation can save a lot of manpower,material resources,financial resources,improve the service life.

APP/ZB协效阻燃发泡木塑复合材料性能研究

为了拓宽发泡木塑复合材料(FWPC)的功能性,以沙柳木粉、高密度聚乙烯(PE-HD)为主要原料,纳米炭黑(Nano-CB)为导电填料,聚磷酸铵(APP)和硼酸锌(ZB)作为阻燃剂和抑烟成分进行复配,采用发泡工艺和模压法制备阻燃抗静电型发泡木塑复合材料。研究APP/ZB协效阻燃剂质量比对FWPC力学性能、阻燃抑烟性能及热稳定性能的影响。结果表明:当APP/ZB总加入量为20%,质量比为4∶1时,FWPC的各项性能相对较优,静曲强度、弹性模量、拉伸强度和冲击强度分别为30.11MPa、2636MPa、14.65MPa和3.72kJ/m^(2),氧指数达27.3%,属难燃级别;与单独加APP时相比,力学性能降低,烟释放速总量降低11.93%,CO产率峰值和平均CO产率分别降低80.6%和49.3%,总失重率从63.53%降至61.42%,热稳定性能提高;FWPC燃烧后炭层表面凹凸不平,复合材料的阻燃和抑烟性能得到提升。

主观规范与吸烟者戒烟行动计划:戒烟意向和关系导向特征的作用

考察吸烟主观规范和戒烟主观规范对戒烟行动计划的预测作用及戒烟意向的中介作用和关系导向特征的调节作用。对694名经常吸烟者进行问卷调查,结果表明:(1)吸烟者两种规范显著预测戒烟行动计划;(2)戒烟意向在两种规范与行动计划间起中介作用;(3)关系导向特征正向调节吸烟主观规范和戒烟意向的关系。结果说明,吸烟者两种规范对戒烟意向及戒烟行动计划的预测作用具有共存性及拮抗性,且关系导向特征增强吸烟主观规范的预测作用。

排烟口朝向与挡烟垂壁对地铁站台排烟效果的影响

为提高地铁站台的排烟效果,采用数值模拟方法,对地铁站不同排烟口朝向的机械排烟系统排烟效果进行分析,并进一步对比挡烟垂壁高度对排烟效果影响。研究结果表明:排烟口朝向不是影响烟气控制效果的主要因素,顶面排烟的排烟效果最佳,其总排热量是底面排烟的1.32倍,总排烟量是底面排烟的1.19倍;并通过分析3种排烟系统吸入烟气的方式和温度解释排烟效果产生差异的原因;增设挡烟垂壁可起到良好的控烟效果,当挡烟垂壁下沿高度分别降低至3.5,3.0,2.5 m时,顶面排烟,侧面排烟和底面排烟能够将烟气控制在起火防烟分区;挡烟垂壁与机械排烟系统具有协同作用,设置挡烟垂壁可以有效改善排烟效果,因此建议采用排烟管道顶面开口的排烟方式,并可通过设置一定高度的挡烟垂壁提高现有排烟系统的排烟效果。研究结果可为地铁站台排烟系统设计提供参考与借鉴。

江苏省≥18岁居民烟草危害认知水平及影响因素分析

目的了解江苏省≥18岁居民对吸烟和二手烟危害认知水平及影响因素,为完善控烟策略提供依据。方法2015年10月—2016年1月,采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法,在江苏省居民慢性病与营养监测14个监测点抽取当地居住≥6个月、年龄≥18岁居民,采用入户面对面问卷形式,调查居民吸烟、二手烟危害认知情况。结果有效调查8689人,吸烟危害知晓率为37.6%,对吸烟可造成心脏病、中风、肺癌的知晓率分别为43.7%、42.7%、70.8%;二手烟暴露危害知晓率为43.6%,对二手烟暴露可造成成人心脏病、儿童肺部疾病、成人肺部疾病的知晓率分别为45.6%、62.7%、64.9%。多因素logistic回归分析显示,农村居民、苏中/苏北居民、女性、文化程度低者、吸烟者的吸烟/二手烟暴露危害知晓率均较低(P值均<0.05);≥60岁年龄组的吸烟危害知晓率较低(P<0.05)。结论江苏省居民烟草危害认知不够全面,应针对重点人群加大烟草危害知识宣传力度,降低人群吸烟率。

扁平大空间船舶火灾烟气控制试验研究

为有效控制扁平大空间船舶火灾烟气蔓延,研究大尺度火灾过程中的油池质量损失速率、舱室温度分布、隔热效率和烟气控制效果。利用尺寸为30 m×24 m×2.3 m的模拟舱,在0.35、0.55和0.70 m等3种不同挡烟垂壁高度和机械通风条件下开展试验。结果表明:挡烟垂壁高度增加,油池质量损失速率峰值减小;挡烟垂壁高度对舱室上层烟气温度的影响比对下层气体温度的影响更明显,1.4 m以上空间温度峰值明显下降,而1.4 m以下空间温度峰值无明显变化。顶棚平均温度和隔热效率随挡烟垂壁高度增加而下降。随挡烟垂壁高度增加,火源区与非火源区同时控烟模式隔热效率从28.2%提升至50.8%,火源区单独控烟模式隔热效率从29.4%提升至54.7%。

深中沉管隧道火灾烟气流动与控制数值研究

为了研究采用横向联络排烟道结合侧壁排烟口新型排烟方式对沉管隧道火灾烟气流动的控制效果,以深圳-中山隧道为例,采用理论分析与计算流体力学相结合的方法,通过分析临界风速、烟气逆流长度和烟气分岔低温区域来研究烟气的流动特性。提出了沉管隧道火灾临界风速和烟气逆流长度的修正模型,同时还建立了烟气分岔流动低温区域长度的预测模型。结果表明,当无量纲热释放率小于0.139时,临界风速与无量纲火源热释放速率的1/3次方成正比。当纵向风速从1.5 m/s增加到4.0 m/s时,10、20、30、50 MW火灾时的峰值温度分别降低了35%、48%、46%和43%。在强纵向风速的作用下会发生烟气分岔现象,对隧道中心线和侧壁温度进行分析,得到了分岔流动低温区域长度预测模型,预测结果误差在10%以内。

吸烟对不育症男性精液质量的影响

目的 探究吸烟对不育症男性精液质量的影响。方法 选取360例男性不育症患者,根据患者是否吸烟进行分组:吸烟组(n=190)和未吸烟组(n=170,N组),其中吸烟组按照吸烟量分为A组(≤10支/d组,n=63)、B组(11~20支/d组,n=80)、C组(>20支/d组,n=47)。观察并进行组间、组内比较各组患者精液量、液化时间、精子浓度、活动力、DNA碎片率以及正常形态率。结果 吸烟组和未吸烟组精液量、液化时间、精子活动力、正常形态率以及DNA碎片率比较差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05),吸烟组患者精液量、精子活动力以及正常形态率低于未吸烟组,DNA碎片率、精液液化时间高于未吸烟组。且随着吸烟量增加,精子活动力以及正常形态率下降,精液液化时间、DNA碎片率增加;吸烟组和未吸烟组精子浓度比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。吸烟量不同的3个组精液量比较差异无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论 吸烟对精液量、精子活性、正常形态率、精子活动力、液化时间及DNA碎片化等精子质量参数造成负面影响,大量吸烟影响尤为明显。应该加强全面健康教育、提倡健康的生活方式、减少吸烟。

基于区段的地下空间环路通风排烟设计方法

为实现多匝道、多地块、内部空间复杂的地下空间环路烟气控制,提出一种区段式排烟方法:将地下空间环路与地块通过防火门分隔,形成独立的构筑物,结合隧道结构,确定风机房位置,划分区段,使烟气在一定区域内排出。以滨江地下环路为例,在隧道主线上均匀布置6个排烟风机房,并以此为节点,将隧道划分为8个区段。当火灾发生时,开启所在区段两端的风机进行排烟。由于各区段不设置固定分隔,整个风道是贯通的,因而各个风机房里的风机可互相作为备用排烟风机,以降低成本。采用数值模拟软件建立模型,对排烟口开启数量和间距进行模拟,确定排烟量为90 m^(3)/s、排烟口间距为30 m、开启8个排烟口的排烟方案。从人员疏散环境以及排烟效率对典型区段进行分析,结果表明:烟气控制在一定的范围内,人员疏散环境安全,排烟效率达到90%,证明方案合理可行。

化学纤维烟密度试验标准方法

火灾中纤维材料燃烧所释放的有毒烟雾是引发人员伤亡的重要原因之一。然而,目前常用的评价方法并未涵盖烟雾密度的测定。针对这一问题,对24种化学纤维进行烟密度测试,并验证了测试方法的适用性,开发了一种准确评定纤维材料燃烧性能的测试方法,为建立适用于纤维材料的烟雾密度测试标准提供了参考。

城市浅埋隧道自然排烟竖井临界间距研究

竖井间距会改变竖井内外压差,当竖井内外压差为0时,隧道火灾烟气将无法排出,此时竖井对应位置为竖井临界间距。由竖井内外口压差理论分析,给出竖井临界间距理论模型,再采用FDS模拟进行仿真验证。结果表明:设置竖井可明显降低隧道温度,竖井间距为临界间距时,温度下降幅度接近150℃,人员疏散路径温度低于60℃,竖井排烟效率在55%~80%,可有效进行竖井排烟;当竖井间距大于竖井临界间距时,隧道内烟气压强小于竖井出口处风压,竖井排烟效率低于50%。

不同圆周卷烟的风格特征与烟气特征分析

【目的】考察卷烟圆周值对烤烟烟叶风格特征及烟气特征的影响。【方法】以八大香型烤烟产地典型烟叶(C3F)为原料,分别制备常规、中支和细支卷烟样品,通过对样品进行感官评价、常规烟气指标和香味成分检测,研究八大香型生态区域烤烟烟叶随卷烟圆周值变化其风格特征和烟气特征的变化规律。【结果】(1)不同生态区烤烟烟叶卷制烟支的香气风格随圆周值的变化存在差异,随着卷制圆周值降低,烟叶原料卷烟的风格特征呈弱化趋势。(2)不同生态区烤烟烟叶卷制烟支的品质特征随圆周值的变化存在差异,随着卷制圆周值的降低,香气量、透发性和成团性等感官指标均有减小趋势,刺激性、干燥感和细腻程度等感官指标有改善趋势。(3)随卷制圆周值降低,不同生态区烤烟烟叶卷制烟支主流烟气焦油、烟碱和CO释放量均有减小。(4)随着卷制圆周值的降低,除黑龙江哈尔滨生态区烟叶外,其他生态区烟叶卷制烟支的主流烟气TPM单口释放量为中支烟>常规烟≥细支烟。香味成分酚类、酸类、酯类、内酯类、酰胺类和新植二烯的单口释放量整体表现为中支烟≥常规烟>细支烟,醛类、烃类、杂环类、醇类和酮类物质的单口释放量整体表现为中支烟>常规烟≥细支烟。