Inhibition of the NF-κB Signaling Pathway Improves Cigarette Mainstream Smoke-Induced Lung Injury and Gut Microbiota Disturbance

Currently,cigarette smoke(CS)remains a major contributor to disease morbidity and mortality.CS can be divided into cigarette mainstream smoke(CMS)and side-stream smoke,depending on where it is produced by burning tobacco^([1]).CMS is inhaled by smokers from the filter end during cigarette combustion and is strongly associated with the development of several diseases^([2-4]).

Physical, Mental and Social Wellbeing and Quality of Life among Current Smokers

Cigarette smoking has known negative effects on physical and mental health. Over 16 million Americans suffer from smoking-related illnesses, and one-third of individuals with mental health issues are also cigarette smokers. Both physical and mental health are associated with measures of overall quality of life, a critical outcome that can influence treatment, intervention, and prevention decision-making. However, the direct relation between smoking and quality of life is not clear and requires further investigation. The present study utilized data from 34,309 adults who participated in Wave 5 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) to examine the relation between smoking and quality of life while considering the mediating effects of physical and mental health, and the moderating effect of social satisfaction. Using Conditional Process Analyses to integrate mediation and moderation approaches, the present study found that smoking had indirect associations with quality of life mediated through both physical and mental health and that social satisfaction moderated these relationships. Additionally, smoking had an independent direct effect on quality of life that was not moderated by social satisfaction. Results suggest the negative impacts associated with smoking reach beyond its effect on physical, social and mental well-being.

Small-scale fire tests in the underwater tunnel section model with new sidewall smoke extraction

The Shenzhen–Zhongshan Bridge is a 24‐km‐long bridge and tunnel system,including a 6.8-km-long super cross section subsea tunnel.To solve the smoke exhaust problem of a super large cross-section subsea tunnel,the tunnel has a new smoke exhaust system that combines a horizontal smoke exhaust cross section at the top and sidewall smoke exhaust holes.In order to evaluate the potential fire hazards of this type of tunnel,a 1:30 tunnel model was established and 140 smallscale experiments on underwater tunnel fires were conducted.By changing the fire power,fire location,and fan operation mode,different scenarios of submarine immersed tunnel fire were simulated and the related key parameters such as fire smoke diffusion behavior and smoke temperature distribution were studied.On this basis,the optimal smoke control strategy was proposed for different fire scenarios.The research results indicate that the new smoke exhaust system can fully utilize the smoke flow characteristics,significantly improve smoke exhaust efficiency,and increase available evacuation time,thus further enhancing the fire safety of super large cross-section subsea tunnels.

Study on the Influence of Setting Parameters of Tunnel Centralized Smoke Extraction System on Fire Smoke Flow and Temperature Decay

The centralized smoke exhaust system of shield tunnel is an important determinant for tunnel fire safety,and the use of different design parameters of the tunnel smoke exhaust system will affect the smoke exhaust effect in the tunnel,and the influence of different design parameters on the smoke exhaust effect and temperature attenuation of the tunnel can help engineers in designing a more effective centralized smoke exhaust system for the tunnel.In this paper,the Fire Dynamic Simulator(FDS)is utilized to examine smoke exhaust vent settings for a centralized exhaust system in shield tunnel with both flat and sloped conditions,including slopes of+4.5%and−4.5%,under a 30MWfire power with a 150m^(3)/s smoke exhaust rate.The results suggest that maintaining a vent spacing of 60m and a vent size of 4.0 m×1.5 m is a reasonable configuration for centralized smoke exhaust systems in both flat and slope shield tunnels.This choice helpsminimize construction costs and prevent excessive smoke accumulation.It also promotes favorable conditions for maintaining temperature distribution at 2-m height,visibility,smoke spread distance,and temperature below the ceiling,all below the threshold values,while ensuring high smoke extraction efficiency.However,in the slope section,the chimney effect can disrupt exhaust efficiency,visibility,ceiling temperature,and temperature distribution at a height of 2 m.Employing different opening methods,such as having 2 vents up and 4 vents down in a+4.5%slope and 4 vents up and 2 vents down in a−4.5%slope,can help mitigate these effects.Furthermore,the temperature decay formula for shield tunnels follows a bi-exponential decay pattern,and different design parameters of centralized smoke exhaust systems have minimal effects on temperature decay in shield tunnels.

An Improved YOLOv5s-Based Smoke Detection System for Outdoor Parking Lots

In the rapidly evolving urban landscape,outdoor parking lots have become an indispensable part of the city’s transportation system.The growth of parking lots has raised the likelihood of spontaneous vehicle combus-tion,a significant safety hazard,making smoke detection an essential preventative step.However,the complex environment of outdoor parking lots presents additional challenges for smoke detection,which necessitates the development of more advanced and reliable smoke detection technologies.This paper addresses this concern and presents a novel smoke detection technique designed for the demanding environment of outdoor parking lots.First,we develop a novel dataset to fill the gap,as there is a lack of publicly available data.This dataset encompasses a wide range of smoke and fire scenarios,enhanced with data augmentation to ensure robustness against diverse outdoor conditions.Second,we utilize an optimized YOLOv5s model,integrated with the Squeeze-and-Excitation Network(SENet)attention mechanism,to significantly improve detection accuracy while maintaining real-time processing capabilities.Third,this paper implements an outdoor smoke detection system that is capable of accurately localizing and alerting in real time,enhancing the effectiveness and reliability of emergency response.Experiments show that the system has a high accuracy in terms of detecting smoke incidents in outdoor scenarios.

Study of the Influence of the Distance between Smoke Outlets and Fire Source on Smoke Flow Characteristics in Tunnel Fires

This paper explores the smoke flow characteristics in tunnel fires,giving a particular emphasis on the effects of different distances between the smoke outlets and the fire source.It examines the smoke behavior under different conditions,including variations in heat release rates,exhaust volumetric flow rates,spacing between smoke outlets,and the longitudinal fire source positions.Results indicate that altering the fire source positions and the smoke outlets in the tunnel leads to variations in the properties of smoke flow both the fire source upstream and downstream;the distance between fire source and smoke outlet increases gradually,airflow rate decreases initially and eventually reaches a stable state.Similarly,smoke mass flow rate exhibits an increasing trend that eventually reaches a stable state.Moreover,the heat exchange between the tunnel walls and hot smoke increases as the smoke outlet moves further away from the fire source.This interaction leads to a reduction in the heat exhaust coefficient and a decrease in the distance the smoke spreads.This study investigates the impact of altering the relative longitudinal fire source positions and smoke outlet on smoke flow characteristics by numerical simulation.A theoretical analytical method is used to give a predictive model for the heat exhaust coefficient and the smoke spreading distance.This research can support the theory and technical process of tunnel smoke exhaust prevention and control.

U-Net Inspired Deep Neural Network-Based Smoke Plume Detection in Satellite Images

Industrial activities, through the human-induced release of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions, have beenidentified as the primary cause of global warming. Accurate and quantitative monitoring of these emissions isessential for a comprehensive understanding of their impact on the Earth’s climate and for effectively enforcingemission regulations at a large scale. This work examines the feasibility of detecting and quantifying industrialsmoke plumes using freely accessible geo-satellite imagery. The existing systemhas so many lagging factors such aslimitations in accuracy, robustness, and efficiency and these factors hinder the effectiveness in supporting timelyresponse to industrial fires. In this work, the utilization of grayscale images is done instead of traditional colorimages for smoke plume detection. The dataset was trained through a ResNet-50 model for classification and aU-Net model for segmentation. The dataset consists of images gathered by European Space Agency’s Sentinel-2 satellite constellation from a selection of industrial sites. The acquired images predominantly capture scenesof industrial locations, some of which exhibit active smoke plume emissions. The performance of the abovementionedtechniques and models is represented by their accuracy and IOU (Intersection-over-Union) metric.The images are first trained on the basic RGB images where their respective classification using the ResNet-50model results in an accuracy of 94.4% and segmentation using the U-Net Model with an IOU metric of 0.5 andaccuracy of 94% which leads to the detection of exact patches where the smoke plume has occurred. This work hastrained the classification model on grayscale images achieving a good increase in accuracy of 96.4%.

Study on Temperature Distribution and Smoke Spreading Behavior of Different Fire Source Locations in the UnderwaterW-Shaped Island-Crossing Tunnel

Called island-crossing tunnels,some specific underwater tunneling projects face constraints imposed by geological and water conditions,necessitating their passage through artificial or natural islands.The longitudinal of the tunnel follows aW-shaped distribution.The congestion situation does not allowfor immediate longitudinal smoke exhaust at the early stage of the fire,and the natural spread of smoke is complicated.An exhaustive investigation was carried out to analyze the smoke behaviors during a fire incident,employing the fire dynamics software FDS,considering five slopes and four fire locations.The simulation results reveal that the layer of high-temperature smoke becomes thicker as one gets closer to the fire source.The thermal pressure difference significantly impacts the temperature distribution within the tunnel and the distance of smoke spread.The value of the thermal pressure difference is significantly affected by changes in slope.It reaches a maximum of 157 Pa at a 5%slope,while it is only 41 Pa at a 1%slope when the fire occurs at the V-point.Fire hazards vary across locations within the W-shaped tunnel,necessitating separate consideration of the V-point and inverted V-point fire characteristics.The mass flow rate in small and large slope tunnels shows different decay rates due to variations in the main forces acting on the movement.Hence,two equations have been developed to predict the smoke mass flow rate,indicating a nonlinear relationship with the tunnel slope and the distance fromthe fire source.The tunnel slope inversely affects the smoke mass flowrate at the same location.The results can be utilized as a reference for conducting evacuation operations and aiding rescues during aW-shaped tunnel fire.

Unveiling the dynamic role of innate and adaptive immune cells in COPD pathogenesis induced by cigarette smoke

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)is a multifaceted syndrome characterized by a dysregulated inflammatory cascade within the respiratory system,primarily triggered by exposure to harmful particles and gases,notably from cigarette smoke.This inflammatory response is orchestrated by innate immune cells like macrophages and epithelial cells,which recognize danger signals released from damaged cells.Prolonged inflammation prompts an adaptive immune reaction mediated by dendritic cells,culminating in the formation of lymphoid follicles and involving a complex interplay of T and B cells,as well as cytotoxic activity.Additionally,both viral and bacterial infections exacerbate COPD by further igniting inflammatory pathways,perpetuating the chronic inflammatory state.This comprehensive review encapsulates the intricate interplay between innate and adaptive immunity in COPD,with a particular focus on the role of cigarette smoke in its pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets.

Pursuing a smoke-free generation

The United Kingdom may soon become a world leader in forging a smoke-free generation.Last month,the country passed a bill that bans the sale of cigarettes to anyone born in 2009 or later.The prime minister claims the policy will"phase out smoking in young people almost completely as early as 2040."A final vote by Parliament is expected next month.Tobacco claims 8 million lives every year,and could claim a billion lives over this century-mostly in low-and middle-income countries.For every person that dies,at least 30 more suffer from smokingrelated chronic disease.The benefits of a tobacco-free society would be transformational.

Smoke distribution in naturally ventilated urban transportation tunnels with multiple shafts

The smoke spreading law of urban transportation tunnels with multiple shafts under natural ventilation is studied.A full-scale burning experiment is conducted in an actual tunnel.The study shows that smoke temperatures below the tunnel ceiling reduce rapidly along the longitudinal towards the tunnel exits. A noticeable temperature stratification is observed near the fire source.Most fire smoke is exhausted out of the shafts while the number of the smoke shafts in the downstream is more than that in the upstream.Large eddy simulation LES based on computational fluid dynamics CFD is carried out using the fire dynamics simulator FDS software with parallel processing in which the grid size of the fire-domain is set to be 0.083 m.The simulation results of temperatures under the ceiling the smoke fronts and the shafts＇smoke exhaust or air supply agree reasonably with the experimental data. Further simulations indicate that the decreasing ambient temperature or shaft spacing might reduce smoke temperatures under the tunnel ceiling and increase mass flow rates out of the shafts.This study provides technical scientific evidence and supports for the design and construction of such kinds of tunnels.

发烟剂的大气环境影响评价预测程序(smokeEIA)设计

以高斯模型为基础,用VisualBasic6.0程序编写了发烟剂的大气环境影响模型(smokeEIA),主要包括数值计算和烟幕的影响评价两方面内容。针对不同发烟剂,模型可适时添加污染物种类和质量标准。通过参数设置,根据所选择的污染物评价因子,可计算在某一风速时不同大气稳定度下,下风向不同距离处污染物的地面浓度,并对计算结果进行大气环境影响评价。

Autodesk Smoke2012工作站测试报告

本文对Smoke工作站3D节目后期制作流程进行了测试,介绍了测试系统硬件配置及软件版本组成,以及如何利用工作站进行视频信号的采集与输出、文件的导入与导出,特别是对P2与XDCAM文件进行导入的流程,同时介绍了利用Smoke2012对3D素材进行剪辑与合成的功能。

通风方式对非对称隧道火灾烟气蔓延的影响

为研究非对称隧道内不同通风方式对火灾烟气蔓延的影响,利用PyroSim数值模拟软件构建非对称隧道模型,对隧道内烟气流速、温度分布和烟气运动进行研究,并分析了不同风速对人员疏散的影响。结果表明:上坡隧道内诱导气流与补充气流存在竞争关系,随着坡度差增大,烟气流速增加,烟气从上坡隧道排出,新鲜空气从平坡段隧道进入补充燃烧消耗;自然通风下隧道充满烟气,在纵向风速1.5 m/s下隧道环境得以改善;随着风速继续增大,隧道烟气流速紊乱,烟气层被扰乱。在实际非对称隧道中,建议火灾初期以1.5 m/s的纵向风速进行通风,待人员疏散后再增加风速加速排烟。

Population-Based Survey of Secondhand Smoke Exposure in China

Objective To determine the extent of secondhand smoke exposure in China, and to explore the potential associated factors. Methods This study was a nationally representative household survey examining secondhand smoke exposure of non-institutionalized men and women aged 15 and older using a global standardized geographically clustered sample design. A total of 13 354 people completed the individual questionnaire with questions on gender, age, educational level, residence, profession, potential factors associated with secondhand smoke exposure, and workplace smoking policy. The data were used to determine whole population estimates of secondhand smoke exposure. Results Among non-smokers aged 15 years and older, it was estimated that 72.4% （556 million） were exposed to secondhand smoke, with 52.5% （292 million） exposed to secondhand smoke daily. The prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure was 74.1% for men, 71.6% for women, 70.5% for urban populations, and 74.2% for rural populations. The rates were 67.3%, 63.3%, and 72.7% respectively, within the household, indoor workplaces and public places. Secondhand smoke exposure was significantly reduced in workplaces with a smoking ban but not in workplaces with a partial smoking ban. Conclusion Although China has made some progress toward a smoke-free environment there remains a high degree of exposure to secondhand smoke.

基于Smoke仿真分析在器件降额设计中的应用

器件降额设计是电路可靠性设计中的一种常用方法,通过降额设计可以达到降低器件基本失效率、提高产品使用可靠性的目的。传统的降额设计存在计算量大、耗时长、是一种静态分析方法、无法估计器件瞬态应力的缺点,基于Smoke仿真分析的降额设计可以准确分析电路中各个器件的瞬态电应力和器件结温,并直接输出所有器件的应力分析和降额情况,从而大大提高了降额设计的准确性和效率。本文采用OrCAD公司PSpice软件中的Smoke高级分析模块,对飞机刹车控制电路的V/I转换模块进行了降额设计仿真,验证了该方案的可行性,从而为电路的降额设计提供了一种新的手段,说明在Smoke分析基础上进行降额设计的研究具有重要的实用意义。

Seasonality in human semen quality of smokers and non-smokers: effect of temperature

Aim: To analyse the possible effect of seasonal variation on semen parameters. Methods: The participants consisted of 1688 men attending the andrology laboratory between 1991 and 1997 for reduced fertility in the couple. Semen analysis was performed according to the WHO manual. The 84 individual months of the study period were each assigned to one of the three groups according to the average monthly outside temperature; Group A (temperature <4.4℃), Group B (4.4℃-13.3℃) and Group C (>13.3℃). Results: When comparing the different sperm parameters, the morphology was significantly better in Group C. However, when the smokers were analysed separately, this difference disappeared and significant seasonal variations were found in sperm density, total sperm count, motility and total motile sperm; they were deteriorated in the warmer season. In non-smokers, no such negative effect of increased temperature was observed. Conclusion: Sperm quality is influenced by seasonal factors. Increased environmental temperature, (maybe also light exposure) has an additional negative effect on the spermato-genesis in smokers, leading to reduced sperm quality in men with borderline fertility.

Prophylactic Anti-inflammation Inhibits Cigarette Smoke-induced Emphysema in Guinea Pigs

In this study, the effect of prophylactic anti inflammation on the development of smoke induced emphysema was investigated. Young male guinea pigs aged 1.5 - 2 months (weighing 198.3±26.9 g) were randomly divided into 4 groups: group A (cigarette smoke exposure only), group B (cigarette smoke exposure plus pentoxifylline rich (PTX, 10 mg/d) forage feeding), group C (cigarette smoke exposure plus intermittent cortical steroid injection (Triamcinolone acetonide, 3 mg, im, every three weeks) and control group (group D: animals with sham smoke exposure, raised under the same conditions). Animals in group A, B and C were exposed to smoke of cigarettes for 1 to 1.5 h twice a day, 5 days a week. All animals were killed at the 16th week and followed by morphometrical analysis of the midsagittal sectioned lung slices. Smoke exposure of 16 weeks resulted in visible emphysematous development in Group A but not in Group B and C. It was evidenced by the indicator of air space size, mean linear intercept (L m): 120.6±16.0 μm in Group A; 89.8±9.2 μm in Group B and 102.4±17.7 μm in Group C. The average L m in either group B or group C was shorter than that in Group A (ANOVA and Newman Keuls test, F=8.80, P =0.0002) but comparable to that (94.8±13.2 μm) in group D ( P >0.05). It is concluded that long term prophylactic anti inflammation inhibits pulmonary emphysema induced by cigarette smoking in the guinea pigs.

Simple Fluorimetric Determination of Benzo[a]pyrene in Cigarette Smoke without Preseparation Procedure

Constant-energy synchronous fluorimetry was used for the identification of benzo[a]pyrene in mixtures with a detection limit of 1.34 nmol/L. The recovery experiments in cigarette smoke samples have also obtained satisfactory results of 99.1-103.5% for benzo[a]pyrene.

Dysregulation of gastric H,K-ATPase by cigarette smoke extract

AIM:To test whether the expression and activity of H,K-ATPase in parietal cells would be affected by cigarette smoke extract.METHODS: Extracts of cigarette smoke were administered into mice by gastric gavage (5 mg/kg body weight/day) for 3 d or in drinking water for 7 or 14 d. For the latter, each day a mouse consumed 5 mL water containing extracts of two cigarettes, on average. Control littermate mice received only vehicle. To compare the amount of H,K-ATPase in control and smoke-treated mice, the stomach was processed for Western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis using monoclonal antibodies specific for α- or β-subunits of H,K-ATPase. The p-nitrophenylphospatase activity assay was used as a measurement for K-dependent H,K-ATPase activity.RESULTS: Probed transblots showed an increase in the amount of H,K-ATPase in smoke-treated mice which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and was found to be due to increased amounts of protein per parietal cell rather than an increased parietal cell number. The increase in the amount of H,K-ATPase was associated with an enhancement of its enzymatic activity. K-dependent activity in control and smoke-treated mice was significantly different (respectively, 0.12 μmol/mg vs 0.27 μmol/mg per minute, P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Administration of cigarette smoke extract is associated with an increase in the amount and activity of H,K-ATPase and hence, smokers are susceptible to development of peptic ulcer.