Canonical Correlation between the Leaf Quality Indicators of "Moderate Aroma" Flue-cured Tobacco

In order to find out the correlation between tobacco quality evaluation indicators in China's traditional " moderate aroma" tobaccoproducing areas and simplify the tobacco quality evaluation indicators,we evaluate the appearance quality and smoking quality of 143 flue-cured tobacco leaf samples in China's " moderate aroma" tobacco-producing areas,test the physical traits and chemical component,and analyze the canonical correlation between four quality evaluation indicators. The results show that there is significant or extremely significant canonical correlation between four evaluation indicators( tobacco smoking quality,chemical component,appearance quality and physical trait quality); the cumulative variance contribution rate of evaluation indicators is in the order of chemical component( 69. 17%) > appearance quality( 68. 76%) > physical traits( 64. 13%); appearance quality is most closely related to physical traits( 93. 84%). The individual indicators for tobacco quality evaluation make different contribution to the correlation between quality evaluation indicators. The chemical component evaluation indicators mainly include total sugar and ratio of total sugar to betaine; sensory taste indicators mainly include aroma volume,smoke concentration,irritation and softness degree; physical trait evaluation indicators mainly include leaf weight,leaf length and leaf density; appearance quality indicators mainly include leaf organizational structure,color,maturity and identity. Studies have shown that in the large-scale ecoregion,using canonical correlation analysis to simplify tobacco quality evaluation indicators is feasible.

Effects of Microbial Fertilizers in Improving Acidic Tobacco-planting Soil and Tobacco Leaf Quality

[Objectives]This study was conducted to improve acidic soil and enhance the quality of tobacco leaves.[Methods]The effects of different microbial fertilizers on improving acidic tobacco-planting soil and tobacco leaf quality were investigated through plot experiments.[Results]The application of microbial fertilizers could improve the pH value of acidic soil,and composite microbial agent A showed the best application effect.The application of bio-organic fertilizer was beneficial to improving the contents of available phosphorus and available boron in acidic soil.The application of composite microbial agent A was beneficial to improving the contents of available phosphorus and available potassium in acidic soil,and could promote the growth of tobacco plants and improve the economic traits of flue-cured tobacco and the coordination of chemical components in tobacco leaves.The application of composite microbial agent B led to a downward trend in the content of available boron in acidic soil.The application of composite microbial agent B could promote the absorption of nutrients by tobacco plants,and improve their disease resistance and the quality of tobacco leaves.Due to the differences in functional microorganisms contained,the application effects of different microbial fertilizers in improving acidic tobacco-planting soil and improving tobacco leaf quality varied.Overall,the application of microbial fertilizers could increase soil pH,activate soil nutrients,promote tobacco growth,enhance disease resistance,increase tobacco output value,and improve tobacco quality.Microbial fertilizers have good application prospects in improving acidic soil and improving tobacco quality.[Conclusions]The application of microbial fertilizers to improve acidic tobacco-planting soil can ensure the normal growth and development of tobacco plants and the improvement of tobacco leaf quality,achieving high-quality and sustainable development of Zhaotong tobacco.

Effects of Different Chemical Fertilizer Reduction Techniques on Flue-cured Tobacco Production

[Objectives]This study was conducted to find out the most suitable special formula fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco production in tobacco-growing areas of Zhaotong City,so as to provide a basis for scientific fertilization and reduced application of inorganic fertilizers with improved efficiency in tobacco production in Zhaotong City.[Methods]Different formulas of special base fertilizer and special topdressing for tobacco were designed by optimizing and adjusting the application amounts and proportions of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium and medium trace elements in fertilizer formulas,and the formulas of special base fertilizer and special topdressing for flue-cured tobacco production were selected through a field plot experiment.[Results]The combination of special base fertilizer and special topdressing was conducive to the early growth and rapid growth of tobacco plants under the condition of reduced fertilizer application,and the treatment using organic-inorganic compound fertilizer as the special base fertilizer was the most obvious,with an average growth period of two days increased.Compared with conventional fertilization,the yield,output value,average price,proportion of superior tobacco and proportion of medium and superior tobacco increased in the organic-inorganic compound fertilizer treatment,with the yield increasing by 5.96%,the output value increasing by 17.08%,the average price increasing by 10.49%,the proportion of superior tobacco increasing by 4.63%,and the proportion of medium and superior tobacco increasing by 2.44%.It was concluded from indexes including growth period,agronomic traits,disease incidence and economic traits,the fertilization mode of organic-inorganic compound fertilizer with the addition of trace elements(boron,magnesium and zinc)applied as the base fertilizer and nitrogen and potassium topdressing was most efficient and economic.[Conclusions]This study provides a basis for scientific fertilization and reduced application of inorganic fertilizers with improved efficiency in tobacco production in Zhaotong City.

Comparative Analysis on Chemical Components and Sensory Quality of Aging Flue-Cured Tobacco from Four Main Tobacco Areas of China

Complicated changes are happening during the aging process of flue-cured tobacco （FCT） and understanding of the changing components is of great significance in improving the quality,shortening aging time,and enhancing production and economic efficiency in tobacco industry.The aging samples of FCT from four main producing areas of China,i.e.,Yunnan,Sichuan,Hubei,and Dongbei,were used to study the changing rule of the components such as alkali,acid,and carbohydrate as well as the aroma and their relationship with sensory quality;and based on the correlation among the components and the sensory quality index,multivariable models were established to predict the aging quality.The results showed that the sensory quality of FCT increased steadily during the aging time,and at the same time,the acidic components （total organic acids,volatile acids） increased gradually,while the alkaline substances （nicotine,volatile alkali）,carbohydrate （total sugars,reducing sugar） and pH values showed a downward trend.Correlation analysis found that the sensory quality and pH values were negatively correlated （P0.05）,while the sensory quality with total organic acids and aroma were positively correlated.The optimal model for predicting the quality of FCT was y=56.75-0.63x12＋50.09x2-13.27x22,（y：sensory quality;x1：pH;x2：total organic acids）.The average predicating error was 1.04% with maximum predicating error of 2.89% and the accuracy rate of above 97%.

Effects of Amount of Green Manure Returned to Field on Yield and Quality of Flue-cured Tobacco

The effects of amount of green manure returned to field on yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco were studied by field experiment. The results showed that significant positive correlation existed between tobacco leaf yield and small or moderate amount of green manure returned to field. Path analysis showed that moderate amount of green manure returned to field affected yield and quality of tobacco leaves, small green manure returned to field mainly affected leaf yield, while large amount of green manure returned to field mainly affected leaf quality. Therefore, the effect of moderate amount of green manure returned to field on yield and quality of tobacco leaves was best, and moderate amount of green manure returned to field was recommended in production of flue-cured tobacco.

Effects of Applying Trace Clements on Yield and Quality of Flue-cured Tobacco Cuibi-1

[Objectives]To optimize the fertilization technology of flue-cured tobacco Cuibi-1.[Methods]From 2015 to 2016,the experiment of spraying Saikun multi-trace element water-soluble fertilizer was carried out.[Results]7 d and 14 d after transplanting tobacco seedlings,3750 mL/ha,300 times diluted Sakun multi-trace element aqueous solution was sprayed,the growth period of Cuibi-1 in the field was extended by 3-5 d.The incidence of mosaic disease at the rosette stage and granuville wilt at the foot leaf harvesting and curing stage decreased by 4.50-20.85 kg/ha,the yield increased by 67.8-68.7 kg/ha,the proportion of high-quality tobacco increased by 1.29-3.01 percentage points,and the output value increased by 2692.5-3441 yuan/ha,the sensory smoking quality has improved.[Conclusions]Increasing the application of multiple trace elements can increase the economic benefit and industrial use value of tobacco leaf production of Cuibi-1.

Studies on Amylase and Degradation of Starch and Pigment of Tobacco Leaf During Process of Flue-Curing

The changes in the activity of amylase and amylase-isoenzyme and the degradation of starch and pigment of tobacco leaf during flue-curing were studied by using the electric- heated flue-curing barn designed and made by the Henan Agricultural University. The temperature and humidity of the barn were controlled automatically. The results indicated that starch in tobacco leaf decreased rapidly and leveled off after 48 h of curring, in the meantime, the content of soluble sugar increased accordingly and reached a peak at the stage of color-fixing. Both of them had a rapid-changing stage in the first 36 hours of yellowing. The changes of starch and soluble sugar contents had highly significant negative-correlation at 1 % level (rNC89 = -0.8962**, rYY85 = -0.9704**). The activity of amylase increased with the proceeding of curing and reached a peak after 36 hours of curing, then decreased. But the activity of amylase kept at a high level when the humidity of curing-environment was very low, even if the tobacco leaf had been dried. The rapid degradation of starch showed a significantly negative correlation with the increase of activity of amylase at 5 % level (rNC89 = -0.8495*, rYY85 = -0.7839*). The degradation of starch and pigment had the same regulation and had highly significant correlation at 1 % level (rNC89= 0.9649**, rYY85= 0.9428**). There were mainly three amylase-isoenzyme bands -A, B, C respectively, in tobacco leaf during flue curing. They were identified as α-AMY, β-AMY, R-AMY, and the activity of β-AMY was the highest. The changes in amylase activity and contents of starch and pigment were affected by the tobacco leaf moisture and environmental humidity during curing.

The Quality Difference of Tobacco Leaves Between Different Flue-curing Processes in Honghe Tobacco-growing Area

[Objectives] This study was conducted to compare the effects of different curing processes,in order to optimize the local supporting intensive fluecuring process.[Methods] A comparative experiment was carried out in Mile,Luxi and Jianshui on the four-layer tobacco-packed intensive curing process(K1)and the eight-point precise and intensive curing process(K2).[Results]The results showed that according to the appearance evaluation of the tobacco leaves,K1 was higher than K2 in respective scores of color,maturity,leaf structure and defects and the total score,while K1 equaled K2 in the scores of identity,oil content,chroma and length.The differences in respective scores of the two processes were not significant.According to the results of sensory evaluation,the two tobacco enterprises got different evaluation results of unblended cigarettes made of the middle leaves due to different raw material requirements of the enterprises by different processes.K1 was higher than K2 in the sensory evaluation of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co.,Ltd.,while it was lower than K2 in that of China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co.,Ltd.,and the difference in the total score between the two processes was significant.From the content of chemical components,in the conventional chemical component contents including total sugar,reducing sugar,chlorine and starch,K1 was higher than K2,while in the contents of potassium,total phytonine,total nitrogen and petroleum ether extract,K1 was lower than K2,but the differences were not significant.K1 was lower than K2 in the contents of neutral aroma components including ketones,alcohols,aldehydes,heterocyclics,neophytadiene and total content,while K1 was higher than K2 in the contents of esters,phenols,but the respective differences were not significant.Except the significant difference in the total score in the sensory evaluation of China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co.,Ltd.,there were no significant differences in other items in the appearance evaluation,sensory evaluation and chemical composition of tobacco leaves between K1 and K2.[Conclusions] The supporting intensive curing process can be further optimized on the basis of this study.

Effect of Combined Application of Organic Fertilizer and Chemical Fertilizer in Different Ratios on Growth,Yield and Quality of Fluecured Tobacco

The effect of different ratio of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco was studied.Using randomized blocks design,the data of the test materials K326 were analyzed by using variance analysis,significance test and other methods.The release efficiency of organic fertilizer in the soil was slower,and the effect of organic fertilizer on the growth of tobacco plants was worse than that of chemical fertilizers,and under 25% organic fertilizer + 75% chemical fertilizer treatment,the quality of the fluecured tobacco was good.Under the treatment of 50% organic fertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizer,the production of flue-cured tobacco was high and the ratio of first-class tobacco was high.It is suggested that the organic fertilizer application ratio should be 25%-50% in the agricultural production.

Dynamics of Environmental Humidity and Water Content in Tobacco Leaf and Metabolism of Starch During Curing

Effect of environmental humidity and water content in tobacco leaf on starch metabolism was studied by using the electric-heated auto-controlled flue-curing barn supplied by Henan Agricultural University, China. The results indicated that the degradation of starch and decrease of water content in tobacco leaf during early yellowing at low humidity was the most rapid, and the water loss was the highest while the lowest under high humidity. The duration for starch degradation under low humidity was longer than that of CK. So the starch residue in cured leaf of different treatment took the order of high humidity yellowing treatment> low humidity yellowing treatment > CK. When the leaf water content was decreased to around 50 %, the starch degradation became slow and the content of starch was stable. Starch degradation and decrease of leaf water content was not synchronous. Starch in tobacco leaf during yellowing degraded more rapidly when humidity was decreased at a high speed, but the degradation stopped earlier at late stage. There was a quicker and higher degradation of starch under high environmental humidity. When the humidity decreased to 70 %, the content of starch was stable. The activity of amylase began to decrease when relative humidity was below 75 %, but it kept a high level of activity when the environmental humidity was below 70 %.

Climatic Characteristics of Hubei Tobacco Area and Its Influence on the Quality of Upper Leaves

In order to provide a more suitable environment for tobacco leaf growth, this study collected meteorological information and tobacco leaf quality information from the main tobacco-producing counties in the province and conducted relevant analysis to find out the main meteorological factors affecting the growth, development, yield, and quality of upper tobacco leaves. Clarify the suitable climatic conditions for the growth and development of the upper leaves, and clarify the influence of various meteorological factors on the quality of the upper leaves. The results showed that the nicotine and total nitrogen content of the upper leaves were significantly positively correlated with the average daily temperature during the maturity period, and negatively correlated with the rainfall during the maturity period;the rainfall in July was significantly positively correlated with the upper leaf clutter score, which was sufficient in the mature period. Moisture conditions are conducive to alleviating the upper leaf clutter;the number of sunshine hours in August is the main factor affecting the content of aroma substances in the upper leaves, and it is also significantly positively correlated with the content of aroma substances.

烤烟上部叶成熟度对烟叶品质的影响

为探究四川省广元产区上部烟叶适宜的采收成熟度,以云烟87为试验材料,设置4个成熟度处理,测定不同处理烤后烟外观质量、化学成分、感官质量及经济效益。结果表明:2021年较常规采收时间推迟3 d采收,上部烟叶烤后外观质量最好,化学成分较为协调,但还原糖和总糖含量稍低于优质烟叶目标;2022年较常规采收时间推迟3 d采收,上部烟叶烤后外观质量、感官质量及经济效益均最好。综合来看,建议较常规采收时间推迟3 d,此时可达到广元烟区上部烟叶采收的最佳成熟度。

山东省不同类型烟叶质量特征差异及原因分析

为明确山东省不同类型烟叶质量特征差异及原因,本研究连续3年采集山东烟区烟叶样品,分析不同类型烟叶物理特性、化学成分和感官评吸质量,通过相关分析,解析影响评吸质量的主要因素。结果表明:中、上部叶物理特性方面,香吃味型最好,香味型居其次,吃味型最低,表现在部分吃味型中、上部叶发育过旺,叶片大小、单叶重、叶面密度超出适宜范围。化学成分方面,香味型中部叶化学成分协调性最好,香吃味型中部叶居于其次,吃味型中部叶最低,主要是部分吃味型烟叶淀粉、氯离子含量高且钾氯比低;3种类型上部叶化学成分协调性基本一致。感官评吸质量方面,中部叶质量得分为香味型最高,香吃味型其次,吃味型最低,差异主要体现在香气质、余味、杂气、刺激性等指标;3种类型上部烟叶评吸质量差异不明显。相关分析表明,叶宽对中部叶评吸质量产生显著负效应,叶长、叶片厚度对上部叶评吸质量产生显著负效应;钾和钾氯比对中部叶评吸质量产生显著正效应,而还原糖、硫、氯离子、纤维素、半纤维素产生显著负效应;还原糖、总糖对上部叶评吸质量产生显著正效应,而烟碱、纤维素产生负效应。吃味型中部叶评吸质量较低,与其叶片发育过旺及硫、氯含量较高有关;3种类型上部叶评吸质量无显著差异,但其原因各有不同,香味型、香吃味型上部叶虽然钾含量高、氯离子含量低,但总糖含量低、烟碱含量高,糖碱比协调性变差,而吃味型上部叶钾含量低、氯离子含量高,总糖含量高、烟碱含量低,糖碱比协调。因此,需针对不同类型烟叶的问题,采取相应农艺措施,提高烟叶质量。

基于插值法分析施肥量和留叶数对烤烟的影响

为明确烤烟适宜的施肥量和留叶数,提升烟叶生产过程中的综合效益,以施肥量和留叶数为变量,采用正交试验设计,通过插值的方法分析了不同施肥量、留叶数对烤烟农艺性状、经济性状、品质性状的影响。结果表明:随着施肥量由450 kg·hm^(-2)增加至600 kg·hm^(-2),烤烟长势显著提升,产量、均价、中部和上部烟叶主要化学成分协调性评价总分逐渐提高;随着留叶数由每株16片增加至20片,成熟期最大叶面积与倒3叶面积差值逐渐增大,株形呈“倒塔形”-“筒形”-“塔形”变化。产量、产值分别提高20.8%、18.8%,上等烟率、均价分别降低7.6%、1.5%,烟叶种植净收益逐渐提高,中部和上部烟叶主要化学成分协调性评价总分均呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势。在烟叶生产过程中,适度提高养分供给强度,并增加留叶数,有利于提高烟叶品质,且烟农种植净收益较高。

海拔高度对烟叶生长代谢及烤后品质的影响

为明确四川凉山烟区不同海拔高度对烟叶生长以及烤后品质的影响,以烤烟品种YKS-9为供试品种,在四川凉山1800、2000、2200 m三种海拔高度处进行试验,研究海拔高度对YKS-9农艺性状、烤后烟叶品质、鲜烟叶超微结构和叶片代谢的影响。结果表明,海拔2000 m高度处的烟株农艺性状及烤后烟叶品质较好,2200 m高度处农艺性状及烤后烟叶品质最差;随着海拔升高,烟叶细胞内液泡体积增大,细胞内产生更多、更小的线粒体,且叶绿体内淀粉粒数目增多、体积增大,但叶绿体片层数和垛叠程度减少。代谢组学分析结果显示,3个处理组间共筛选出102种显著差异代谢物,其中多数糖类(D-半乳糖酸、D-甘露糖、D-阿洛糖、D-塔格糖)、部分氨基酸类(L-天门冬氨酸、L-瓜氨酸、L-苏氨酸、D-脯氨酸、2,3-二羟基-3-甲基丁酸、丙氨酸)、莽草酸代谢相关物质(L-苯丙氨酸、莽草酸、奎尼酸)相对含量均随海拔升高呈现先升后降趋势;而嘌呤代谢物质(鸟苷、腺嘌呤)以及苯丙烷代谢相关物质(山奈酚、芸香苷、绿原酸)相对含量随海拔升高急剧上升。整体而言,在四川凉山烟区海拔2000 m处种植烤烟最为适宜,1800 m处次之,2200 m处较差。

改善低次烟叶品质的生物发酵工艺优化

为改善低次烟叶吸食品质,提升烟叶可用性,优选3种酶系、菌系(蛋白多肽酶系、木质酶系、增香菌系)配制成复合生物发酵制剂,以品质改善程度为评价指标,采用单因素法和均匀设计法优化了烟叶生物发酵工艺。结果表明:(1)最佳发酵工艺条件为,发酵制剂/烟丝质量比4%、物料含水量22%、发酵温度37℃、发酵时间42 h。(2)发酵工艺各因素中,发酵温度对品质改善程度大于物料水分、发酵时间。(3)在最佳发酵条件下,烟叶品质改善程度为1.04,杂气减少、刺激性降低,感官质量大幅提升,发酵后烟叶蛋白质、淀粉、果胶、木质素分别降低9.17%、15.59%、16.67%、7.84%,醛类、酮类、醇类等物质较原样分别增加了23.70%、15.33%、41.03%。通过发酵工艺优化,烟叶化学成分更协调,烟叶可用性提升。

基于SPAD值的不同海拔烤烟采收成熟度研究

为探索不同海拔下烟叶成熟度采收标准及采收时间,以张家界市主栽品种K326为研究对象,使用SPAD-502叶绿素仪测定了400和600 m海拔区域下上、中、下各部位不同成熟度鲜烟叶的SPAD值,分析不同成熟度下烟叶外观质量、感官质量及经济性状,找出不同海拔下各部位烟叶适宜采收的SPAD值。结果表明:400 m海拔下部烟叶适宜采收的SPAD值为26.57~29.99,中部鲜烟叶SPAD值为15.48~23.08,上部鲜烟叶SPAD值为17.19~20.81;600 m海拔下部烟叶适宜采收的SPAD值为21.60~24.06,中部鲜烟叶SPAD值为19.82~24.40,上部鲜烟叶SPAD值为13.49~16.65,烤后烟叶外观质量表现较优,感官质量属于较高档次。

烤烟上部6片烟叶一次性采收成熟度的模糊综合评价

为明确烤烟上部烟叶一次性采收的适宜成熟度,以湖南桂阳烟区种植的‘云烟87’为材料,设计低成熟度(M1)、中成熟度(M2)、高成熟度(M3)3个处理,开展6片上部烟叶采烤成熟度试验,并采用模糊评价方法对烤后烟叶质量和经济性状进行综合评价。结果表明,随上部烟叶采收成熟度提高,鲜烟叶的SPAD值下降;烤后烟叶微带青比例下降,杂色烟叶比例增加;烟叶成熟度提高,结构变为疏松,油分增多;烟叶单叶质量、厚度、叶面积质量、平衡含水率降低;烟叶总糖、还原糖、钾、淀粉含量下降,烟碱含量增加,化学成分可用性提高;但烟叶产量和产值下降。M2处理的外观质量指数较M1、M3分别高6.18%、-2.13%,物理性状指数较M1、M3分别高2.35%、5.30%,化学成分可用性指数分别高30.86%、4.55%,评吸总分分别高10.12%、0.50%,经济性状指数分别高8.96%、12.97%,烟叶质量指数分别高12.53%、1.16%,经济效果综合指数分别高10.11%、6.98%。综合来看,湖南桂阳烟区‘云烟87’上部6片烟叶一次性采收成熟度以M2较为适宜,即叶面变黄50%~80%,主脉变白50%~80%,支脉变白30%~50%,部分茸毛脱落,成熟斑较多;SPAD值在20.44~30.79可作为指导稻茬烤烟6片上部烟叶适宜采收成熟度的参考指标。

丽江烟区烤烟高可用性上部叶适宜采收期研究

为明确丽江市玉龙县烟区烤烟上部叶最佳采收期,优化烟叶供需结构,为卷烟原料高质量供给提供技术支撑。采用完全随机区组试验,研究烤烟上部叶采收期(提前8 d、正常和延迟8 d)对鲜烟叶成熟采收特征及叶绿素含量、烟株农艺性状、气候性斑点病和普通花叶病发生、烤后烟叶化学成分和经济性状影响。结果表明,随着延迟采收上部叶,其茎叶夹角由锐角逐渐变成钝角,叶面落黄和叶脉变白程度明显加剧,绒毛脱落和成熟斑增多;农艺性状差异不显著,上部烟叶中SPAD值逐渐降低,由高到低依次为T1(未熟)处理、T2(成熟)处理、T3(过熟)处理;田间气候斑点病、普通花叶病的发病率和病情指数由高到低均表现为T3处理、T2处理、T1处理。适当延迟采收上部叶能提高烟草产量、产值、上等烟比例,可改善上部叶品质,使烟叶各化学成分更适中,不同处理烟叶化学成分协调性由高到低表现为T3处理、T2处理、T1处理。丽江市玉龙县烟区上部烟叶应适当延迟4~6 d,以获得较好质量且可用性高的优质上部烟叶。

烟草薄片剪切断面形貌有限元仿真模拟优化

本研究对烟草薄片精密剪切过程进行了仿真研究,获得了材料力学性能和相互作用参数,为有限元仿真模拟提供了必要数据。建立了烟草薄片的力学模型,并构建了相应的有限元仿真模型。在仿真模拟过程中,重点分析了烟草薄片剪切断裂的形成过程及静水应力随时间的变化趋势。采用有限元仿真模拟与实验测量相结合的方法,综合分析剪切间隙对烟草薄片断面质量的影响。结果表明,随着剪切纵向间隙的增加,烟草薄片的塌角高度逐渐增加,剪切带高度总体呈现减小趋势,而断裂带高度则呈现增加趋势。然而,当剪切间隙为0.15 mm时,由于上、下剪刃的重合,导致剪切带高度略微增加,断裂带高度略微减小。有限元仿真模拟结果与实测结果相吻合,验证了本研究的可靠性和准确性。