Insights into the provenance implication of leaf wax n-alkanes along the lower Yellow River

Serving as one of the largest rivers in terms of both sediment and organic carbon transport fluxes in the world,the Yellow River plays a crucial role in regional biogeochemical process as well as in the global carbon cycle.However,although a large number of studies have been carried out on the flux,composition,source and seasonal variation of total particulate organic carbon in the Yellow River so far,studies on molecular biomarkers at different spatial and temporal scales are still scarce.In this study,we focus on the molecular and hydrogen isotopic properties of leaf wax n-alkanes among different types of samples which obtained from different seasons(flood vs.non-flood)along the lower Yellow River.The molecular distribution of n-alkanes show that the riparian topsoils are subject to inputs from the overlying vegetation,while the suspended sediments from the flood season are characterized by the mixing of soil materials which originate from various stratigraphy with different ages on the Chinese Loess Plateau.Due to the contrasting hydrodynamic conditions,the n-alkanes in suspended sediments also show distinct molecular composition between flood and non-flood seasons.Additionally,considering the effect of climatic factors,the proportion of monocots in flood-season suspended sediments is calculated from a semi-quantitative perspective using δ^(2)H_(wax).Our findings may bring to light new considerations for the interpretation of leaf wax proxies in studies of organic matter sources of Yellow River.

ZmCER1,a putative ECERIFERUM 1 protein in maize,functions in cuticular wax biosynthesis and bulliform cell development

The cuticular wax,acting as the ultimate defense barrier,is essential for the normal morphogenesis of plant organs.Despite this importance,the connection between wax composition and leaf development has not been thoroughly explored.In this study,we characterized a new maize mutant,ragged leaf4(rgd4),which exhibits crinkled and ragged leaves starting from the sixth leaf stage.The phenotype of rgd4 is conferred by ZmCER1,which encoding an aldehyde decarbonylase involved in wax biosynthesis.ZmCER1 function deficient mutant displayed reduced cuticular wax density and disordered bulliform cells(BCs),while ZmCER1 overexpressing plants exhibited the opposite effects,indicating that ZmCER1 regulates cuticular wax biosynthesis and BCs development.Additionally,as the density of cuticular wax increased,the water loss rate of detached leaf decreases,suggesting that ZmCER1 is positively correlated with plant drought tolerance.

Comparative Analysis of Leaf Trichomes, Epidermal Wax And Defense Enzymes Activities in Response to Puccinia horiana in Chrysanthemum and Ajania Species

White rust caused by Puccinia horiana is a destructive disease of chrysanthemum plants.To better understand the resistance mechanisms of composite species to this disease,the leaf cuticular traits,antioxidant and defensive enzymes activities of immune(Chrysanthemum makinoi var.wakasaense)and highly susceptible(Ajania shiwogiku var.kinokuniense)species were compared.Trichome density of two species was markedly different,negatively associated with plant resistance to P.horiana.Total wax load in C.makinoi var.wakasaense was two times more than that in A.shiwogiku var.kinokuniense.The wax composition in immune one was abundant in esters and primary alcohols.Superoxide dismutase(SOD,EC 1.15.1.1),peroxidase(POD,EC 1.11.1.7),polyphenoloxidase(PPO,EC 1.14.18.1 or EC 1.10.3.2)and phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL,EC 4.3.1.5)activitieswere investigated.In C.makinoi var.wakasaense,the activity of SOD and POD increased rapidly after inoculation,whichmight be non-host induced reactive oxygen species(ROS)activated antioxidant enzymes,however SOD and POD remained a low and steady level in the highly susceptible one after inoculation.Quick increase in PPO activities after inoculation was observed in both species,however it remained higher in C.makinoi var.wakasaense at the late period of inoculation.PAL in C.makinoi var.wakasaense was induced after pathogen inoculation,but not in A.shiwogiku var.kinokuniense,suggesting that these two enzymes might contribute to the resistance to P.horiana.

Unusual hydrocarbon waxes detected in Salix oritrepha leaf from Nianbaoyeze Mountains, eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Plant biomarkers, such as hydrocarbon waxes, are frequently found in various sediments and could be adopted as paleovegetation and paleoclimate indicators. Nevertheless, scarce researches have focused on leaf waxes in higher plants of alpine region.Herein, hydrocarbon leaf wax components of Salix oritrepha, which flourish in Nianbaoyeze Mountains in eastern Tibetan Plateau were fully discussed. The n-alkane distribution in leaves ranges from n-C_(21) to nC_(29) with maxima at n-C_(25), which were entirely different with Salix taxa displayed in previous surveys in non-alpine regions. The unusual even carbon nalkenes from n-C_(22:1) to n-C_(30:1), which were thought to appear only in aquatic organisms, were firstly reported in an alpine plant. Additionally, iso-(2-methyl) alkanes, ranging from i-C_(23) to i-C_(29) with maxima at i-C_(25), which have been commonly reported in microorganisms, were also identified in an alpine plant for the first time. Unusual hydrocarbon distribution detected in Salix oritrepha leaf from Nianbaoyeze Mountains is most likely due to the extreme environment in such alpine region.

甘蓝型油菜光叶性状的遗传分析及基因定位

【目的】表皮蜡质是覆盖植物叶片和茎秆等部位的疏水层,在植物抵御逆境方面发挥着重要作用,同时会影响光合作用和生长发育;甘蓝型油菜作为世界上主要的油料作物之一,研究表皮蜡质突变体的遗传机制,为实现油菜高产稳产提供参考。【方法】对油菜光叶突变体M8和普通蜡质叶中双11(ZS11)和C20的叶片表征进行记载,使用便携式植物光合作用测量系统测定叶片光合速率;利用M8和ZS11、C20分别杂交获得2个F1、自交构建2个F2分离群体,用于分析油菜光叶性状的遗传规律;选取M8和ZS11杂交的F2群体中光叶和蜡质叶表型单株分别进行混池,通过集团分离分析法结合靶向测序技术进行基因克隆,结合比较基因组和转录组数据进行候选基因预测,并通过RT-PCR验证候选基因。【结果】甘蓝型油菜光叶表型叶片气孔导度更大、光合效率更高;遗传分析表明M8光叶性状受1对基因控制,光叶相对蜡质叶为隐性。图位克隆将光叶控制基因定位至A08染色体0.134—0.699 Mb物理区间内。进一步分析发现,相比于ZS11,光叶突变体M8中A08染色体0.22—0.58 Mb区间存在大片段缺失,ZS11在该区段中的Bna A08G0006900ZS(Bna A08.SAGL1)可能为光叶的候选基因,该基因编码一个Kelch-F-box蛋白,在ZS11叶片中表达量高而M8中未检测到,该基因缺失可能导致了M8光叶表型。【结论】甘蓝型油菜光叶新突变体M8相比野生型蜡质叶片光合速率更高,该光叶表型受1对隐性基因控制;图位克隆鉴定到光叶性状调控基因为Bna A08.SAGL1,基因缺失产生了光叶表型。

‘黄金水蜡’不同叶色叶片的生理生化与超微结构研究

为明确‘黄金水蜡’(Ligustrum obtusifolium)不同叶片叶色的生理差异,以‘黄金水蜡’的全黄叶、半黄叶、全绿叶3种叶色表型叶片为试验材料,测定叶片不同时期的叶色参数、色素含量、叶绿素前体物质含量及叶片叶绿体超微结构,旨在阐明叶片色素含量和解剖结构对叶色的影响。结果表明:在整个生长发育过程中,‘黄金水蜡’叶色参数变化的时序性较强,与叶色表型的变化情况相符合;半黄叶、全黄叶的类胡萝卜素与总叶绿素的比值均显著高于全绿叶(P<0.05);与全绿叶相比,半黄叶和全黄叶的叶绿素合成前体物质含量显著降低(P<0.05);半黄叶和全黄叶的叶绿体结构存在不同程度的缺陷,类囊体片层系统严重退化,缺少正常的基质类囊体和基粒类囊体,类囊体膜降解为残存的膜结构和囊状小泡。研究结果表明‘黄金水蜡’属于总叶绿素及叶绿素b合成减少型突变体,表现为半黄叶与全黄叶的叶绿体发育停滞,类囊体结构异常,叶绿素前体物质含量减少,导致叶绿素严重缺失,类胡萝卜素含量相对升高,是‘黄金水蜡’叶片呈现不同颜色的主要因素。

Early Season Development of Micro/Nano-Morphology and Superhydrophobic Wetting Properties on Aspen Leaf Surfaces

The rapid growth and early development period of the dual-scale surface topography was studied on the adaxial leaf surfaces of two aspen tree species with non-wetting leaves: the columnar European aspen (Populus tremula “Erecta”) and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides). Particular attention was focused on the formation of micro- and nano-scale asperities on their cuticles, which was correlated with the development of superhydrophobic wetting behaviour. Measurements of the wetting properties (contact angle and tilt-angle) provided an indication of the degree of hydrophobicity of their cuticles. Scanning electron microscopy and optical profilometry micrographs were used to follow the growth and major morphological changes of micro-scale papillae and nano-scale epicuticular wax (ECW) crystals, which led to a significant improvement in non-wetting behaviour. Both species exhibited syntopism in the form of small and larger nano-scale ECW platelet morphologies. These findings provide additional support for earlier suggestions that due to fluctuations in leaf hydrophobicity throughout the growing season, canopy storage capacity may also vary considerably throughout this time period.

Leaf Traits and Histochemistry of Trichomes of Conocarpus lancifolius a Combretaceae in Semi-Arid Conditions

Leaf traits, structure and water status of Conocarpus lancifolius, a Combretaceae were investigated under semi-arid conditions. The leaf traits examined included leaf area and thickness, stomatal distribution, sclerophylly, succulence and relative water content. Additionally, the types of secretory structures, histochemistry of trichomes, and chemical nature of the cuticlular waxes were evaluated. Leaves showed xerophytic characteristics including a high degree of sclerophylly, thick cuticle and outer epidermal cell wall, low relative water content and high trichome density on younger leaves. The species has two types of trichomes;a secretory, short-stalked capitate trichome and a non-secretory trichome with a bulbous base and a pointed tip. The leaves also have a pair of extrafloral nectaries on both sides of the distal end of the petiole, 3-4 pairs near the leaf apex and two secretory ducts or cavities on mature leaves that secreted polysaccharides, epicuticlar waxes and polyphenols. Compared to young leaves mature leaves had almost 3 times total cuticular wax deposit or load. The most abundant fatty acids were palmitic, stearic, nondecanoic, behenic and arachidic acids. The leaf traits and structures are discussed in relation to semi-arid habitat.

Catchment environmental change over the 20th Century recorded by sedimentary leaf wax n-alkane δ^(13)C off the Pearl River estuary

The compound-specific stable carbon isotope compositions(δ^(13)C) of leaf wax n-alkanes from two short sediment cores recovered off the Pearl River estuary(PRE) were analyzed to check for their capability of indicating decadal scale catchment environmental change. Sedimentary long-chain n-alkanes exhibited an odd-over-even predominance, with a maximum at n-C_(29) or n-C_(31), indicating their leaf wax origin was from vascular plants. The δ^(13)C values of C_(29) and C_(31) n-alkane in all the sediment samples were in the range of -28.8‰ to -31.2‰, consistent with the C_3 plant-dominated vegetation in the Pearl River catchments. The time series of δ^(13)C records from the two cores were comparable and displayed a decreasing trend from the early 20 th century to the end of the 1970s, followed by a reversal in that change leading to continued increase for ca. 15 years. After being corrected for the effect of atmospheric CO_2 rise and δ^(13)C_(atm) decline, the δ^(13)C_(29) records largely retained their raw changing pattern; the post-1980 increase being more conspicuous. The slightly decreasing trend in corrected δ^(13)C records before around 1980 may have been caused by an increase in precipitation, whereas the subsequent increase of δ^(13)C is likely associated with the observed dry climate and/or intensive anthropogenic deforestation. Our results thus demonstrate that leaf wax n-alkanes buried in the sediments off the PRE may well reflect change in the regional climate and/or human activity in the river catchments over the past century.

Insight into the reasons of leaf wax δD_(n-alkane) values between grasses and woods

Many studies have observed that leaf wax δDn-alkane values differed significantly between woods and grasses in modern plants, with grasses D-depleted by 40 %0-70 ‰. The reasons for the differences in leaf wax δDn-alkane values between woods and grasses, however, remain unclear. In this study, we measured the δD values of soil water （δDsw）, leaf water （δDlw）, and leaf wax n-alkane （δDn-alkane） for woods and grasses. We found no significant differences in the δD values of soil water （P = 0.82） and leaf water （P= 0.74） between the two life forms of plants. Therefore, the differences in leaf wax δDn-alkane values between woods and grasses may correlate with inherent properties of different plant life forms, such as leaf structures, biosynthetic processes, and leaf morphologies. Moreover, it is also possible that soil water with different 6Dsw at different depths utilized by woods and grasses may be responsible for some of the differences in leaf wax δDn-alkane values between the two life forms of plants, if woods mainly use soil water from the 〉100 cm depth, whereas grasses mainly use soil water from the 〈100 cm depth. The results of this work allow us to better understand the leaf wax δDn-alkane values of different plant life forms in a region.

Global-scale altitude effect on leaf wax n-alkane δD values in terrestrial higher plants

Numerous field studies have shown that leaf wax n-alkane δD values(δD_(n-alkane))can be used as a proxy for paleoelevation reconstruction.However,the lack of systematic global analysis of δD_(n-alkane) values with respect to altitude limits the reliability of δD_(n-alkane )values for paleoaltimetry at the global scale.In this study,we analyzed the variation of δD_(n-alkane) values with altitude in terrestrial higher plants based upon our compiled globalδDn-alkane database.The general decrease in δD_(n-alkane) values with altitude corresponds to the variation in precipitationδD(δD_(prec))with altitude,suggesting that the δD_(n-alkanevalues) effectively reflect δD_(prec) values.When eliminating the effect of latitude at the global scale,the global δD_(n-alkane)-altitude lapse rate for all species was-1.01±0.10‰(100 m)-1,while these lapse rates were-1.03±0.13‰ and-0.47±0.13‰(100 m)^(-1) for dicots and monocots,respectively.Our study reveals that it is reliable to use δD_(n-alkanevalues) to gain information about paleoelevation at the global scale,and the global δD_(n-alkane-altitude) lapse rates provide an alternative to reconstruct paleoelevation at some δD_(n-alkane)-uninvestigated areas.

A re-evaluation of the average chain length of lacustrine sedimentary n-alkanes as a paleoproxy on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Long-chain n-alkanes are one of the most common organic compounds in terrestrial plants and they are well-preserved in various geological archives.n-alkanes are relatively resistant to degradation and thus they can provide high-fidelity records of past vegetation and climate changes.Nevertheless,previous studies have shown that the interpretation of n-alkane proxies,such as the average chain length(ACL),is often ambiguous since this proxy depends on more than one variable.Both vegetation and climate could exert controls on the n-alkane ACL,and hence its interpretation requires careful consideration,especially in regions like the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP)where topography,biome type and moisture source are highly variable.To further evaluate the influences of vegetation and climate on the ACL in high-elevation lakes,we examined the n-alkane distributions of the surface sediments of 55 lakes across the QTP.Our results show that the ACL across a climatic gradient is significantly affected by precipitation,rather than by temperature.The positive correlation between ACL and precipitation may be because of the effect of microbial degradation during deposition.Finally,we suggest that more caution is needed in the interpretation of ACL data in different regions.

黄土高原中部7-2Ma期间古植被变化的分子化石证据--以赵家川剖面为例

植物叶蜡正构烷烃组分能够在地质体中长久保存,并记录历史时期植被变化的信息。本研究通过对黄土高原中部董志塬西峰地区赵家川剖面古土壤中正构烷烃组分的分析,讨论7～2Ma期间黄土高原植被变化的植物叶蜡组分变化特征及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明:从7.0Ma至3.4Ma,正构烷烃C31/C27和C31/C29比值处于相对低值的波动范围,范围分别为0.5～1.9和0.6～1.3,表明该时期以木本植物占优势的生态格局;在3.4Ma前后,古土壤中保存的古植被叶蜡正构烷烃组分的C31/C27和C31/C29比值有一个明显的增加,分别从0.8变化到2.9,从0.7变化至1.6,即古生态系统中草本植物的相对比例突然增加;从3.4Ma至2.0Ma,正构烷烃C31/C27和C31/C29比值处于相对高值的波动范围,范围分别为1.7～3.3和1.1～1.6,指示该时期木本植物减少,草本植物增加的生态格局。我们推测这个生态系统的变化可能响应晚新生代3.5Ma左右的中国内陆干旱化,并形成了自此以后黄土高原塬面以草原或森林草原为主的自然生态格局。

番茄叶片蜡质和角质层与芝麻斑病菌侵染的关系

对4个抗芝麻斑病和6个感病番茄品种的叶片表皮抗性机制进行了研究。结果表明,采用氯仿去除叶片蜡质,用KOH或角质酶去除叶片角质层后,叶片芝麻斑病发病率显著增加;叶片蜡质和角质层同时去除的与叶片破损的芝麻斑病发病率差异不显著,表明叶片的抗性成分主要是蜡质和角质层。叶片蜡质含量测定结果表明,蜡质含量和角质层的厚度与品种的抗性有关。抗病品种叶片蜡质含量显著高于感病品种。叶片蜡质提取物在体外抑菌效果不显著,说明蜡质的抗性作用主要是物理性阻止芝麻斑病菌的穿透。

盐生植物星星草叶表皮具有泌盐功能的蜡质层

利用扫描电镜和 X射线电子探针研究了星星草 (Puccinellia tenuiflora)的叶表皮及其与生境高盐的关系。结果表明 ,叶表皮由表皮细胞和气孔器组成 ,下表皮气孔器多于上表皮 ,且常下陷 ,表皮具表皮毛。表皮细胞外存在丰富的蜡质纹饰和蜡质颗粒 ,这些蜡质包含盐离子 ,具有泌盐的功能。这些特征表明星星草受外界生态因素的影响 。

不同小麦品种(系)叶片表面蜡质对两种麦蚜取食的影响

采用气质联用(GC-MS)和生物测定法,探讨了不同小麦品种(系)叶片表面蜡质对麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜取食的影响.结果表明:SN80、SN18和ZM12叶片表面蜡质对2种蚜虫取食具有刺激作用,而SN87叶片表面蜡质无刺激作用.对4种小麦材料叶片表面蜡质进行GC-MS分析发现,其表面蜡质化学组分有所不同,但主要组分均为长链烷烃,其它组分包括7-十四碳烯、8-十五烷酮、十四烷酸乙酯和十六烷酸乙酯等.生物测定结果表明:长链烷烃(>C17)、7-十四碳烯及8-十五烷酮对两种蚜虫取食具有显著的刺激作用;而乙基柠檬酸、十四烷酸乙酯和十六烷酸乙酯对麦长管蚜取食无刺激作用;十四烷酸乙酯和十六烷酸乙酯对禾谷缢管蚜取食也无刺激作用.

大豆叶片结构与灰斑病抗性的研究 Ⅱ.大豆叶片组织结构与灰斑病抗性的关系

对大豆灰斑病抗病品种和感病品种的叶片组织结构 ,主要包括栅栏组织层数、栅栏组织密度、上下表皮细胞密度、蜡质含量及叶比重等 ,进行了比较研究。试验结果表明抗病品种叶片的栅栏组织排列整齐、紧密 ,而且层数相对较多 ,可以抵抗病菌的侵入和扩展 ,成为抗病的一个结构屏障 ;抗病品种的叶片蜡质含量高于感病品种 ,表明大豆叶片本身具有的蜡质层是抵抗和延迟病原菌侵入的另一个结构屏障。在叶比重上 。

典型状态下荷叶润湿性差异及其机理分析

为了研究荷叶不同状态下润湿性差异的成因与机理,通过对荷叶在鲜、老、病、枯4个典型状态下进行润湿性观察、与水接触角测量、扫描电镜观测,分析其表面微观形貌、化学蜡质含量等要素的变化规律,揭示润湿性差异的成因与机理。结果表明:鲜叶为微米级乳突和纳米级蜡质层覆盖的二元复合微观形貌,枯叶乳突和蜡质层稍有萎缩,但微观结构变化不显著;老叶微观形貌中出现了少许"板条"状突起和乳突、蜡质层共同构成其粗糙叶表结构;而病叶"乳突+蜡质层"的二元复合结构发生明显变化,呈现无序的线型纤维柱状网络结构。不同状态荷叶表面与水接触角测量结果显示,鲜、老、枯叶仍呈现疏水或超疏水状态,而病叶呈现亲水状态,润湿性能发生根本改变。荷叶表面蜡质含量在不同状态下也存在一定差异,老叶、枯叶蜡质含量与鲜叶接近,但疏水性皆低于鲜叶。研究表明荷叶不同状态下润湿性差异的成因在于其叶表微观形貌和化学蜡质含量发生改变造成的,从这2个因素对其疏水性的贡献率来比较,叶表微观形貌是决定其疏水程度的主因。研究结果为疏水表面仿生设计提供参考。

植物叶片对不同粒径颗粒物的吸附效果研究

在中国北方雾霾天气日益严重的今天,植物通过吸附大气中的颗粒物进而减缓颗粒物污染情况。为研究植物叶片对不同粒径颗粒物的吸附能力,通过对同一区域内的城市道路和校园绿地上的大叶黄杨(Buxus megistophylla)、洋白蜡(Fraxinus pennsylvanica)和毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)进行研究,测定其叶表面和蜡质层对大气中粒径为10~100、2.5~10和0.2~2.5μm的颗粒物的单位叶面积吸附量。研究结果表明:不同植物叶片吸附颗粒物能力差异显著,3种植物中大叶黄杨吸附颗粒物的能力最强,毛白杨与洋白蜡吸附颗粒物的能力相近,洋白蜡叶表面易到达最大饱和滞尘量;道路上的植物叶片吸附颗粒物总量高于校园内的植物,两者滞尘量的差异主要体现在吸附10~100μm粒径的颗粒物上,局地环境会影响叶片滞尘量;不同植物叶片对10~100、2.5~10和0.2~2.5μm粒径的颗粒物吸附百分含量分别在75.4%、15.8%和8.9%左右,植物种类对叶片表面吸附不同颗粒物所占比例无影响;大叶黄杨在道路上吸附颗粒物总量最大,为139.86μg·cm^(-2),它的蜡质层和叶表面对不同粒径颗粒物吸附量均最高,能够有效降低城市中的大气颗粒物,是优良的城市绿化树种。

核苷酸及其组合物对冬瓜产量形成及其生理效应的研究

应用核苷酸及其组合物叶面处理冬瓜植株 ,探讨其对冬瓜产量形成及其生理效应的影响 结果表明 ,核苷酸及其组合物处理 ,能明显地提高冬瓜老、嫩瓜的产量及总产量 ;增加老瓜果实中的干物质、VC、还原糖和总糖含量 ;