Estimating Key Phenological Dates of Multiple Rice Accessions Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Based Plant Height Dynamics for Breeding

Efficient and high-quality estimation of key phenological dates in rice is of great significance in breeding work. Plant height(PH) dynamics are valuable for estimating phenological dates. However, research on estimating the key phenological dates of multiple rice accessions based on PH dynamics has been limited. In 2022, field traits were collected using unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)-based images across 435 plots, including 364 rice varieties. PH, dates of initial heading(IH) and full heading(FH), and panicle initiation(PI), and growth period after transplanting(GPAT) were collected during the rice growth stage. PHs were extracted using a digital surface model(DSM) and fitted using Fourier and logistic models. Machine learning algorithms, including multiple linear regression, random forest(RF), support vector regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, and elastic net regression, were employed to estimate phenological dates. Results indicated that the optimal percentile of the DSM for extracting rice PH was the 95th(R^(2) = 0.934, RMSE = 0.056 m). The Fourier model provided a better fit for PH dynamics compared with the logistic models. Additionally, curve features(CF) and GPAT were significantly associated with PI, IH, and FH. The combination of CF and GPAT outperformed the use of CF alone, with RF demonstrating the best performance among the algorithms. Specifically, the combination of CF extracted from the logistic models, GPAT, and RF yielded the best performance for estimating PI(R^(2) = 0.834, RMSE = 4.344 d), IH(R^(2) = 0.877, RMSE = 2.721 d), and FH(R^(2) = 0.883, RMSE = 2.694 d). Overall, UAV-based rice PH dynamics combined with machine learning effectively estimated the key phenological dates of multiple rice accessions, providing a novel approach for investigating key phenological dates in breeding work.

Effect of dates on blood glucose and lipid profile among patients with type 2 diabetes

Poor fruit and vegetable consumption is one of the 10 major risk factors for mortality.There is a misconception regarding the consumption of dates among patients with diabetes.This manuscript assessed the effects of date consumption on fasting and postprandial blood glucose,glycated hemoglobin,total cholesterol,triglycerides,low-density lipoproteins,high-density lipoproteins,and microbial markers.Four literature databases were searched for relevant articles.Of the 595 studies retrieved,24 assessed the effects of dates on glycemic control and lipids.Overall,the evidence suggests that dates have a lowering effect on blood glucose.Dates reduce total cholesterol and triglyceride levels and increase high-density lipoprotein levels.Dates also promote the abundance of beneficial gut microbiota.Therefore,patients with diabetes and dyslipidemia can consume dates to reduce their blood glucose,cholesterol,and triglycerides.

Effects of Seeding Date and Density on Yield and Agronomic Traits of Millet : A Case Study of Wangu 098 Variety of Millet

[Objectives]To find out a suitable cultivation technique of Wangu 098 in Nanyang area,speed up the popularization,demonstration and application of Wangu 098,and provide a theoretical and practical basis for adjusting the planting structure and realizing the matching of improved varieties and methods.[Methods]The new self-bred millet variety Wangu 098 was used as the material,and the two-factor split zone experimental design was adopted.The effects of different sowing dates and densities on the yield,growth period and agronomic characters of millet were studied.[Results]The interaction of seeding date and density had a great effect on the yield and plant traits of millet.Millet yield was significantly and positively correlated with plant height,panicle length,single panicle weight,panicle grain weight and tiller number.[Conclusions]The reasonable combination of seeding date and density could give full play to the yield potential of millet.According to the experimental results and cultivation experience,the suitable seeding date of millet in Nanyang area is in the first and middle ten days of June,and the best density is about 750000 plants/ha.However,after June 30,the seeding millet did not tiller,so the density should be increased to more than 900000 plants/ha to obtain higher yield.In terms of cultivation and management,timely seeding,reasonable close planting,and coordination of vegetative growth and reproductive growth can make the plant tall and strong,panicle long and thick,and improve the yield of millet.

以学生为中心的BOPPPS教学模型+DATE监控模式在药理学教学中的应用探索

随着教育改革的推广和深入,当前教学的模式开始逐渐的丰富化和多元化,各个教学理念、教学模型层出不穷,在这样的背景下,结合学科的特质和需求,设计良好的教学模式,认知理论和构建主义是BOPPPS教学模型的理论和依据,该模型是一个能够帮助教师分解并分析教学过程、找出教学盲点、改善并提升教学成效的工具。如何使学生在课堂上最大限度的掌握知识,是其关注的重点,教学互动和反馈是其突出的特点。BOPPPS教学模型就是一个基于体验式学习模型的教学框架,是一种有效的课程设计模式,强调学生主动参与式学习,体现“以学生为中心、教师为主导”教学理念设计,为高质量的有效课堂提供了理论基础。因此,本文旨在探讨以学生为中心的BOPPPS教学模型与DATE监控模式在药理学教学中的应用及其效果。通过实践与研究,发现BOPPPS模型能够有效地提高学生的主动参与度和学习效果,而DATE监控模式则有助于及时发现和解决学生学习中的问题。以供一线教学教师作为教学提供参考和依据,有效提升药理学教学质量。

Effects of sowing date and ecological points on yield and the temperature and radiation resources of semi-winter wheat

Exploring the effects of sowing date and ecological points on the yield of semi-winter wheat is of great significance.This study aims to reveal the effects of sowing date and ecological points on the climate resources associated with wheat yield in the Rice–Wheat Rotation System.With six sowing dates,the experiments were carried out in Donghai and Jianhu counties,Jiangsu Province,China using two semi-winter wheat varieties as the objects of this study.The basic seedlings of the first sowing date (S1) were planted at 300×10^(4)plants ha^(-1),which was increased by 10%for each of the delayed sowing dates (S2–S6).The results showed that the delay of sowing date decreased the number of days,the effective accumulated temperature and the cumulative solar radiation in the whole growth period.The yields of S1 were higher than those of S2 to S6 by 0.22–0.31,0.5–0.78,0.86–0.98,1.14–1.38,and 1.36–1.59 t ha^(–1),respectively.For a given sowing date,the growth days increased as the ecological point was moved north,while both mean daily temperature and effective accumulative temperature decreased,but the cumulative radiation increased.As a result,the yields at Donghai County were 0.01–0.39 t ha–1lower than those of Jianhu County for the six sowing dates.The effective accumulative temperature and cumulative radiation both had significant positive correlations with yield.The average temperature was significantly negatively correlated with the yield.The decrease in grain yield was mainly due to the declines in grains per spike and 1 000-grain weight caused by the increase in the daily temperature and the decrease in the effective accumulative temperature.

Untargeted metabolomics analysis of four date palm(Phoenix dactylifera L.)cultivars using MS and NMR

Since ancient times,the inhabitants of dry areas have depended on the date palm(Phoenix dactylifera L.)as a staple food and means of economic security.For example,dates have been a staple diet for the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula and Sahara Desert in North Africa for millennia and the local culture is rich in knowledge and experience with the benefits of dates,suggesting that dates contain many substances essential for the human body.Madinah dates are considered one of the most important types of dates in the Arabian Peninsula,with Ajwa being one of the most famous types and grown only in Madinah,Saudi Arabia.Date seeds are traditionally used for animal feed,seed oil production,cosmetics,and as a coffee substitute.Phytochemical compounds that have been detected in date fruits and date seeds include phenolic acids,carotenoids,and flavonoids.Phenolic acids are the most prevalent bioactive constituents that contribute to the antioxidant activity of date fruits.The bioactive properties of these phytochemicals are believed to promote human health by reducing the risk of diseases such as chronic inflammation.Ajwa dates especially are thought to have superior bioactivity properties.To investigate these claims,in this study,we compare the metabolic profiles of Ajwa with different types of dates collected from Saudi Arabia and Tunisia.We show by UHPLC-MS that date seeds contain several classes of flavonoids,phenolic acids,and amino acid derivatives,including citric acid,malic acid,lactic acid,and hydroxyadipic acid.Additionally,GC-MS profiling showed that date seeds are richer in metabolite classes,such as hydrocinnamic acids(caffeic,ferulic and sinapic acids),than flesh samples.Deglet N fruit extract(minimum inhibitory concentration:27 MIC/μM)and Sukkari fruit extract(IC_(50):479±0.58μg/mL)have higher levels of antibacterial and antioxidative activity than Ajwa fruits.However,the seed analysis showed that seed extracts have better bioactivity effects than fruit extracts.Specifically,Ajwa extract showed the best MIC and strongest ABTS radical-scavenging activity among examined seed extracts(minimum inhibitory concentration:20μM;IC_(50):54±3.61μg/mL).Our assays are a starting point for more advanced in vitro antibacterial models and investigation into the specific molecules that are responsible for the antioxidative and anti-bacterial activities of dates.

Influence of Planting Date on the Incidence and Severity of Leaf Spot Disease in Telfairia occidentalis Hook f.

Telfairia occidentalis Hook f. is attacked by a destructive fungal pathogen Epicoccum sorghinum which causes leaf spot disease in the field. In Came-roon, this critically important seed and leaf vegetable is predominantly culti-vated under natural environmental conditions. An experiment was conducted in 2019 and 2020 during the long and short rainy seasons in Santchou to de-termine the influence of planting dates between seasons on the incidence and severity of leaf spot disease. The design used was a 2 by 4 factorial random-ized complete block design with three replications and four sowing dates. Data for disease incidence and severity documented fortnightly, were submitted to analysis of variance using SPSS version 23, and the means were separated by Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) at a 95% confidence interval. Statistical analysis revealed that the long rainy season registered a significantly (p p < 0.05) disease incidences and severities to other planting dates investi-gated. We established that the first three planting dates in the long rainy season could be a management practice to reduce disease prevalence.

In Situ Rb-Sr Dates of Muscovite and Sulfur Isotope of Pyrite from the Yangshan Gold Deposit in Western Qinling,China

Located along the southern part of the West Qinling orogenic belt,the Yangshan gold deposit is one of the largest in China.The major gold ores of Yangshan are disseminated in metasedimentary host rocks with minor native gold amounts in stibnite-gold quartz veins.Pyrite and arsenopyrite are the major Au-bearing minerals.Hydrothermal muscovite from gold-bearing quartz veins was dated using the in situ Rb-Sr method to determine the formation age of the Yangshan gold deposit.The Rb-Sr isochron date of the muscovite yielded 210.1±5.6 Ma(MSWD=1.2).This date is near the lower end of the period of the mineralized granitic dykes(210.49-213.10 Ma).Two stages of gold enriching process are recognized in the gold-bearing pyrite:the first is incorporated with the Co,Cu,As,Ni enrichment;and the second is accompanied by Bi,Co,Ni,Pb,Cu,Sb concentration.The in-situ sulfur isotopic values of pyrites show a restrictedΔ34s range of-1.43‰to 2.86‰with a mean value of 0.43‰.Trace-element mapping and in-situ sulfur isotopic analysis of pyrite suggest that the sulfur deposits are likely derived from a magmatic source and likely assimilated by sulfur from the sedimentary bedrock.Thus,magmatism plays a critical role in the formation of the Yangshan gold deposit.

Investigation of Aegilops umbellulata for stripe rust resistance,heading date,and the contents of iron,zinc,and gluten protein

Aegilops umbellulata(UU)is a wheat wild relative that has potential use in the genetic improvement of wheat.In this study,46 Ae.umbellulata accessions were investigated for stripe rust resistance,heading date(HD),and the contents of iron(Fe),zinc(Zn),and seed gluten proteins.Forty-two of the accessions were classified as resistant to stripe rust,while the other four accessions were classified as susceptible to stripe rust in four environments.The average HD of Ae.umbellulata was significantly longer than that of three common wheat cultivars(180.9 d vs.137.0 d),with the exception of PI226500(138.9 d).The Ae.umbellulata accessions also showed high variability in Fe(69.74-348.09 mg kg^(-1))and Zn(49.83-101.65 mg kg^(-1))contents.Three accessions(viz.,PI542362,PI542363,and PI554399)showed relatively higher Fe(230.96-348.09 mg kg^(-1))and Zn(92.46-101.65 mg kg^(-1))contents than the others.The Fe content of Ae.umbellulata was similar to those of Ae.comosa and Ae.markgrafii but higher than those of Ae.tauschii and common wheat.Aegilops umbellulata showed a higher Zn content than Ae.tauschii,Ae.comosa,and common wheat,but a lower content than Ae.markgrafii.Furthermore,Ae.umbellulata had the highest proportion of γ-gliadin among all the species investigated(Ae.umbellulata vs.other species=mean 72.11%vs.49.37%;range:55.33-86.99%vs.29.60-67.91%).These results demonstrated that Ae.umbellulata exhibits great diversity in the investigated traits,so it can provide a potential gene pool for the genetic improvement of these traits in wheat.

Modeling Date Palm Trunk Fibers (DPTF) Packed Bed Adsorption Performances for Cadmium Removal from Aqueous Wastewater

In this study,the potential of a low-cost bio-adsorbent,taken directly from Date Palm Trunk Fibers(DPTF)agricultural wastes,for cadmium ions removal from wastewaters is examined.The performances of this adsorbent are evaluated by building breakthrough curves at different bed heights and flow rates while keeping other parameters,such as the initial feed concentration,pH,and particle size,constant.The results indicate that the maximum cadmium adsorption capacity of DTPF can be obtained from the Thomas model as 51.5 mg/g with the most extended mass transfer zone of 83 min at the lowest flow rate at 5 ml/min.The saturation concentrations(NO)and the rate constant(kab)obtained from the BDST(bed depth service time)model are 7022.16 mg/l and 0.0536 l/mg.min,respectively.Using the Yon-Nelsen Model,it is found that operating at a lower flow rate leads to a larger value of the elapsed needed time to reach a 50%breakthrough.The Wolborska model indicates that the bed capacity increases with decreasing the flow rate,and the adsorbent can achieve a greater external mass transfer kinetic coefficient(2.271/min)at a higher flow rate.

Detecting Climate Change Trend, Size, and Change Point Date on Annual Maximum Time Series Rainfall Data for Warri, Nigeria

The study focused on the detection of indicators of climate change in 24-hourly annual maximum series (AMS) rainfall data collected for 36 years (1982-2017) for Warri Township, using different statistical methods yielded a statistically insignificant positive mild trend. The IMD and MCIMD downscaled model’s time series data respectively produced MK statistics varying from 1.403 to 1.4729, and 1.403 to 1.463 which were less than the critical Z-value of 1.96. Also, the slope magnitude obtained showed a mild increasing trend in variation from 0.0189 to 0.3713, and 0.0175 to 0.5426, with the rate of change in rainfall intensity at 24 hours duration as 0.4536 and 0.42 mm/hr.year (4.536 and 4.2 mm/decade) for the IMD and the MCIMD time series data, respectively. The trend change point date occurred in the year 2000 from the distribution-free CUSUM test with the trend maintaining a significant and steady increase from 2010 to 2015. Thus, this study established the existence of a trend, which is an indication of a changing climate, and satisfied the condition for rainfall Non-stationary intensity-duration-frequency (NS-IDF) modeling required for infrastructural design for combating flooding events.

西天山乌孙山花岗岩和闪长岩年代学、地球化学及岩石成因

笔者选取位于伊犁盆地内乌孙山北缘察布查尔林场花岗岩为研究对象,其地球化学、地质年代学和岩石成因研究对于探讨西天山南缘壳幔岩浆作用具有较重要的指示意义。岩石地球化学特征显示二长花岗岩属高钾钙碱性准铝质-弱过铝质岩石系列;轻稀土富集,弱的Eu负异常(δEu=0.74~0.84),富集大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素特征,Zr/Hf=42~44,部分样品中含有少量的刚玉标准矿物,显示出壳源花岗岩的特征。闪长岩Al_(2)O_(3)、FeOT、CaO含量明显高于二长花岗岩,Na_(2)O和K_(2)O含量低于二长花岗岩,属于高钾准铝质岩石系列;轻稀土富集,显示出Eu的轻微正异常(δEu=0.90~1.24),富集大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta等高场强元素,此外,闪长岩还显示出具有高Sr(Sr>400×10^(-6))低Y(12.83×10^(-6))及Yb(1.34×10^(-6))和高Mg^(#)特征,其源岩应为俯冲板片上覆地幔部分熔融产物。二者均显示出岛弧岩浆的特征。二长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄为(361.7±1.8)Ma;形成于晚泥盆世末期,结合前人的研究资料认为在~360 Ma由于南天山洋板片的回撤或俯冲流体参与,上覆地幔发生部分熔融产生了基性岩浆,岩浆上涌过程中提供大量的热导致地壳发生部分熔融形成了酸性岩浆,两种岩浆发生不均匀混合作用。上涌的岩浆引起地幔对流,导致伊犁地块内部出现一定的伸展作用(弧后伸展作用)。

激光剥蚀-扇形磁场电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定锆石U-Pb年龄和微量元素含量

激光剥蚀-扇形磁场电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-SF-ICP-MS)具有高灵敏度特征,被广泛应用于锆石等含U矿物原位微区U-Pb定年研究,但磁偏转式质量分析器的使用导致该质谱仪扫描速度相对较慢,可能影响U-Pb同位素与其他关键微量元素的同时采集。本文通过优化仪器信号稳定性和实验方法,对目前常用的7种锆石U-Pb标准样品进行U-Pb定年和Ti、REEs、Hf等关键元素同时定量分析,探讨了多元素同时分析方法的可行性及对于U-Pb定年结果的影响。实验结果表明,相对于LA-SF-ICP-MS仅检测U-Pb同位素方法,同时开展多元素含量检测可能会使U-Pb同位素信号强度稳定性下降,导致单点U-Pb年龄结果误差及离散程度增大。与仅测定U-Pb同位素年龄的测定结果相比较,根据不同锆石样品中U-Pb同位素含量高低,多元素同时检测获得分析点的206Pb/238U年龄和207Pb/235U年龄变化范围不同程度地增大,其中207Pb/235U年龄受影响明显,单点207Pb/235U年龄误差从~1.5%增大至~2.0%,单点年龄的相对标准偏差(RSD)从0.5%~1.3%增大至1.2%~3.3%。尽管如此,多元素同时检测方法对于各样品最终测定年龄没有明显的影响,相对于TIMS年龄,各样品的谐和年龄和206Pb/238U加权平均年龄偏差分别小于1.0%和0.7%,完全满足U-Pb同位素地质年代学测试要求。同时测定锆石样品中的关键微量元素含与其推荐值相对误差小于10%。因此,采用LA-SF-ICP-MS可以同时准确地测定锆石U-Pb年龄和微量元素含量,该方法亦可用于其他副矿物U-Pb年龄与关键微量元素同时测定。

南岭湘南吴家坪锡矿成岩成矿时代研究

南岭吴家坪锡矿为湖南大义山地区近年新发现的具有中型以上远景规模的云英岩型矿床,矿体呈脉状产于大义山复式花岗岩体内部,受NE向断裂控制。为确定其成岩、成矿时代,总结大义山地区成矿规律,指导区域找矿及勘查工作,对赋矿围岩中粗粒斑状黑云母二长花岗岩(PM21-19)、中细粒斑状黑云母二长花岗岩(PM21-27)进行了LA−ICP−MS锆石U−Pb定年研究。测年结果表明,其成岩年龄为157.1±1.1 Ma(MSWD=0.55)和153.7±1.2 Ma(MSWD=0.55),属燕山早期。同时,获得云英岩型锡矿石中石英Rb−Sr等时线年龄为148.1±2.1 Ma(MSWD=0.52)。结合区域资料认为,吴家坪锡矿成岩成矿时代为燕山早期,属南岭地区中生代成岩成矿高峰期(160~150 Ma)的产物。

播期对不同熟期组大豆品质的影响

为明确不同播期对大豆品质的影响,本研究以东北地区不同熟期组(早、中、晚)的20个大豆品种为试材,探讨了不同播期(5月13日、5月23日、6月2日、6月12日和6月22日)条件下大豆蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、蛋脂总量等品质指标的变化规律。结果表明:整体而言,播期推迟在10 d以内,对大豆品质影响较小,推迟10~20 d,对蛋白质含量的影响大于对脂肪含量影响,推迟20 d以上,各项品质指标与第1期差异达到显著或极显著水平,推迟40 d时,蛋白质含量和脂肪含量均极显著下降,达到最低值。本研究进一步分析了不同熟期组大豆品质对播期推迟的响应。结果表明:大豆品质指标随播期推迟而变化的趋势与品种的生育日数(即熟期)密切相关,不同熟期组间存在较大差异,播期推迟越晚导致早熟组大豆平均蛋白质含量降低的幅度越大,第3期(6月2日)及以后各期蛋白质含量较第1期(5月13日)下降达到显著、极显著水平,中熟组和晚熟组大豆的蛋白质含量分别在6月2日和6月12日前,差异不显著;晚熟组大豆脂肪含量随播期推迟显著下降,且下降幅度逐渐扩大,早熟组和中熟组大豆的脂肪含量分别在6月2日和6月12日下降未达显著水平;不同熟期组的大豆蛋脂总量总体上随播期的推迟而下降,其下降趋势与蛋白质含量的变化规律基本一致,即早熟组大豆在晚播10 d以上时,蛋脂总量显著下降,而中熟组、晚熟组大豆蛋脂总量分别在6月12日和6月2日播种,蛋脂总量相对稳定;不同熟期组大豆晚播30 d以上时,各项品质指标均会出现严重下降。本研究为沈阳地区晚播大豆的品质预测提供重要参考依据。

重结晶碳酸盐ESR年代学在碳酸盐岩基岩区断层和滑坡活动性研究中的应用进展

开展发震断层活动历史研究是地震、滑坡等自然灾害研究和防治的基础,年代测定一直是断层活动历史研究的热点和难点。在缺乏第四纪沉积物的碳酸盐岩基岩区,宇生核素暴露测年是确定断层活动历史的主要手段,但测年结果受曝露面表面风化、侵蚀和溶蚀作用影响较大。碳酸盐是ESR年代学研究的主要测年矿物之一,可以测量碳酸盐的结晶年龄。在碳酸盐岩基岩区的大型断层面和滑坡滑动面上,因高速摩擦生热可形成重结晶碳酸盐,为ESR测年提供了可靠的测年计时零点,有望通过ESR测年法获得重结晶碳酸盐的结晶年龄,即断层和滑坡最近一次的活动时代。以往用于ESR测年的碳酸盐都是自生碳酸盐,如珊瑚、石笋、文石等,尚未对断层和滑坡滑动面上的重结晶碳酸盐开展过相关研究。因此,文中介绍了重结晶碳酸盐ESR测年的最新研究,以丽江-小金河断裂剑川剖面的断层面和小江断裂与则木河断裂交会处的巧家滑坡后缘滑动面上的重结晶碳酸盐为研究对象,通过微观结构观察、热退火实验、光晒退实验及与前人的沉积物14C和光释光测年结果进行比对等,对将重结晶碳酸盐ESR测年法用于碳酸盐岩基岩区断层和滑坡活动性分析的可行性和可靠性进行分析和论证,并建立了重结晶碳酸盐ESR测年技术,该技术可广泛地用于碳酸盐岩基岩区的断层和滑坡活动历史研究。

大麦茎、叶、穗对饲草产量及品质的影响

为探明大麦不同组织(茎、叶和穗)在不同刈割期对饲草产量及品质的影响,以安徽省两个主栽饲用大麦品种为材料,比较了两年度两个品种茎、叶和穗分别在齐穗期及其后14 d和28 d饲草产量及品质的差异。结果显示,不同组织、刈割期及组织×刈割期互作效应对饲草产量及品质均有显著影响(P<0.05),年度效应主要影响产量,其他互作效应因品种和性状不同而异。饲草产量随刈割期后移增加,对其贡献表现为茎﹥穗﹥叶,第2年度高于第1年度。饲草品质性状在组织间和刈割期间存在显著差异,而在年度间仅在单个品种若干性状上存在差异;粗蛋白含量表现为穗﹥叶﹥茎,且随刈割期后移下降;粗纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤木质素含量均为茎﹥叶﹥穗,且随刈割期后移前3个性状先降后升,酸性洗涤木质素含量持续上升;粗脂肪含量为叶﹥穗﹥茎,且随刈割期后移上升。综上,在株高相当时,增加穗部比例可提高大麦饲草产量和品质;刈割期后移可提升饲草产量但降低品质。基于本研究,选育大穗、多叶型品种,适期刈割,有望同步提升大麦饲草产量和品质。

不同播期对油葵农艺性状及品质的影响

本研究探索播期对不同油葵品种开花习性、经济性状、产量和品质的影响,旨在为我国中部省区向日葵栽培提供参考。结果表明,早春育苗移栽较早春直播极大地缩短了播种到初花的时间;除早熟品种6K132外,各播期处理的成熟时间均随着播期推迟而缩短,夏秋播的成熟期较早春播种缩短9~25 d,较春季播种缩短9~11 d。早春直播和育苗移栽对籽粒产量的影响在不同年份间存在差异,且与品种存在互作效应。不同播期对油葵脂肪酸组分含量影响明显,夏秋播收获的籽粒中亚油酸含量显著增加,2021年和2022年分别比春播增加13.2%~39.1%和16.0%~35.4%;亚油酸/油酸比从春播的0.39~0.65和0.26~0.67分别升高到夏秋播的1.47~3.42和0.65~2.11。此外,夏秋播收获的种子发芽力最好,2021年和2022年出苗率分别为92.2%~97.8%和60.0%~93.3%。综上所述,在武汉等中部省区,可通过选择不同播期来生产不同亚油酸/油酸比的葵花籽,春播可提高向日葵籽油酸含量,而夏秋播可提高亚油酸含量;可实现一年两季向日葵生产和多季观花需求,并具备通过品种选择和适宜的栽培措施来提高产量的潜力;通过播期调控可躲避花期和灌浆期的高温高湿从而获得高质量的种子,夏秋播种有利于提高种子质量。

播期调整对华北北部冬小麦、夏玉米产量和品质的影响

【目的】基于田间分期播种试验,研究华北北部冬小麦、夏玉米播期调整,其生长发育、光合生理特性、籽粒灌浆和产量形成及品质对气候变暖的不同响应,为华北平原农业生产采取措施应对气候变化提供科学依据。【方法】采用分期播种方法,于2017—2023年在华北北部的河北固城农业气象国家野外科学观测研究站开展冬小麦和夏玉米的大田分期(早播10 d、正常播期、晚播10 d、晚播20 d)播种试验,获取冬小麦和夏玉米的生育进程、地上干物质累积和分配、叶片光合特性、籽粒灌浆速率以及产量农艺性状和籽粒营养成分等资料。【结果】冬小麦全生育期随播期推迟而缩短,主要原因在于冬前幼苗期缩短;夏玉米全生育期与播期呈抛物线关系,播期每推迟10 d,幼苗期缩短1.3 d,花粒期和籽粒形成-灌浆期分别延长1.5和1.6 d。冬小麦、夏玉米籽粒灌浆过程对播期调整的响应完全不同,冬小麦籽粒灌浆特征在播期间反应并不敏感,夏玉米籽粒灌浆速率在播期间差异较小,但籽粒形成期、灌浆结束日期和峰值日期因播期推迟顺次延后,且灌浆持续日数因播期每推迟10 d,灌浆持续日数缩短4 d。北方麦区在秋暖和冬暖背景下,冬小麦播种期界限延宽,播期对产量的影响明显减弱,播期推迟配套增加播种量,产量不减且会小幅增产;夏玉米产量随播期推迟明显递减,理论产量播期每推迟10 d递减率1381.50 kg·hm^(-2),但冬小麦和夏玉米晚播20 d产量都凸显跳跃变小。播期每推迟10 d,冬小麦籽粒分配率递增1.67%,夏玉米则递减1.57%,冬小麦收获指数提高0.017,而夏玉米降低0.016。冬小麦和夏玉米叶片光合速率(Pn)对播期的响应亦不同,冬小麦播期间的Pn较为相近,而夏玉米播期每推迟10 d Pn递减率1.21μmol·m^(-2)·s-1。播期调整对华北北部冬小麦、夏玉米籽粒品质不会产生明显影响。【结论】气候变暖背景下我国北方冬小麦延迟播种,延宽适宜播种期是适应气候变暖的积极有效措施,华北平原夏玉米适期早播可避免高温热害影响,有助于稳产增产。

不同供磷水平对椰枣幼苗生长、生理指标和营养元素含量的影响

【目的】通过分析不同供磷水平对椰枣幼苗生长、生理指标和营养元素含量的影响,为构建椰枣幼苗平衡施肥技术提供理论依据。【方法】以椰枣幼苗为试验材料,采用盆栽试验,设4个供磷水平处理,浓度分别为5(CK)、100、1000和5000μmol/L,培养7个月后,观察测定幼苗的生长、生理指标和营养元素含量。【结果】5μmol/L供磷水平下,椰枣幼苗长势弱;100μmol/L供磷水平下椰枣幼苗的根部鲜重显著低于1000μmol/L供磷水平(P<0.05,下同);1000μmol/L供磷水平下椰枣幼苗长势好,其根部鲜重、地上部干重、株高增加量、植株磷含量、植株磷累积量、第3叶和第6叶片中的可溶性蛋白含量均显著大于CK;5000μmol/L供磷水平下,新抽叶片密集,根部磷利用效率和植株磷利用效率最低。同一供磷水平下,椰枣幼苗茎尖中的磷含量高于叶片和根尖。不同供磷水平对地上部和根部氮、钾、钙、镁、钠、铝元素的含量影响不同。随着供磷水平的增加,地上部和根部的钾、铝含量,以及地上部钙含量均先增加后降低,地上部镁含量逐渐增加,根部钙、镁含量逐渐降低;5000μmol/L供磷水平下,地上部和根部的钠含量达最高。1000μmol/L供磷水平下,椰枣幼苗地上部的氮、钾、镁、钠、铝的累积量,地上部氮利用效率,以及地上部和根部的钙利用效率显著大于CK。【结论】营养液中的供磷水平会影响椰枣幼苗的长势、生理指标及营养元素的含量、累积量和利用效率。过低或者过高供磷水平均不利于椰枣幼苗的生长,1000μmol/L供磷水平下,椰枣幼苗长势良好。