Family Status and Dilemma of HIV Positive Subjects

Objective To understand the family status and dilemma of HIV positive subjects and provide some related suggestions. Methods Constructured questionnaire and in-depth interview were used to survey their psychological needs of the 111 HIV positive subjects and AIDS patients from 4 provinces in China. Results HIV positive subjects and AIDS patients had strong mental stress. All of them hope to get support from their families; the most difficulty the subjects faced was economic poor. Conclusion It is a highlight to promote AIDS education to establish a good social environment in which HIV positive subjects and AIDS patients can live quietly and happily. And psychological support from their families and the society is very important to HIV positive subjects and AIDS patients.

Web-based cognitive interventions on subjective cognitive impairment in cancer survivors:A systemic review

Objective:Cancer survivors have experienced subjective cognitive impairment(SCI)when they received cancer diagnoses or treatments.Their psychosocial and emotional statuses were also impacted.With the advancement of web technologies,web-based cognitive interventions have been implemented in the management and the alleviation of the SCI,the psychosocial distress,and the emotional distress in cancer survivors.This review aimed to summarize the intervention contents of web-based cognitive interventions for SCI,and to explore the effects of the interventions on SCI,psychosocial status,and emotional health.Methods:Six databases(CINAHL Plus,Cochrane Library,Embase,APA PsycInfo,PubMed and CNKI)were searched from the establishment of databases up to December 2023.Literature references were also manually searched for related articles.Results:This review contained 21 studies that covered the contents of web-based cognitive interventions,such as computer-assisted cognitive training,online cognitive rehabilitation,cognitive behavior therapy with the Internet,telehealth physical exercise,and web-based mindfulness interventions.The effects of web-based cognitive interventions positively impacted SCI for cancer survivors.Also,these interventions showed varying degrees of effectiveness in alleviating psychosocial and emotional distresses.Conclusion:By summarizingfive types of cognitive intervention contents delivered via web technology,this review demonstrated that web-based cognitive interventions optimized SCI and overall psychosocial and emotional statuses for the cancer survivors.It is recommended that future research focus on the development of customized web-based cognitive interventions for individuals with SCI,along with their psychosocial and emotional statuses.

Extension Protocol for the Investigation on Nutrition Status and Clinical Outcome of Patients with Common Cancers in China(INSCOC)Study:2021 update

Background Malnutrition is common in patients with cancer,and this adversely affects the survival and quality of life of patients.Chinese Society for Nutritional Oncology issued a multi-center,large-scale,long-term follow-up prospective study,the Investigation on Nutrition Status and Clinical Outcome of Patients with Common Cancers in China(INSCOC study)since 2013.This is an extension to the previous 2013-2020 study protocol.This study still sought to:①address the prognostic impact of nutritional factors and quality of life on cancer patient survival;②describe the overall and cancer-specific incidence and/or distribution of malnutrition and different measurements of patient quality of life.Methods and study design This is an observational,multi-centered,hospital-based prospective cohort study.Data collection will be performed at baseline(within 48 hours after patient admission),during the hospital stay and 30 days after hospital admission.Follow-up will be conducted for 1-20 years after enrollment.The primary outcome will be the all-cause mortality/overall survival,and secondary outcomes will be the length of hospital stay and costs of hospitalization.Study factors will include demographic characteristics,tumor characteristics,information about chronic diseases,hematological measurements(e.g.,red blood cell count,total lymphocyte counts,hemoglobin,albumin,prealbumin,creatinine,C-reactive protein,IL-6),anthropometric measurements(e.g.,height,weight,arm circumference,arm muscle circumference,triceps skinfold thickness,and waist circumference),body composition parameters,PG-SGA scores,quality of life(as indicated by the QLQ-C30 questionnaire),muscle mass(as indicated by the calf circumference),muscle strength(as indicated by the handgrip strength),muscle function(as indicated by the six-meter walking speed test)and physical status assessments(as indicated by the Karnofsky Performance Status scores).This clinical study protocol was approved by local Ethics Committees of all the participating hospitals.Written informed consent is required for each subject included.Discussion This multi-center,large-scale,long-term follow up prospective study will help improve the diagnosis of malnutrition in cancer patients and identify the risk factors associated with adverse clinical outcomes.The anticipated results of this study will highlight the need for a truly scientific appraisal of nutrition therapy in Chinese oncology populations,and finally help treat the potentially reversible elements of malnutrition in cancer patients to improve their clinical outcomes in the future.

Malnutrition and Quality of Life in Chinese Cancer Patients: a Clinical Study of 23,994 Subjects

Background Malnutrition is common in patients with cancer,and can negatively impact their quality of life(QoL)and even survival.However,there is currently no large data available on the prevalence of malnutrition in Chinese cancer patients.This study evaluated the prevalence of malnutrition and the QoL of Chinese patients with locoregional,recurrent or metastatic cancer.Methods We conducted a nationwide observational,multi-center,hospital-based cross-sectional study within the Chinese Society of Nutritional Oncology(CSNO)Network.All of the patients were diagnosed with one of the following 18 different types of malignant tumors:lung cancer,gastric cancer,liver cancer,colorectal cancer,breast cancer,esophageal cancer,cervical cancer,endometrial cancer,nasopharyngeal carcinoma,malignant lymphoma,leukemia,pancreatic cancer,ovarian cancer,prostate cancer,bladder cancer,brain cancer,biliary tract malignant tumors or gastrointestinal stromal tumors.These patients were enrolled from 72 hospitals located in different regions of China.The patients’nutritional status was evaluated based on the body mass index(BMI),loss of bodyweight,laboratory measurements and patient generated-subjective global assessment(PG-SGA)scores.The cancer patients’physical status and QoL were assessed by the Karnofsky Performance Status(KPS)questionnaire and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer(EORTC)QLQ-C30 questionnaire,respectively.Results From December 2013 to April 2016,23,994 patients hospitalized for cancer treatment(such as surgery,chemotherapy or radiotherapy)were enrolled in the study.The patients included 12,494(52.9%)males and 11,124(47.1%)females.The mean age was 55.8±13.7 years.The proportions of patients in cancer stagesⅠ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳand uncertain were 11.5%,20.3%,27.5%,30.2%and 10.5%,respectively.Among the 23,994 inpatients,the proportions of patients who were underweight(BMI<18.5 kg/m2),normal(18.5 kg/m2<BMI<24 kg/m2),overweight(24 kg/m2≤BMI<28 kg/m2)and obese(BMI≥28 kg/m2)were 9.3%,59.9%,26.1%and 4.7%,respectively.A total of 18.3%(4,101/22,424)of patients had lost 5%or more of their bodyweight within the past month and 19.6%(2,463/12,538)of patients had lost 10%or more of their bodyweight within the past 6 months.According to the PG-SGA scores,26.6%of the patients were severely malnourished(score≥9),31.3%were moderately malnourished(scores 4~8).A total of 22.2%of patients had a serum albumin level lower than 35g/L.Only 8.6%(2056/23,991)of the patients had severe KPS scores(≤60).The patients with these severe KPS scores were most frequently among those with cancers of the brain(19.7%),prostate(18.0%),pancreas(15.5%)and bladder(15.0%).Based on the QLQ-C30 score,11.6%of patients had a poor QoL.The PG-SGA score and global QoL were correlated(r=-0.593,P<0.001).Conclusion The prevalence of malnutrition in patients with cancer is relatively high,and is related to a poorer QoL.The present findings should be kept in mind when assessing cancer patients,because addressing the patient’s problems in nutritional status would be expected to improve both the clinical outcomes and QoL in cancer patients with malnutrition.

Validity of the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment(PG SGA)in Colorectal Cancer Patients in China

Objective The patient-generated subjective global assessment(PG-SGA)is a nutritional assessment tool specially designed for cancer patients.This study tested the validity of the PG-SGA for the nutritional assessment of colorectal cancer(CRC)patients in China.Methods A total of 8,093 Chinese patients with any stage CRC were enrolled in this cross-sectional,observational study.Within the first 48 hours of admission,patients were evaluated using the PG-SGA,nutritional risk screening 2002(NRS 2002),Karnofsky Performance Status(KPS),and some anthropometric parameters,including the triceps skinfold thickness(TSF),mid-arm circumference(MAC),mid-arm muscle circumference(MAMC),hand grip strength(HGS),maximum left calf circumference(MLCC),and maximum right calf circumference(MRCC),among others.Spearman’s correlation test was performed to analyze item-total score correlations and correlations between the total PG-SGA score and other parameters or performance scores,further testing convergent validity.The discriminative ability of the PG-SGA was measured by comparing different characteristics between several nutritional groups.A principal component analysis was performed with selected parameters to evaluate the construct validity.Results The average total PG-SGA score of all patients was 5.69±4.46,and they had a median age of 59 years(interquartile range(IQR),51-67 years)and an average body mass index(BMI)of 22.57±3.29 kg/m^(2).The item-total correlations of the total PG-SGA score between the global PG-SGA rating(Spearman,r=0.94)and PG-SGA score(patient-generated)(Spearman,r=0.97)were strong.Significant correlations were also found between the total PG-SGA score and other nutritional screening tools,including the BMI(Spearman,r=-0.26),KPS(Spearman,r=-0.36),and NRS 2002(Spearman,r=-0.47).Well-nourished(41.2%),mildly or moderately malnourished(35.3%)and severely malnourished(23.5%)groups defined according to the PG-SGA had significantly different characteristics.Patients with a worse nutritional status tended to have a decreased BMI(well-nourished,23.32 kg/m^(2)vs.mildly or moderately malnourished,22.52 kg/m^(2)vs.severely malnourished,21.35 kg/m^(2);P<0.001),hemoglobin,body fat mass,muscle mass,protein mass,TSF,MAC,HGS,MAMC,and MLCC,and a dramatically increased C-reactive protein level.The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure was>0.7,and the P value of Bartlett’s test of sphericity was<0.001.One component was extracted by the principal component analysis,and the analysis showed that the total PG-SGA score explained the total variances of 97.3%.Conclusion The PG-SGA is a valid tool for evaluating the nutritional status for Chinese CRC patients.

Vision-Based Learning Status Monitoring on Color and Depth Live Facial Videos

This study analyzes live facial videos for recognizing nonverbal learning-related facial movements and head poses to discover the learning status of students. First, color and depth facial videos captured by a Kinect are analyzed for face tracking using a three-dimensional （3D） active appearance model （AAM）. Second, the facial feature vector sequences are used to train hidden Markov models （HMMs） to recognize seven learning-related facial movements （smile, blink, frown, shake, nod, yawn, and talk）. The final stage involves the analysis of the facial movement vector sequence to evaluate three status scores （understanding, interaction, and consciousness）, each represents the learning status of a student and is helpful to both teachers and students for improving teaching and learning. Five teaching activities demonstrate that the proposed learning status analysis system promotes the interpersonal communication between teachers and students.

Teaching of Subject-Based English to Non-English Majors

Subject-Based English is an important part in college English for non-English major students and an effective way to help them to complete the transition from language learning to its practical application.In this paper,the author discusses the significance of setting up subject-based English,the teaching materials for subject-based English and focus on teaching model and teaching method.Based on this new teaching concept,in teaching process,Task-driven approach is recommended.In fact Task-driven teaching method is based on communicative approach and the theory of structuralism.They can accomplish certain learning tasks via necessary cooperation.By a large number of practice activities planed,they can improve their application skills in English listening,speaking,reading,writing and translation further.

赋权增能视域下高职英语课堂效率提升研究——以安徽汽车职业技术学院为例

当前高职英语教学实践中存在“教、学、用”脱节的问题,导致课堂总体效率较低。赋权增能理论以学生为中心,以激发学生兴趣为出发点,注重培养学生语言综合应用能力和自主学习能力。以该理论为指导,搭建英语课堂教学实施的理论框架,通过角权责统一、做学用合一等方法,有效提高了学生的语言技能水平和多元文化交际能力。

网络学习与人的主体性发展

网络学习是人们通过互联网而进行的学习活动 ,具有开放性、平等性、交互性、虚拟性和自主性。一方面 ,网络学习使学习者在实践和交往中获得更大的自由和更高的主体地位 ,它尊重个体的需要并予以满足 ,促进个体的认知和创造 ,丰富对自我的认识和体验。另一方面 ,网络学习又束缚了学习者主体性的发展 ,主要表现在 :强化了学习者对技术的依赖 ,强化了学习者对真实世界的疏离 ,弱化了学习者的理性思考能力 ,弱化了学习者的目的性。

试论学习策略教学过程中的主体体验

主体体验不足或缺乏主体体验会制约学习策略教学有效性的发挥 ,影响学习策略教学的进一步推展。主体体验是学习者在学习过程中 ,对策略的构成、意义及应用的内省与体悟 ,它既是学习策略教学的特殊阶段 ,也是伴随、渗透在其他环节中的关键因素。主体体验在学习策略教学过程中具有内隐性、情境性、个性化等特点。强化主体体验的教学建议主要包括 :主体差异与策略选择 ;积极体验与合理反馈 ;

教育中“主体与客体之说”的重新审视

20世纪80年代初,我国学者提出了教育活动与过程中的"主体与客体之说",即在教育教学中,教师和学生谁是"主体"谁是"客体"的理论。这一理论被广泛地接受并且发展成了我国教育的基础理论。该理论把教师和学生二者对立起来,从二者中选择谁是"主体",谁是"客体",是对教育本质的曲解,是一大悖论。也正是这一"悖论"使我国当前教育出现了许多困惑和误区。只有彻底摒弃"教育中的主体和客体之说",树立教师"服务者",学生"学习者"的师生角色观,才能彻底挣脱这一"悖论"的影响和束缚,从而实现真正意义上的"以人为本"的教育。

信息技术时代学习者的主体性分析——基于技术哲学的视角

主体性是作为活动主体的人的质的规定性。随着社会的不断发展,人的主体性也会逐渐发生变化,这些变化会影响我们对信息技术时代教育问题的考察,甚至可以认为是我们对所有信息时代教育问题考察的基础性问题。而认识信息技术时代学习主体(学习者)的特征,需要从主体性出发,结合技术哲学的成就进行深入分析。新生代学习者的主体性不仅有表现状态,更重要的是有发展过程:从状态角度看,认识新生代学习者之主体性可以以海德格尔的上手与在手或伊德所言人与技术的四种关系为参照;从过程角度看,新生代学习者在斯蒂格勒所言“人—技术”结构(机制)的作用下,其主体性特征体现为无本质、不安分和走向技术具身。

学科知识和学科教学知识在课堂教学中的有机融合

教师不仅要拥有深刻的学科知识而且还要拥有宽广的学科教学知识。有效的课堂教学是两者的有机融合。通过从学习者的视角剖析一堂数学课的教学,具体分析了学科知识和学科教学知识在课堂教学中是怎样有机融合的,在经验层面证实了上述观点。该课例是青浦经验新行动的产物。青浦经验从本质上说是学科知识和学科教学知识有机融合的产物,是指导有效教学的本土经验。学科知识和学科教学知识的有机融合是数学和教育在课堂教学中的诉求,也可更好地解读本土经验。

走向技术具身:信息技术时代学习者主体性再认识

学界对伊德技术具身思想的态度是积极的,但多在错误理解“技术”之实质的同时,仅以静态的目光看技术具身,由此导致了关于学习者主体性认识出现局限性甚至是偏误。文章追溯海德格尔等人的存在论哲学去把握该问题,发现其“技术具身”实应理解为“走向技术具身”。所言“走向”乃是发生,即存在发生,且人的存在、技术的存在及人与技术关系实际上是同一命题。因之,以“走向技术具身”为基本立场,学习者主体性之要义包括主客二分的超越、生存过程的凸显和由实在论转向存在论等。

成人学习特征与成人高等教育专业教学改革浅论

成人学习特征是开展成人高等教育专业教学改革的基础和条件。成人学员具有较强的学习能力、独立的人格、丰富的经验和突出的问题意识等学习特征。成人高等教育专业教学改革必须注重师生主体间性、教学内容针对性、启发式教学和学员自我导向学习。

论教师作为学习者的主体立场

教师作为学习者,是基于教师发展的主体立场提出的新命题,既契合职业本性,也适应时代精神。教师作为学习者,目的维度是"学以成人",内容维度是"学致广大",动机维度是"学起内需",过程维度是"学于互动"。成就教师作为学习者,政府和教育行政部门要以增加教师自由时间为宗旨制定政策,学校要以激发教师真实学习为目标规划发展,教师本人要超越功利化学习重建"自我意识"。

“做学用合一”平台型英语课程的赋权增能教学路径研究

“做学用合一”平台型课程是英语专业课堂教学模式的一种探索和创新,在培养学习自主性、提升思辨能力和实现学习个性化等方面取得了令人满意的教学效果。本文在介绍平台型课程实践框架的基础上,从兴趣驱动任务型学习、发挥学习者主体性、构建平等师生关系、语言—知识—技能融合、课堂教学与课外学习协同、动态教学评估六个方面探讨该课程的赋权增能理念,并从建立新型课程评价体系、尊重个体差异、注重语言—知识—技能协同进步及重视教学理论和教学实践统一等四个方面展望赋权增能理念下英语课程改革的路径。

学习者自主模式下教师角色转换的哲学旨归

学习者自主是一种全新的学习模式,它的出现对传统的学习模式与教学模式带来了严峻的挑战,其成功的关键取决于顺利实现教师角色的转换。这种教师角色的革命性转换是以实现师生主体性价值、师生间民主平等的和谐关系,以及为实现人的全面发展创造条件为最终哲学旨归的。

论学习者在远程教育中的主体地位与作用

现代远程教育采用电视、录像、多媒体、计算机网络等多种教学媒体 ,实行师生时空分离的人—机授课方式和自主学习的全新教学模式 ,从而真正确立了学习者在现代远程教学活动中的主体地位。要转变教育观念 ,改进教学方法 ,激发学生主动学习的积极性 ,掌握科学的学习方法和技巧 ,培养他们坚忍不拔的毅力和进取精神 。

略论学校教育中的家长角色

倡导家长在学校教育中扮演积极角色意义重大。学校教育中的家长角色可以放在家长与政府、与子女、与学校和教师三种社会关系体系中来考察。目前我国家长角色总体而言比较单一,对学校教育活动的参与程度不足,权利与义务相对失衡,其原因既有表层的其他各主体的角色期待和提供的条件,也有深层的文化影响和经济制约。倡导我国家长的权利主体、学习者、学校和教师的合作伙伴以及学校管理参与者等角色具有积极现实意义。