Native language has been rejected for a long time in the foreign language class, which results from a misunderstanding to native language transfer by most teachers. Actually, it is an effective learning strategy to co...Native language has been rejected for a long time in the foreign language class, which results from a misunderstanding to native language transfer by most teachers. Actually, it is an effective learning strategy to complete the communication task under the help of native language, which should be acknowledged. Using native language to explain specific words or grammar rules can take advantage of the limited class-time efficiently and increase the class efficiency; using native language to discuss teaching method and solve the problems for the students can promote their enthusiasm. In these specific teaching processes, native language is an important teaching resource. Instances identify that native language has positive effects in the foreign language learning and teaching and it should have its own standpoint.展开更多
In the context of globalization,the exchange of language across borders has become more frequent,and it is very essential to learn a language other than Mandarin Chinese.Therefore,various language learning software ha...In the context of globalization,the exchange of language across borders has become more frequent,and it is very essential to learn a language other than Mandarin Chinese.Therefore,various language learning software have appeared one after another.Currently,the application of the language learning software in the classroom has become a hot topic of discussion.This paper mainly expounds the application of language learning software in foreign language lessons for reference by relevant personnel.展开更多
With the enhancement of friendship between different nations, foreign language learning has become more and more important. In particular, spoken language is playing a vital role in foreign language learning and pract...With the enhancement of friendship between different nations, foreign language learning has become more and more important. In particular, spoken language is playing a vital role in foreign language learning and practice. In order to improve foreign language teaching and learning proficiency in ethnic regions, the author analyses the current situation of spoken foreign language teaching and learning in ethnic regions and suggests some ways to solve the existing problems.展开更多
This study investigated the status quo and further improvement needs of foreign language teachers’teaching competence in curriculum-based ideological education(CIE)in Xinjiang colleges and universities.The results sh...This study investigated the status quo and further improvement needs of foreign language teachers’teaching competence in curriculum-based ideological education(CIE)in Xinjiang colleges and universities.The results show that the teachers’teaching competence in CIE is generally good,with the“cultivating quality”being the highest and the“scientific research quality”the lowest;there still exist several problems,such as teachers’lack of theoretical knowledge in CIE,lack of teaching resources,and insufficient abilities in teaching design and research.It is hoped that with the support and efforts from university administrations,teachers can improve their teaching competence in CIE through various approaches adopted and multiple measures taken,thus optimizing their teaching effectiveness,promoting the construction of CIE in Xinjiang colleges and universities in the new era,and contributing to Xinjiang’s high-quality development.展开更多
Learner Autonomy has been a hot topic in foreign language learning and teaching since 1960s,especially in relation to life-long skills.As the globalization develops,intercultural communication becomes more and more si...Learner Autonomy has been a hot topic in foreign language learning and teaching since 1960s,especially in relation to life-long skills.As the globalization develops,intercultural communication becomes more and more significant for college students.This essay attempts to explore main approaches to cultivate and improve students' autonomous learning ability and intercultural communication competence in foreign language teaching.展开更多
With the rising status of China in the world in the economic, political and cultural aspects, Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language (TCFL) is becoming more and more prevalent across the world. Britain is the countr...With the rising status of China in the world in the economic, political and cultural aspects, Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language (TCFL) is becoming more and more prevalent across the world. Britain is the country where the Chinese is taught and learnt earlier than other Western countries. Take the students in Confucius Institute of Newcastle University in UK for example, due to the students' different backgrounds and also different ages and language foundations, whether the Chinese teaching materials can meet their motivations and needs is a problem worth further investigation by Chinese language teachers. Therefore, concerning the leamers' different ages and cognitive ability, this paper aims to analyze the textbook named Kuaile Hanyu (Happy Chinese) in terms of its advantages and disadvantages, in hope to evaluate whether it is appropriate to different learners and propose a few suggestions for the Chinese materials in the future. Simultaneously, fi'om perspective of implicit learning and explicit learning, a tentative study is carried out on the influence of implicit and explicit leaming in TCFL context.展开更多
Model for spoken is expected to overcome difficulties in teaching and learning Indonesian language for foreign speakers. Language anxiety is the anxiety that arises when a person learns foreign language. Foreign Langu...Model for spoken is expected to overcome difficulties in teaching and learning Indonesian language for foreign speakers. Language anxiety is the anxiety that arises when a person learns foreign language. Foreign Language Anxiety (anxiety to learn a foreign language) is of concern or negative emotional reactions that arise when studying or using foreign language. Self-regulated learning is an active and constructive process undertaken by learners in setting goals for their learning and trying to monitor, regulate, and control of cognition, motivation, and behavior, then everything is directed and driven by purpose and adapted to the context and environment. The research method used is an R and D (research and development) method with a sample of foreign speakers of Chinese. Variables that receive interference are the ability to speak in Indonesian, while the variables used to interfere with the self-regulated learning and language anxiety as a variable controller. Intrapersonal factors become barriers that cause stuttering speech limited due to the mastering subject content. On the basis of that, this speaking model applies the principle of self-regulated learning in the learning process, using a communicative and contextual approach. This model intended for foreign speakers who learn Indonesian language outside of Indonesia, so to bring the atmosphere mandated in sociolinguistic built through media and relevant teaching methods.展开更多
This study aims to find out the effect of the model of ODL (Open and Distance Learning) for teaching Indonesian for foreign and whether this model of ODL implements socio-cultural and psychological approaches. The s...This study aims to find out the effect of the model of ODL (Open and Distance Learning) for teaching Indonesian for foreign and whether this model of ODL implements socio-cultural and psychological approaches. The students' learning of Indonesian for foreign is in so many aspects that it must be considered from both psychological aspects of students' language and cultural aspects. The research was carried out on foreign students' studying Indonesian language. The research method used action research. ODL model developed this concerning how the students are anxious in foreign language learning and language use in accordance with Indonesian culture. The model of ODL for teaching foreign Indonesian uses the Internet facilities such as email, Skype, VolP, Google Talk, circulating document with comments, chat, forum, CD, audio-video, stream media player, and e-learning system. Based on the results of this study which is that students study the model ODL for teaching Indonesian through socio-cultural approach and psychological aspects and students of Indonesian for foreign improve their ability to use the Indonesian language, students are able to converse fluently in Indonesian in accordance with Indonesian culture展开更多
This paper deals with the application of nominal indirect anaphora to unveil the essence of nominal indirect anaphora and disclose the magic power of cohesion and coherence inside it from the angle of cognitive lingui...This paper deals with the application of nominal indirect anaphora to unveil the essence of nominal indirect anaphora and disclose the magic power of cohesion and coherence inside it from the angle of cognitive linguistics.Thus we can apply the resolution mechanism for English teaching and learning for English learners.展开更多
Foreign language teaching practice is developing rapidly,but research on foreign language teacher learning is currently relatively fragmented and unstructured.The book Foreign Language Teacher Learning,written by Prof...Foreign language teaching practice is developing rapidly,but research on foreign language teacher learning is currently relatively fragmented and unstructured.The book Foreign Language Teacher Learning,written by Professor Kang Yan from Capital Normal University,published in September 2022,makes a systematic introduction to foreign language teacher learning,which to some extent makes up for this shortcoming.Her book presents the lineage of foreign language teacher learning research at home and abroad,analyzes both theoretical and practical aspects,reviews the cuttingedge research results,and foresees the future development trend,painting a complete research picture for researchers in the field of foreign language teaching and teacher education as well as front-line teachers interested in foreign language teacher learning.This is an important inspiration for conducting foreign language teacher learning research in the future.And this paper makes a review of the book from aspects such as its content,major characteristics,contributions and limitations.展开更多
There are various affective factors which have a profound influence on foreign language learning,such as aptitude,social-psychological factors and emotion,etc,among which the social-psychological factors,namely,motiva...There are various affective factors which have a profound influence on foreign language learning,such as aptitude,social-psychological factors and emotion,etc,among which the social-psychological factors,namely,motivation and attitude,are the focus ofthis thesis.This thesis aims to analyze the role played by motivation and attitude in foreign language learning.展开更多
This paper attempts to explain the advantages and disadvantages of different foreign language teaching methods.Then the present situation of college English class will be discussed and it will then point out that a co...This paper attempts to explain the advantages and disadvantages of different foreign language teaching methods.Then the present situation of college English class will be discussed and it will then point out that a combination of several methods is most suitable for most college students.展开更多
This paper explores the integration of the bridge-in,objectives,pre-assessment,participatory activities,post-assessment and summary(BOPPPS)teaching model within the context of the post-graduates Academic English cours...This paper explores the integration of the bridge-in,objectives,pre-assessment,participatory activities,post-assessment and summary(BOPPPS)teaching model within the context of the post-graduates Academic English course.It discusses how this structured approach can effectively enhance students’language proficiency,foster critical thinking skills,and align with the multifaceted objectives of advanced English language education.The study provides a detailed examination of each BOPPPS component as applied to the post-graduates Academic English curriculum,supported by theoretical underpinnings and practical implications.展开更多
One of the most obvious markers of an individual’s identity is their language.However,in some ways,the relationship between identity and language acquisition seems to be missed.In fact,a lot of studies have shown tha...One of the most obvious markers of an individual’s identity is their language.However,in some ways,the relationship between identity and language acquisition seems to be missed.In fact,a lot of studies have shown that identity may influence the reasons behind language acquisition,especially in bilingual or multilingual societies.Learning English can provide EFL(English as a Foreign Language)students with a good sense of identity and encourage them to practice their agency,which can improve learning efficiency and effectiveness.This paper examines how the efficacy and results of language learning are influenced by the learner’s identity.展开更多
Individual differences in foreign language learning have long been the concern of linguists and language teachers. Researches on this subject have been carried out in schools, universities and other educational instit...Individual differences in foreign language learning have long been the concern of linguists and language teachers. Researches on this subject have been carried out in schools, universities and other educational institutions and great achievements have been made. As it is, there are many individual differences which affect the learning of foreign languages, such as intelligence, aptitude, motivation, personality, attitude,展开更多
Formative evaluation is relatively more scientific and accurate as compared to traditional teaching evaluation.Formative evaluation is a method of professional evaluation of students’learning process,which is very im...Formative evaluation is relatively more scientific and accurate as compared to traditional teaching evaluation.Formative evaluation is a method of professional evaluation of students’learning process,which is very important in the entire course of teaching.In the actual teaching process,formative evaluation can better help teachers understand the situation of students,and take effective improvement measures to address the problems existing in the process of learning.As a contribution to the teaching of foreign languages in the colleges and universities,this paper will start with an introduction of formative evaluation,and then the application of formative evaluation in teaching.展开更多
The results of a great deal of research have suggested that language learning strategies can be taught and that instructing learning strategies and integrating them into regular instruction can greatly facilitate the ...The results of a great deal of research have suggested that language learning strategies can be taught and that instructing learning strategies and integrating them into regular instruction can greatly facilitate the learning of a second/foreign language.The aim of this article is to draw the readers' attention to strategic teaching that should be introduced in the foreign language classroom in order to meet the demands of contemporary language education. In particular, it points to the necessity that teachers should change their attitudes towards the roles they play in the classroom to become truly responsible for their learning.展开更多
Task-based language teaching(TBLT)emphasizes the relevance of classroom tasks to real-life scenarios,while focusing on the learner’s personal life experiences as an important resource for classroom learning.This arti...Task-based language teaching(TBLT)emphasizes the relevance of classroom tasks to real-life scenarios,while focusing on the learner’s personal life experiences as an important resource for classroom learning.This article is a teaching experiment based on task-based teaching method,which requires learners to complete a picture story about their daily life.The pictures are taken in real life scenes.Teachers plan to combine different task phases with visual images to closely link the tasks to the learner’s personal life and enhance the authenticity of the task.After the task is completed,the teacher understands the learner’s attitude and evaluation of the whole task through questionnaires,and analyzes the feasibility of the visual image applied to the foreign language classroom,the problems worthy of reflection,and suggestions for improvement.展开更多
Due to the increasing role and importance of foreign languages in the context of globalization, it is becoming more important to teach foreign languages for professional communication in different types of educational...Due to the increasing role and importance of foreign languages in the context of globalization, it is becoming more important to teach foreign languages for professional communication in different types of educational institutions including nonlinguistic colleges. In this regard, both the approaches to teaching foreign languages should be reconsidered, and also training programs that meet the requirements of future specialists should be created. One of the possible ways out is to use the competence-based approach, i.e., forming a set of special competences in future professionals to solve practical problems. For training a competitive IT-specialist, in teaching foreign languages it is necessary to form a number of language subcompetences in students that are on the basis of their professional competence. The proposed model can be used for teaching any foreign language, where the language component is invariable, and is filled with professional content.展开更多
South Africa has 11 official languages enshrined in the Constitution of the country. An additional language, sign language was approved as an official language at the end of 2008. The Constitution of the Republic of S...South Africa has 11 official languages enshrined in the Constitution of the country. An additional language, sign language was approved as an official language at the end of 2008. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and the South African Schools Act 84 of 1996 emphasise teaching and learning through any mother tongue, a learner would understand best. Section 29(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa categorically states that: "Everyone has the right to receive education in the official language or languages of their choice in public educational institutions where that education is reasonably practicable". However, most text books written in English have been prescribed at many schools. One is not certain whether the subjects are taught in English or in the indigenous language at these schools. In the end, those teachers use the mother tongue, together with English, in teaching learners. This result in code switching and code mixing takes place in classes, which are meant to facilitate communication across barriers of colour, language, and region, while creating an environment in which respect for languages other than one's own would be encouraged. Teaching and learning in one's mother tongue promotes full participation in the economy of the country. The aim of the paper is to investigate teaching and learning in Vhembe primary schools of the Limpopo Province in South Africa, within the framework of existing legislation. This will be compared with empirical evidence. The researcher seeks to establish what language(s) primary schools use for teaching and learning. Based on this, conclusions and recommendations will be made to assist stakeholders in language-in-education policy formulation.展开更多
文摘Native language has been rejected for a long time in the foreign language class, which results from a misunderstanding to native language transfer by most teachers. Actually, it is an effective learning strategy to complete the communication task under the help of native language, which should be acknowledged. Using native language to explain specific words or grammar rules can take advantage of the limited class-time efficiently and increase the class efficiency; using native language to discuss teaching method and solve the problems for the students can promote their enthusiasm. In these specific teaching processes, native language is an important teaching resource. Instances identify that native language has positive effects in the foreign language learning and teaching and it should have its own standpoint.
文摘In the context of globalization,the exchange of language across borders has become more frequent,and it is very essential to learn a language other than Mandarin Chinese.Therefore,various language learning software have appeared one after another.Currently,the application of the language learning software in the classroom has become a hot topic of discussion.This paper mainly expounds the application of language learning software in foreign language lessons for reference by relevant personnel.
文摘With the enhancement of friendship between different nations, foreign language learning has become more and more important. In particular, spoken language is playing a vital role in foreign language learning and practice. In order to improve foreign language teaching and learning proficiency in ethnic regions, the author analyses the current situation of spoken foreign language teaching and learning in ethnic regions and suggests some ways to solve the existing problems.
基金2022 Project of Foreign Language Teaching and Research in Xinjiang Colleges and Universities-General Project“Research on the Approaches to Improving Foreign Language Teachers’Teaching Competence in Curriculum-Based Ideological Education in Xinjiang Colleges and Universities in the New Era”(Project number:XJGXWYJG2022B04)。
文摘This study investigated the status quo and further improvement needs of foreign language teachers’teaching competence in curriculum-based ideological education(CIE)in Xinjiang colleges and universities.The results show that the teachers’teaching competence in CIE is generally good,with the“cultivating quality”being the highest and the“scientific research quality”the lowest;there still exist several problems,such as teachers’lack of theoretical knowledge in CIE,lack of teaching resources,and insufficient abilities in teaching design and research.It is hoped that with the support and efforts from university administrations,teachers can improve their teaching competence in CIE through various approaches adopted and multiple measures taken,thus optimizing their teaching effectiveness,promoting the construction of CIE in Xinjiang colleges and universities in the new era,and contributing to Xinjiang’s high-quality development.
文摘Learner Autonomy has been a hot topic in foreign language learning and teaching since 1960s,especially in relation to life-long skills.As the globalization develops,intercultural communication becomes more and more significant for college students.This essay attempts to explore main approaches to cultivate and improve students' autonomous learning ability and intercultural communication competence in foreign language teaching.
文摘With the rising status of China in the world in the economic, political and cultural aspects, Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language (TCFL) is becoming more and more prevalent across the world. Britain is the country where the Chinese is taught and learnt earlier than other Western countries. Take the students in Confucius Institute of Newcastle University in UK for example, due to the students' different backgrounds and also different ages and language foundations, whether the Chinese teaching materials can meet their motivations and needs is a problem worth further investigation by Chinese language teachers. Therefore, concerning the leamers' different ages and cognitive ability, this paper aims to analyze the textbook named Kuaile Hanyu (Happy Chinese) in terms of its advantages and disadvantages, in hope to evaluate whether it is appropriate to different learners and propose a few suggestions for the Chinese materials in the future. Simultaneously, fi'om perspective of implicit learning and explicit learning, a tentative study is carried out on the influence of implicit and explicit leaming in TCFL context.
文摘Model for spoken is expected to overcome difficulties in teaching and learning Indonesian language for foreign speakers. Language anxiety is the anxiety that arises when a person learns foreign language. Foreign Language Anxiety (anxiety to learn a foreign language) is of concern or negative emotional reactions that arise when studying or using foreign language. Self-regulated learning is an active and constructive process undertaken by learners in setting goals for their learning and trying to monitor, regulate, and control of cognition, motivation, and behavior, then everything is directed and driven by purpose and adapted to the context and environment. The research method used is an R and D (research and development) method with a sample of foreign speakers of Chinese. Variables that receive interference are the ability to speak in Indonesian, while the variables used to interfere with the self-regulated learning and language anxiety as a variable controller. Intrapersonal factors become barriers that cause stuttering speech limited due to the mastering subject content. On the basis of that, this speaking model applies the principle of self-regulated learning in the learning process, using a communicative and contextual approach. This model intended for foreign speakers who learn Indonesian language outside of Indonesia, so to bring the atmosphere mandated in sociolinguistic built through media and relevant teaching methods.
文摘This study aims to find out the effect of the model of ODL (Open and Distance Learning) for teaching Indonesian for foreign and whether this model of ODL implements socio-cultural and psychological approaches. The students' learning of Indonesian for foreign is in so many aspects that it must be considered from both psychological aspects of students' language and cultural aspects. The research was carried out on foreign students' studying Indonesian language. The research method used action research. ODL model developed this concerning how the students are anxious in foreign language learning and language use in accordance with Indonesian culture. The model of ODL for teaching foreign Indonesian uses the Internet facilities such as email, Skype, VolP, Google Talk, circulating document with comments, chat, forum, CD, audio-video, stream media player, and e-learning system. Based on the results of this study which is that students study the model ODL for teaching Indonesian through socio-cultural approach and psychological aspects and students of Indonesian for foreign improve their ability to use the Indonesian language, students are able to converse fluently in Indonesian in accordance with Indonesian culture
文摘This paper deals with the application of nominal indirect anaphora to unveil the essence of nominal indirect anaphora and disclose the magic power of cohesion and coherence inside it from the angle of cognitive linguistics.Thus we can apply the resolution mechanism for English teaching and learning for English learners.
文摘Foreign language teaching practice is developing rapidly,but research on foreign language teacher learning is currently relatively fragmented and unstructured.The book Foreign Language Teacher Learning,written by Professor Kang Yan from Capital Normal University,published in September 2022,makes a systematic introduction to foreign language teacher learning,which to some extent makes up for this shortcoming.Her book presents the lineage of foreign language teacher learning research at home and abroad,analyzes both theoretical and practical aspects,reviews the cuttingedge research results,and foresees the future development trend,painting a complete research picture for researchers in the field of foreign language teaching and teacher education as well as front-line teachers interested in foreign language teacher learning.This is an important inspiration for conducting foreign language teacher learning research in the future.And this paper makes a review of the book from aspects such as its content,major characteristics,contributions and limitations.
文摘There are various affective factors which have a profound influence on foreign language learning,such as aptitude,social-psychological factors and emotion,etc,among which the social-psychological factors,namely,motivation and attitude,are the focus ofthis thesis.This thesis aims to analyze the role played by motivation and attitude in foreign language learning.
文摘This paper attempts to explain the advantages and disadvantages of different foreign language teaching methods.Then the present situation of college English class will be discussed and it will then point out that a combination of several methods is most suitable for most college students.
文摘This paper explores the integration of the bridge-in,objectives,pre-assessment,participatory activities,post-assessment and summary(BOPPPS)teaching model within the context of the post-graduates Academic English course.It discusses how this structured approach can effectively enhance students’language proficiency,foster critical thinking skills,and align with the multifaceted objectives of advanced English language education.The study provides a detailed examination of each BOPPPS component as applied to the post-graduates Academic English curriculum,supported by theoretical underpinnings and practical implications.
文摘One of the most obvious markers of an individual’s identity is their language.However,in some ways,the relationship between identity and language acquisition seems to be missed.In fact,a lot of studies have shown that identity may influence the reasons behind language acquisition,especially in bilingual or multilingual societies.Learning English can provide EFL(English as a Foreign Language)students with a good sense of identity and encourage them to practice their agency,which can improve learning efficiency and effectiveness.This paper examines how the efficacy and results of language learning are influenced by the learner’s identity.
文摘Individual differences in foreign language learning have long been the concern of linguists and language teachers. Researches on this subject have been carried out in schools, universities and other educational institutions and great achievements have been made. As it is, there are many individual differences which affect the learning of foreign languages, such as intelligence, aptitude, motivation, personality, attitude,
文摘Formative evaluation is relatively more scientific and accurate as compared to traditional teaching evaluation.Formative evaluation is a method of professional evaluation of students’learning process,which is very important in the entire course of teaching.In the actual teaching process,formative evaluation can better help teachers understand the situation of students,and take effective improvement measures to address the problems existing in the process of learning.As a contribution to the teaching of foreign languages in the colleges and universities,this paper will start with an introduction of formative evaluation,and then the application of formative evaluation in teaching.
文摘The results of a great deal of research have suggested that language learning strategies can be taught and that instructing learning strategies and integrating them into regular instruction can greatly facilitate the learning of a second/foreign language.The aim of this article is to draw the readers' attention to strategic teaching that should be introduced in the foreign language classroom in order to meet the demands of contemporary language education. In particular, it points to the necessity that teachers should change their attitudes towards the roles they play in the classroom to become truly responsible for their learning.
文摘Task-based language teaching(TBLT)emphasizes the relevance of classroom tasks to real-life scenarios,while focusing on the learner’s personal life experiences as an important resource for classroom learning.This article is a teaching experiment based on task-based teaching method,which requires learners to complete a picture story about their daily life.The pictures are taken in real life scenes.Teachers plan to combine different task phases with visual images to closely link the tasks to the learner’s personal life and enhance the authenticity of the task.After the task is completed,the teacher understands the learner’s attitude and evaluation of the whole task through questionnaires,and analyzes the feasibility of the visual image applied to the foreign language classroom,the problems worthy of reflection,and suggestions for improvement.
文摘Due to the increasing role and importance of foreign languages in the context of globalization, it is becoming more important to teach foreign languages for professional communication in different types of educational institutions including nonlinguistic colleges. In this regard, both the approaches to teaching foreign languages should be reconsidered, and also training programs that meet the requirements of future specialists should be created. One of the possible ways out is to use the competence-based approach, i.e., forming a set of special competences in future professionals to solve practical problems. For training a competitive IT-specialist, in teaching foreign languages it is necessary to form a number of language subcompetences in students that are on the basis of their professional competence. The proposed model can be used for teaching any foreign language, where the language component is invariable, and is filled with professional content.
文摘South Africa has 11 official languages enshrined in the Constitution of the country. An additional language, sign language was approved as an official language at the end of 2008. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and the South African Schools Act 84 of 1996 emphasise teaching and learning through any mother tongue, a learner would understand best. Section 29(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa categorically states that: "Everyone has the right to receive education in the official language or languages of their choice in public educational institutions where that education is reasonably practicable". However, most text books written in English have been prescribed at many schools. One is not certain whether the subjects are taught in English or in the indigenous language at these schools. In the end, those teachers use the mother tongue, together with English, in teaching learners. This result in code switching and code mixing takes place in classes, which are meant to facilitate communication across barriers of colour, language, and region, while creating an environment in which respect for languages other than one's own would be encouraged. Teaching and learning in one's mother tongue promotes full participation in the economy of the country. The aim of the paper is to investigate teaching and learning in Vhembe primary schools of the Limpopo Province in South Africa, within the framework of existing legislation. This will be compared with empirical evidence. The researcher seeks to establish what language(s) primary schools use for teaching and learning. Based on this, conclusions and recommendations will be made to assist stakeholders in language-in-education policy formulation.