An Analysis of the Demand for Education for the Elderly in Rural Areas:A Caso Study of the Suburbs of Hangzhou

The education for the elderly is the last link of life-long education and an important part of spiritually providing for the aged.In the context of rural revitalization,this paper chooses the elderly in the suburbs of Hangzhou,an eastern developed city,as the survey object.Through the methods of questionnaire survey and quantitative statistics,this paper analyzes and introduces the basic situation of rural education for the elderly,the demand for participating in education for the elderly,the learning evaluation of education for the elderly and the problems existing in the education for the elderly in rural areas.On this basis,some brief conclusions and discussions are put forward.

Factors associated with active aging in Chinese elderly in rural areas of Xiangtan County,China

Objectives:To explore the level of active aging and correlates among rural elderly in Xiangtan County,China.Methods:A cross-sectional survey was conducted from July to November 2019.A total of 945 rural elderly from 3 towns in Xiangtan County,China,were investigated by using the positive aging evaluation questionnaire(PAEQ),the activity of daily living scale(ADL),and the depression in old-age scale(DIA-S).Results:The average score in the PAEQ among the rural elderly of Xiangtan County was 72.81(range=21-105).A moderate negative correlation was found between the score in the PAEQ and those in the ADL(r=−0.361)and DIA-S(r=−0.495).Symptoms of depression(β:−0.321,P=0.001),number of chronic diseases(β:−0.281,P=0.001),subjective economic status(β:0.239,P=0.001),ADL(β:−0.196,P=0.001),education(β:0.126,P=0.001),number of children(β:0.097,P=0.001),and marital status(β:−0.060,P=0.001)were significantly associated with levels of active aging in rural elderly,whereas gender and age were not independently related to active aging.Conclusions:The level of active aging is at a moderately high level in the Chinese elderly in rural areas in Xiangtan County.The focus group of active aging in rural areas should be elderly people suffering from chronic diseases,physical decline,poor education and economic conditions,childlessness,and those without partners.

Investigation and Countermeasures on the Health-Promoting Lifestyle of the Disabled Elderly in a Rural Area

Objective： To investigate the level of health-promoting lifestyle in the disabled elderly in a rural area and to provide useful countermeasures for health care workers and the government to improve the elderly＇ s lifestyle behaviors. Methods： A total of 446 disabled elderly people were recruited and examined using the General Questionnaire and Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II. Results： The mean score of the health-promoting lifestyle was 109.73（ SD = 16.80）, in which 90.6 percent of the disabled elderly demonstrated unhealthy lifestyle behaviors. The average score for each of the subscales includedthe following： interpersonal relations, stress management, nutrition, self-actualization, health responsibility, and sports activity. Conclusions： The health-promoting lifestyle of the disabled elderly needs to be improved; health care workers and the government should pay more attention to the countermeasures that can improve the lifestyle behaviors and promote the health of the disabled elderly.

A Survey on English Reading Status of Left-behind Children in Rural Areas of Northern China

Taking Suining County in Xuzhou city of Jiangsu province as the survey subject,this paper is to study the current English reading situation of the left-behind children based on a questionnaire survey of 472 respondents from 4 primary and middle schools in rural areas.The result indicated that there are serious problems in the current situation of English reading among left-behind children in rural areas,which are as follows:insufficient reading time and books,few access to having books,increased digital reading,many reading disabilities,poor reading environment,etc.This paper analyzes the reasons and gives corresponding countermeasures for society,school and family,to improve the English reading condition of rural left-behind children and to better promote their reading ability and habits.It also provides the reference for narrowing the disparity gap of reading resources services between urban and rural China.

Research on The Social Assistance of Left-behind Children in Rural Areas under The Policy of Precise Poverty Alleviation

With the development of economy, a large number of surplus labor force in rural areas has been transferred to cities, resulting in the increasing number of left-behind children in rural areas. Left-behind children are in a critical period of ideological enlightenment, accepting obligation education, outlook on life and world outlook, and the absence of parental care and education has a negative impact on their growth. It is an important problem to solve this problem in every aspect of society.

Emotional and Behavioral Problems of Left-Behind Children in Impoverished Rural China:A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study of First Grade Junior High School

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems and related factors of left-behind children in impoverished rural China(mainly in thefirst grade of junior high school).Methods:A cross-sectional survey of rural households in 27 poverty-stricken counties in 12 provinces across China was conducted using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire(SDQ).Results:The prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems in left-behind children was 11.7%,and that of non-left-behind children was 8.9%.There was statistical difference between the two groups(P<0.01).There are no differences between the two groups in terms of the various factors of SDQ.The incidence of insomnia in the left-behind group was 58.3%,which was higher than that in the non-left-behind group 50.9%(P<0.01);loneliness(62.1%vs.51.8%,P<0.01);running away from home(23.1%vs.18.8%,P<0.01),and self-injury behavior(16.8%vs.12.2%,P<0.01).Left-behind children are more likely to have negative psychological feelings including insomnia,loneliness,self-injury,and run away from home.They also experienced more bullying including maliciously teased by peers,intentionally excluded or isolated,physically threatened or intimidated.All of these factors are associated with their abnormal emotional and behavioural development.Conclusion:The incidence of emotional and behavioral problems of left-behind children in rural areas in poverty-stricken areas is significantly higher than that of non-left-behind children;Logistic regression analysis showed that bullying behavior and abnormal psychological characteristics are significantly associated with left-behind adolescents abnormal emotional and behavioral development.

Low selenium and reduced cognitive function in a cohort elderly study

Cognitive function in the elderly is affected by various environmental,social,and individual factors.Studies show that chemical trace elements are closely related to cognitive function.As a protective factor,selenium promotes cognition in the elderly.However,study results into the effects of selenium on cognition have varied.By eliminating unstable environmental and other related factors,the present study selected elderly individuals from rural areas of the Shandong province to verify whether low selenium exposure is a risk factor for decreased cognitive function.Results demonstrated that age,sex,education,occupation,hypertension,stroke,and body selenium levels were factors affecting cognitive function in the elderly,and that selenium was an important protective factor.Moreover,results supported the hypothesis that a lifelong low selenium level is associated with low cognitive function.

论长寿内卷化

进入长寿时代后,农村老年人在其高龄阶段的生命历程中,会遭遇各种负性生活事件。伴随其机体衰退,他们会不可避免地坠入巨大的生活风险之中。结合中国传统的老龄观,通过对“内卷化”这一概念的辨析和创造性转化,可以构建“长寿内卷化”的概念,以理解当前农村高龄老年人的生活风险状态。当高龄老年人的生命历程步入内卷点之后,其寿命虽然仍然在延长,但由于各种负性生命事件的发生和影响,生命质量却开始下滑,与理想状态相反的是,这段生命历程将持续进入病寿、苦寿、辱寿等单一存在或同时并存的生活风险状态;当这一曲线下滑至接近生命质量轴的交叉点时,它意味着高龄老年人生命主动或被动的终结。支撑从长寿内卷化到生活风险发生的机制是,城镇化进程带来的社会压力通过环状结构的新家庭结构形式向高龄老年人转移。秉持积极老龄观,加强政策干预,实现长寿去内卷化,是长寿时代所必需面对的重要议题。作为一个分析性概念的“长寿内卷化”,不仅对理解当前农村高龄老年人的生活风险具有理论意义和政策意义,将来也同样适用于分析城市高龄老年人的生活风险状况。

空巢老人失能状况及影响因素的城乡差异——基于2018 CLHLS数据的实证分析

[目的]分析我国空巢老人失能状况及影响因素的城乡差异,为预防老年人失能及完善老龄社会政策提供参考。[方法]基于2018年中国老年健康调查数据(CLHLS),选取≥65岁的空巢老人为研究对象,利用Katz指数量表及二分类Logistic回归模型对4488名空巢老人失能状况及影响因素进行分析。[结果]空巢老人总体失能率为13.4%,城市空巢老人失能率(14.6%)高于农村空巢老人(12.2%),轻度失能者占比最高(9.9%),洗澡困难是失能老人最易遇到的自理难题。高龄、自评健康差、患多种慢性病、参与社交活动频率低是城乡空巢老人失能的共同危险因素(P<0.05)。吸烟、过去从事体力劳动、未每年体检是农村空巢老人失能特有危险因素,受教育水平高则是其失能的保护因素(P<0.05)。[结论]与一般老年群体相比,我国空巢老人失能率较高,且失能状况存在显著城乡差异。应制定针对性预防和社会救助措施,完善老年照护服务支持体系,协同保障空巢老年人身心健康。

农村二孩家庭男孩偏好对长姐体质健康的影响研究

基于资源分配理论,选用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)2010-2018年数据,考察了农村二孩家庭中男孩偏好对长姐体质健康的影响及内在机制。研究发现:男孩偏好对长姐体质健康具有显著负向影响,相比有妹妹,有弟弟的长姐身高Z评分将降低0.254个单位,表现出发育迟缓和消瘦的概率比正常组将分别提高5%和2%,但与肥胖不存在显著关联。性别平等感知在男孩偏好与长姐体质健康关系中发挥调节效应,父母感知到的社会性别平等越弱,男孩偏好对长姐体质健康的不利影响越强。男孩偏好对长姐体质健康的影响存在异质性,长姐处于学龄期、二孩处于学龄前和父亲出生队列较早时,男孩偏好对长姐体质健康将产生更不利的影响。未来应结合我国农村地区重男轻女的社会环境,在保证儿童福利有效供给的基础上,发展以家庭为核心的福利政策,全面构建普惠型儿童福利支持体系。

中国农村老年人长期照护意愿及其影响因素——基于上海、湖北两地的对比分析

通过对上海和湖北两地农村老年人长期照护意愿的抽样调查,得到如下结论:(1)家庭照顾仍是农村老年人养老的主体性方式,但以非亲属为照顾方式的长期照护体系逐渐纳入农村视野。(2)不同型地区老年人长期照护意愿呈现梯次变化,由发达地区向发展中地区逐渐减弱。(3)发达地区更愿意选择直接支付方式获得长期照护服务,发展中地区愿意"以服务换取服务"。(4)农村老年人养老意愿是多因素共同作用的结果,文化程度越低、从事有收入的劳动、家庭收入越少、已婚且和老伴同居者越愿意接受家庭照顾;而拥有养老保险和医疗保险者愿意接受专人上门照顾,也更愿意进养老院或护理院。

基于有序Logit-ISM模型的农村空巢老人生活质量满意度的研究

提升农村空巢老人生活质量满意度是切实解决农村养老问题的落脚点。基于山东省546位农村空巢老人的调查数据,首先运用有序Logit模型确定了农村空巢老人生活质量满意度的影响因素,然后运用ISM模型解析出了各影响因素间的关联关系和层次结构。研究结果表明:身体健康状况、文体活动参与度、配偶状况、家庭和睦度、家庭年收入、对生活的担忧度、政府与社会关心度和养老模式等因素对农村空巢老人生活质量满意度有显著的影响。其中,对生活的担忧度和政府与社会关心度是表层直接因素,文体活动参与度、家庭和睦度和养老模式是中层间接因素,身体健康状况、配偶状况和家庭年收入是深层根源因素。

边疆地区农村老年人主观幸福感调查研究

老年人主观幸福感是衡量老年人生活的一个重要指标。月收入、亲密朋友个数和子女个数的不同会对边疆地区农村老年人主观幸福感产生显著影响。因此,做好基本生活保障、针对农村老年人的特点建立或健全农村老年人的养老保障制和完善农村老年人社会支持体系对于提高边疆地区农村老年人主观幸福感可以起到非常重要的作用。

农村老年人健康知识知晓现状及影响因素分析

目的:探讨山东省农村老年人的健康知识知晓率和影响因素,为针对性地开展老年人健康教育工作提供理论依据。方法:分层随机抽样方法调查了山东省青岛、烟台、济南、潍坊、临沂、聊城六地市的60岁及以上农村老年人451例,采取面对面的访谈形式了解老年人健康知识现状并分析其影响因素。结果:农村老年人的健康知识知晓率较低;单因素分析结果显示:性别、年龄、文化程度、经济收入等因素影响农村老年人健康知识知晓率。多因素分析结果显示:文化程度、对子女帮助、日常生活能力和处世表现4个因素有统计学意义。结论:各卫生管理部门和老年卫生工作者应充分利用各种途径加强农村老年人的健康教育工作,积极宣传卫生保健知识,提高老年人的健康水平。

山东省农村老年人健康知识知晓现状调查与分析

目的了解山东省农村老年人健康知识知晓现状并探讨相关的影响因素,为针对性地开展老年人健康教育工作提供理论依据。方法分层随机抽样方法调查了山东省青岛、烟台、济南、潍坊、临沂、聊城6地市60岁及以上的农村老年人451例,采取面对面的访谈形式对老年人健康知识状况进行现场调查,用构成比和知晓率等指标对资料进行统计描述,应用四格表x2检验、R×C表x2检验及进一步两两比较的x2分割法对性别、年龄、文化程度等因素的影响作用进行统计推断。结果农村老年人的健康知识知晓率较低;女性、高龄、低文化程度老年人的健康知识知晓现状较差。结论各卫生管理部门和老年卫生工作者应充分利用各种途径加强农村老年人的健康教育工作,积极宣传卫生保健知识,不断提高其疾病预防和控制的生活技能,更有效地保障老年人的健康。

可行能力视角下北方农村养老需求的实证分析

我国人口老龄化迅猛发展,农村养老需求满足度低,容易引发多种社会问题。根据内蒙古林东镇69位老年人的调查,基于阿玛蒂亚·森的可行能力理论,深入分析北方农村的养老需求,具体需求包括:扩展政治自由,通过提高收入和获得土地保障改善经济条件,通过提供高效医疗、完善教育服务、创立公共组织和建设基础设施创造社会机会,获得防护性保障;这些需求之间相互影响、相互补充。满足农村的养老需求,在认知上确立老年人参与农村发展的主体地位是根本,实践中发挥不同养老需求的互补作用是关键。

农村失能老人生活样态与养老服务选择意愿研究——基于东北农村的调查

当下中国60岁以上失能或半失能老人近4千万,占老年总人口的19.5%。由于失能老人大部分生活在经济落后、服务发展水平比较差的农村地区,他们生活困苦,没能同正常人一样分享社会经济发展成果。文章在调查失能老人的养老意愿和养老需求的基础上,分析了造成失能老人养老困境的原因,并提出解决失能老人的养老服务问题的路径。除了应该构建以机构养老为主体、社区照料为依托、居家养老为基础的服务体系之外,还应该建立针对失能老人的特惠制度,建成以政府为主导、民间资本和慈善组织积极参与的养老责任体系,基本养老金与特殊津贴共同发挥作用的收入保障体系,医疗保险管护体系,以满足失能老人基本需要,保障失能老人的权益。

发达省份农村留守与非留守老人养老之比较——基于山东省聊城市386位农村老人家庭调查数据的分析

农村留守与农村非留守老人养老的比较显示,子女外出务工对农村留守老人养老的影响并没有像已有的研究结论揭示的那样严重。研究结论的差别源于研究方法的不同。已有的研究结论多是子女外出务工前与外出务工后农村老人养老状况比较的结果。这一研究方法因无法剔除时间因素的作用,可能夸大了子女外出务工对农村留守老人养老的影响。

农村留守老人生活照料状况实证分析

随着农村大量剩余劳动力流向城镇,传统的家庭保障功能逐渐弱化,而中国的农村社会养老保险制度尚处在改革探索过程之中,再加上留守老人群体自身的特殊性、相关社会制度支持度的不足,使得留守老人所能获得的养老资源,尤其是生活照料方面的资源日渐匮乏。因此,应完善集中赡养制度,支持社会力量办养老事业,建立留守老人"时间储蓄银行",发挥社区组织的功能,进一步提高农村留守老人的养老保障水平。

流动还是留守?家庭流动安排对农村老人社会网络及心理健康的影响

农村劳动年龄人口流动对老年人生活状况和身心健康都产生重要影响。本文采用CLASS2014数据,基于家庭流动安排将农村老人区分为留守老人、流动老人和一般老人,利用多元线性回归模型对三类老人的社会网络和抑郁水平进行比较,并通过中介效应检验讨论了社会网络在老年人家庭流动安排与心理健康之间的作用机制。研究结果显示:(1)留守老人抑郁水平最高,流动老人抑郁水平与普通老人差异不显著。(2)留守导致老年人家庭网络萎缩,朋友网络维持不变,流动导致老年人朋友网络萎缩,家庭网络基本维持。(3)家庭网络在留守和抑郁水平之间起部分中介作用。对于农村老人来说,随同子女流动到城市可能是更好的选择;离家子女尽可能保持与留守老人的联系和支持,以切断家庭网络萎缩在留守与心理健康之间的中介路径。