Associations between Mental Health Outcomes and Adverse Childhood Experiences and Character Strengths among University Students in Southern China

Adverse childhood experiences(ACEs)can negatively affect mental health,whereas character strengths seem to be positively correlated with mental health.Detailed information on the history of ACEs among university students in China and the extent which mental health is associated with ACEs and character strengths can contribute to the needed empirical evidence for relevant stakeholders.Objectives of this study are 1)to estimate the prevalence of ACEs among undergraduate students in Southern China;and 2)to assess the extent which mental health outcomes(positive growth,well-being,and depression)are associated with ACEs and character strengths among undergraduate students in Southern China.We conducted a self-administered survey amongfirst and second-year students at a university in Southern China and analyzed data using descriptive statistics and linear regression analyses.Among the 779 students who completed the questionnaire,283 were males,439 were females,and 57 did not indicate their gender.The prevalence of ACEs among the participants was 32.1%.History of ACEs was associated with lower positive growth score(Adjusted Beta=-0.20;95%CI=-0.37,-0.02;p=0.030)and lower well-being score(Adjusted Beta=-1.13;95%CI=-2.04,-0.23;p=0.014).Vitality domain of character strength was associated with all three mental health outcomes after adjusting for covariables(all p-values<0.001).Our studyfindings provide empirical evidence for stakeholders in university mental health.However,caveats regarding lack of temporality,selection bias,social desirability bias,and lack of generalizability should be considered in the interpretation of the studyfindings.

The Relationship between AIDS High Risk Behaviors and Childhood Status, Perception of Gender Orientation and Rare Experiences/Psychology among Chinese Gays

Objectives: To probe some more important factors affecting the HIV epidemic by surveying the relationshipbetween AIDS high risk behaviors and childhood status,attitude/perception to gender of male/sex orientation andrare experiences/Psy-chology among Chinese gays. Methods: Data were collected from 240 Chinese gays whowere attracted by their same gender. Results: The extent of sex among China's Mainland gays issimilar to that of industrialized countries, and behaviorsthat exacerbate the HIV epidemic are universal.Perceptions 'being a girl is better',' Dislike toys likeswords or pistols in early childhood were predictors topassive anal intercourse in adulthood. Those gay men whobegan sexual intercourse younger than 16 years old tendedto have more sex partners and suffered more pain. Thosedisliked gender of male or self-regarded as female tended tohave more passive anal intercourse and related to childhoodcross-gender experience/psychology while those were raised as girls by their parentsdid not take on e above characters. Individuals who experienced sex coercion and drug abuse were the twosubgroups with the greatest high-risk behaviors. Individualswho had sex with females had the greatest number of malesex partners and were more prone to group sex. Individualswith pedophilia or gerontophilia had more casual sexpartners. Psychological problems encountered by Chinese Conclusions: The prospect of an extensive AIDSepidemic among Chinese gays does exist and somesubgroups of gays play more important roles in theepidemic. Some high risk behaviors among adult gays canbe foreseen explicitly by the predictors taking on inchildhood, and closely relate to attitude/perception, togender of male, to some rare experience/psychology.

Rethink Left-Behind Experience: New Categories and Its Relationship with Aggression

Left-behind experience refers to the experience of children staying behind in their hometown under the care of only one parent or their relatives while one or both of their parents leave to work in other places.College students with left-behind experience showed higher aggression levels.To further explore the relationship between left-behind experience and aggression,the current study categorized left-behind experience using latent class analysis and explored its relationship with aggression.One thousand twenty-eight Chinese college students with left-behind experience were recruited,and their aggression levels were assessed.The results showed that there were four categories of left-behind experience:“starting from preschool,frequent contact”(35.5%),“less than 10 years in duration,limited contact”(27.0%),“starting from preschool,over 10 years in duration,limited contact”(10.9%),and“starting from school age,frequent contact”(26.6%).Overall,college students who reported frequent contact with their parents during the left-behind period showed lower levels of aggression than others did.Females were less aggressive than males in the“starting from preschool,frequent contact”left-behind situation,while males were less aggressive than females in the“starting from school age,frequent contact”situation.Thesefindings indicate that frequent contact with leaving parents contributes to decreasing aggression of college students with left-behind experience.Meanwhile,gender is an important factor in this relationship.

Experimental Analysis on the Development of Cognitive Processes in Childhood Through Body Experience

This study aims at comparing the effect of an innovative educational approach,based on the continuous relationship between mind and body,to traditional methodologies;more in particular,it focuses on the cognitive processes of language and memory in childhood.Previous studies showed that the Embodiment Theory of Conceptual Representations considers the extent to which the concepts are embodied,i.e.,the way their conceptual features are represented in sensory and motor brain areas in an experience-dependent way.Similarly,the Motor Theory of Language suggests considering phonetic gestures,made by the speaker to produce them as language perception objects,reproduced in the brain as real invariant motor commands.This longitudinal research analyzed the impact of a museum-based education on the memory and language process of children aged 3-6 years,with the purpose of building links between the evolutionary dimension and the didactic dimension.In a wider perspective,these aspects assume great importance for educators that aim to train qualified students,ethically informed and trained as world citizens,starting from neuroscientific discoveries.

Relationships between Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, Adverse Childhood Experiences, and Neurodevelopmental Diagnoses

Objective: Children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) are overrepresented in early intervention programs, foster care, special education, juvenile corrections, and mental health services. In this study, we examine relationships between FASD and non-FASD controls for adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and neurodevelopmental disorders. Methods: A chart review was conducted among patients seen at our clinic from 2010-2017 with data on FASD, ACEs, neurodevelopmental diagnoses, and foster or residential care placement available. Results: Relative risk for FASD was increased in patients with increased ACE scores (RR = 5.08), increased numbers of neurodevelopmental diagnoses (RR = 2.36), and patients who have been in foster or residential care (RR = 9.53). FASD risk increased as ACE scores or the number of neurodevelopmental diagnoses increased. Patients with any ACEs were 3.96 times more likely to have FASD, and those with eight or more ACEs were 6.31 times more likely to have FASD than those with no ACEs. Patients with three or more neurodevelopmental diagnoses were 6.55 times more likely to have FASD than those with two or fewer diagnoses. Nine or more diagnoses increased the risk for FASD ten-fold (RR = 10.91). Conversely, patients diagnosed with FASD were more likely to have at least three ACEs (RR = 3.71), at least five neurodevelopmental diagnoses (RR = 1.61), and high rates of previous foster or residential care placement (RR = 5.39). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that all children being considered for placement in foster care or residential should be screened for FASD.

Interpretation of Nature:A Comparison of the Influence of Childhood Experience on William Wordsworth and John Ruskin

Since childhood,William Wordsworth and John Ruskin have developed a very natural love for landscape and scenery.Although they have different ways to interpret what they see and how they feel,they both stick to their genuine feelings without pre⁃tension in their poems.Those unpretentious feelings and behaviors,which are crucial to their later development to be remarkable artists,come from their original habit and attitude towards Nature as a child.All their life,they preserved this innocence in their work as a memory of childhood.

童年逆境与成年期高血压患病的研究进展

童年逆境(ACEs)是指发生在儿童时期(18岁以前)的各种创伤事件或情况。长期并持续的ACEs可能对儿童身心健康造成终身影响。目前,欧美地区的多项研究证实了ACEs可增加个体成年期高血压的患病风险,然而不同分型的ACEs与成年期高血压的关联仍存在争议。本文对不同分型的ACEs与成年期高血压相关研究进行综述,探讨童年期不同分型逆境对成年期高血压患病的影响及其发生、发展机制,归纳总结两者间的研究现状并提出展望,为改善儿童早期发展环境、预防其成年期高血压研究提供依据。

Childhood Adversity Phenotypes and Risky Health Behaviors among Chinese Adolescents: Extending the Concept of Adversity

ObjectiveTo present an approach to phenotyping ACEs and explore the association between ACEs and adolescent health risky behaviors based on the social context of China.Methods Totally,5,726 adolescents aged 12-18 years were investigated about their ACEs in the family,peer,school,and personal domains and the occurrence of six types of risky health behaviors(i.e.,smoking,drinking,sexual intercourse,self-harm,and suicidal ideation and attempts).Latent class analysis(LCA)was used to explore the ACE patterns.Results Six latent classes of ACEs were identified,including low adversity,school adversity,school adversity and peer victimization,peer victimization,maltreatment and peer victimization,and high adversity,and associated with risky health behaviors in adolescents.Being physically punished by a teacher,experiencing sexual abuse,and experiencing family trauma most strongly differentiated from the six AcE classes and were correlated with an increased risk for risky adolescent health behaviors.ConclusionThis study supports a positive association between ACEs and risky adolescent health behaviors.Peer victimization,school adversity and associated contexts need to be considered in future ACEstudies.

Treatment of Childhood Cancer in Southern Nigeria:Parents Perspective

Background:The care and treatment of a child with cancer is stressful for parents.Recognizing their challenges and addressing them are important strategies in aiding families cope with cancer therapy.Objectives:To ascertain the perspectives of parents on childhood cancer therapy and understand their challenges in order to devise effective ways of supporting them.Methods:This qualitative study was conducted between June and November 2018.Data were obtained through semi-structured interviews held with 27 parents whose children were being treated for various cancers at the Paediatric Oncology Unit of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital,Nigeria.Results:Respondents were 19 mothers,2 fathers,and 3 couples.Their children were aged 11 months to 15 years.Majority of respondent knew the diagnosis of their children while few could only name the site of the tumour.While undergoing chemotherapy,refusal to eat,vomiting,fever,pain,and falling of hairs were symptoms parents perceived as most distressing,which also affected them negatively.Treatment related costs drained families’monthly incomes and were considered the major challenge to treatment compliance.Financial support and prayers received were much appreciated and helped them cope better with their child’s therapy.Conclusion:Parents of children with cancer experience various stressors related to treatment.There is need to consistently offer them information regarding the side effects of cancer therapy and best ways of coping with them.They need to be supported in various ways to ensure compliance to their child’s therapy.

童年不良经历与犯罪关联性研究

童年不良经历是个体未来犯罪的潜在风险因素,已有研究表明其与犯罪行为具有正向关联性。但针对童年不良经历与重新犯罪间关系的研究较少,且不良经历的内部因素对重新犯罪的影响模式尚未明确。在生态系统理论、生命历程理论和逐级年龄非正式社会控制理论的指导下,通过对在押服刑人员和刑满释放人员的个别访谈和量表评估,深入认识和了解研究对象童年不良经历与其犯罪的潜在关联性,用“数”说话,循“数”治理,以实证方法发现家庭父母关系、教养方式、学校表现、越轨行为、同伴交往等影响因素都是重新犯罪的重要预测因子。通过聚焦个人成长经历劣势累积,提出家庭学校与犯罪的“共线性”关系、越轨行为与犯罪的“凝聚加持”关系,验证了发展犯罪预防理论中关于“生命早期的经历对于形成个体经验有关键性影响”的论述。最后,提出从家庭、学校和专门矫治教育入手的循证预防策略,从而实现犯罪预防的源头预防、法治预防、有效预防。

论彭学军少年小说中的童年经验

童年经验在彭学军的少年小说中具有重要的意义。彭学军的童年经验里有深刻的湘西生活印记和对传统文化的惺惺相惜。这些因素不仅影响了彭学军少年小说的题材选择,也影响了小说的人物形象塑造以及作家的审美倾向和价值判断,并由此形成了小说独特的诗性风格。

儿童期逆境与青少年抑郁的关系:有调节的中介效应

为探讨儿童期逆境与青少年抑郁的关系及其作用机制,采用儿童期逆境量表、青少年日常烦恼量表、核心自我评价量表、儿童抑郁障碍自评量表与学生家庭社会经济地位量表对4639名青少年进行调查。结果显示:(1)中职学生的儿童期逆境得分显著高于普高学生;(2)普通初中学生抑郁得分最低,与普高、中职、职高学生相比均显著,职高学生的抑郁得分显著高于普高学生;(3)儿童期逆境能够正向预测青少年抑郁水平;(4)日常烦恼在儿童期逆境与青少年抑郁之间起部分中介作用;(5)儿童期逆境对青少年日常烦恼的影响受到核心自我评价的调节。研究结果为青少年抑郁的预防和干预提供了新视角。

非自杀性自伤患者的生理疼痛与社会疼痛及其影响因素研究进展

非自杀性自伤行为是目前临床中常见的病理行为,严重影响个体身心健康。自伤与个体疼痛感知异常密切相关。疼痛分为生理疼痛和社会疼痛,相比健康人群,非自杀性自伤患者对生理疼痛敏感性低而对社会疼痛敏感性高,生理疼痛阈值增高而社会疼痛阈值减低,疼痛敏感性的改变使其通过“以痛镇痛”的方式缓解情绪。非自杀性自伤个体疼痛敏感性的改变与社会心理因素密切相关,自我批评、抑郁症状和童年期不良经历都与非自杀性自伤患者的疼痛敏感性有关。

自我厌恶在青少年童年不良经历与抑郁焦虑情绪、自杀风险间的中介作用

目的探讨自我厌恶在青少年童年不良经历与抑郁焦虑情绪、自杀风险之间的中介作用。方法在山东省日照市莒县5所初中、5所高中以网络问卷调查的形式进行横断面调查,共收集有效问卷6838份,用自制一般资料问卷、患者健康问卷(patient health questionnaire-9,PHQ-9)、7项广泛性焦虑量表(generalized anxiety disorder-7,GAD-7)、简明国际神经精神障碍访谈检查5.0中文版自杀模块、童年不良经历问卷修订版(revised adverse childhood experience questionnaire,ACEQ-R)、自我厌恶量表(self-hate scale,SHS)进行相关内容的评估。结果青少年抑郁情绪、焦虑情绪及自杀风险在女性(P<0.001)、高中年级(P<0.001)的检出率更高。有抑郁情绪、有焦虑情绪、有自杀风险的青少年在童年不良经历、自我厌恶的评分分别高于无抑郁情绪、无焦虑情绪、无自杀风险的青少年(P<0.001)。童年不良经历通过自我厌恶间接预测抑郁,间接效应为0.1488,效果量为60.86%(P<0.001);童年不良经历通过自我厌恶间接预测焦虑,间接效应为0.1524,效果量为62.87%(P<0.001);童年不良经历通过自我厌恶间接预测自杀风险,间接效应为0.0485,效果量为49.44%(P<0.001)。结论童年不良经历对青少年的抑郁焦虑情绪、自杀风险有预测作用,同时通过自我厌恶的中介作用而对青少年的抑郁焦虑情绪、自杀风险发挥影响。

母亲童年期不良经历与儿童神经心理发育的关联研究

目的:分析母亲童年期不良经历(ACE)的流行特点及其对儿童神经心理发育的代际影响,为促进儿童身心健康发展提供科学依据。方法:采用现况研究的方式,以北海市4所幼儿园和2所卫生院门诊作为研究现场,利用简体中文版童年期不良经历国际量表(SC-ACE-IQ)和年龄与发育进程问卷(第3版)(ASQ-3)父母版分别调查学龄前儿童母亲ACEs暴露和儿童神经心理发育水平;通过多因素logistic回归模型,分析母亲ACEs与儿童神经心理发育的关联。结果:母亲报告率最高的前3个ACEs为社区暴力(36.9%)、家庭暴力(32.3%)和身体忽视(22.5%),至少经历过1个ACE者占65.6%;多因素logistic回归分析结果显示:母亲童年期情感忽视经历增加子代解决问题能力(OR=3.8,95%CI:1.2~12.0,P=0.023)、沟通能力(OR=6.9,95%CI:2.3~20.3,P<0.001)和粗大动作(OR=3.8,95%CI:1.5~9.7,P=0.005)发育落后的风险。结论:北海学龄前儿童母亲ACEs暴露具有一定的地方特点,母亲情感忽视可能影响儿童解决问题能力、沟通能力和粗大动作等多个神经心理能力的发育。

炎症因子与母亲童年期不良经历和儿童青少年心理行为问题的关联性研究进展

童年期不良经历(ACEs)不仅直接损害个体躯体和心理健康,还可能通过代际传递对子代心理行为造成不良影响。近年来,代际健康影响的生物学机制得到广泛关注,其中,炎症因子的作用成为研究热点。本文对炎症因子、母亲ACEs和儿童青少年心理行为问题两两关联,以及炎症因子在母亲ACEs对其子代的儿童青少年期心理行为问题影响作用的研究进展进行综述,旨在探讨母亲ACEs代际影响的生物学基础,为儿童青少年心理行为问题的防控提供参考。

辨治儿童肥胖常用药对拾撷

总结张雪荣教授运用药对治疗儿童肥胖的经验。张教授认为儿童肥胖的病位主要在脾,常涉及肝肾,基本病机为脾虚湿盛,并兼有肝郁或肾阳虚,致痰湿瘀血内生留滞于肌肉腠理发为肥胖,属于本虚标实。治疗应当健脾利湿,并辅以疏肝、补肾阳,化痰活血。常用药对有荷叶与泽泻、茯苓与白术、柴胡与香橼、丹参与川芎、茯神与合欢皮、土茯苓与威灵仙。药对配伍得当,疗效明显。附验案1则以佐证。

国外积极童年经历的研究进展及启示

童年经历研究一直是教育领域的核心话题,对童年不良经历的研究相对成熟,而与之相对应的积极童年经历的研究在国内较为缺乏。近年来,国外对积极童年经历的研究逐渐增多,涵盖了其内涵、项目构建、理论基础及对个体发展的多方面影响。本文系统梳理了国外积极童年经历的研究进展,探讨其在心理健康、身体健康和社会健康方面的积极作用,并分析其对中国相关研究与实践的启示。借鉴国外的研究成果,旨在为我国构建更加科学、全面的儿童发展支持体系提供理论和实践参考。

有童年创伤的小学生同伴攻击和同伴受侵害类型及其情绪适应:基于潜在剖面分析

全球每年约有三成左右的学生卷入校园欺凌,主要体现在同伴攻击与同伴受侵害行为上。以739名五年级和六年级小学生为研究对象,根据童年创伤量表(简版)(CTQ-SF)筛选出有童年创伤经历的212名小学生。采用潜在剖面分析方法,探索同伴攻击和同伴受侵害类型,进一步探讨童年创伤经历、攻击和受侵害类型、情绪适应三者之间的关系。结果显示:(1)对于有童年创伤经历的小学生,攻击和受侵害类型可分为三类:低攻击-低受侵害型(42.45%)、中攻击-中受侵害型(43.40%)、高攻击-高受侵害型(14.15%)。(2)攻击和受侵害程度与情绪适应存在负相关,在消极情绪的得分上,高攻击-高受侵害型被试得分显著高于其他类型;在积极情绪的得分上,低攻击-低受侵害型被试得分与其他类型无显著差异。(3)所在年级、是否为留守儿童对有童年创伤经历的小学生同伴攻击和受侵害的潜在分类有显著影响。因此,建议关爱儿童心理健康,预防童年创伤;培养儿童的人际交往能力,建立健康的同伴关系;帮助儿童建立正确观念,习得情绪调节方法,促进他们的健康发展。

从语言核心经验到语文核心素养——幼小衔接语言集体教学活动的设计与实施

入学语言准备是科学幼小衔接的重要组成部分,语言准备是预测后续学业成绩和发展的重要指标,语文核心素养是一种以语文能力为核心的综合素养,是幼儿学好其他课程的基础,也是全面发展的需要。幼儿园语言集体教学活动如何与小学语文核心素养进行衔接值得研究。基于从语言到语文科学幼小衔接问题的探究,通过研究相关政策,分析了语言核心经验与语文核心素养衔接点,针对幼小衔接语言活动的现实样态,设计了语言核心经验到语文核心素养幼小衔接语言集体教学活动应有的形态及提升路径,以更好地发展语文核心素养。