This study investigates the avoidance of relative clauses by high vocational college students and also explores the differences in the avoidance of the RCs by high-level students and low-level students in their Englis...This study investigates the avoidance of relative clauses by high vocational college students and also explores the differences in the avoidance of the RCs by high-level students and low-level students in their English writings. The data used in this study have been collected from English writing tasks and analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS17.0). The major findings of this study are stated as follows: 1) There are significant differences in the production of the relative clauses in their English writings by Chinese higher vocational college students and English native speakers. Avoidance of relative clauses exists in the English writings of higher vocational college students. 2) High-level Chinese higher vocational college students display less of the avoidance phenomenon in their English writings than low-level students.展开更多
The attributive clause plays a significant role in E-C translation.Due to the stylistic difference in Chinese and English(Chinese is paratactic while English is hypotactic),complex English attributive clauses cannot b...The attributive clause plays a significant role in E-C translation.Due to the stylistic difference in Chinese and English(Chinese is paratactic while English is hypotactic),complex English attributive clauses cannot be translated literally as awkwardness may occur.One possible approach to coping with the problem is the adoption of‘Division’in translating long English attributive clauses.This essay provides three steps in translating complex English attributive clauses into Chinese(clarifying meaning units,restructuring and polishing)and the accompanied techniques such as amplification and omission to make the translation more readable and natural to Chinese readers.展开更多
Relative clauses in traditional grammars,which are sometimes called attributive clauses,are divided into two types:restrictive and non-restrictive.Building upon the discussion of recursion in Halliday’s Systemic Func...Relative clauses in traditional grammars,which are sometimes called attributive clauses,are divided into two types:restrictive and non-restrictive.Building upon the discussion of recursion in Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar(SFG),this paper conducts a functional syntactic analysis of such clauses,aimed at probing into their logical structures.展开更多
Relative clause is one kind of important modifiers among English grammar. It is a widely used clauses in English context. In order to get an overview of relative clause, this essay will analyze it in terms of form, me...Relative clause is one kind of important modifiers among English grammar. It is a widely used clauses in English context. In order to get an overview of relative clause, this essay will analyze it in terms of form, meaning and use.展开更多
This paper,in two installments,attempts to clarify the finer points in the similarities and differences in the usage of relative pronouns,who,that and which,while they are in relative clauses.They are illustrated and ...This paper,in two installments,attempts to clarify the finer points in the similarities and differences in the usage of relative pronouns,who,that and which,while they are in relative clauses.They are illustrated and justified with examples.The paper,through the comparison of the usages of who,that and which,has shown their similarities and differences from one another.It will enable us to master their usages and help us in studying relative clauses.展开更多
Through an event-related potential(ERP)study, we examined the processing mechanisms of four types of Chinese(Mandarin) relative clauses(RCs),namely subject subject-extracted relative clause(SSR),subject object...Through an event-related potential(ERP)study, we examined the processing mechanisms of four types of Chinese(Mandarin) relative clauses(RCs),namely subject subject-extracted relative clause(SSR),subject object-extracted relative clause(SOR), object subject-extracted relative clause(OSR), and object object-extracted relative clause(OOR) to test the universality and language specificity of RC comprehension processes. The results of this study support a preference for object-extracted RCs modifying both the subject and object of a sentence, i.e.,SORs and OORs. In particular, ERP results showed stronger P600 effects in the RC region for SSRs compared with SORs, which we argue reflects a canonical word order theory. Stronger N400 effects were observed for verbs compared with nouns, reflecting easier understanding for nouns. ERP results from the matrix clause object and the relativizer “de” showed stronger P600 effects in SSRs compared with SORs,suggesting thematic structure effects on syntactic construction and the processing preference of the whole sentence.展开更多
This study investigated the relative clauses acquisition of Chinese EFL Learners in spoken context.207 English major sophomores’spoken data selected from the Spoken and Written English Corpus of Chinese Learners were...This study investigated the relative clauses acquisition of Chinese EFL Learners in spoken context.207 English major sophomores’spoken data selected from the Spoken and Written English Corpus of Chinese Learners were analyzed.All the par ticipants were divided into high and low group according to their oral proficiency.This study found that high proficiency stu dents outperformed low proficiency students not only in the numbers of RCs also in accuracy.Meanwhile,the RCs produced in the spoken context also supported previous accessibility hierarchy hypotheses on processing RCs,and the regression results showed that OS and OOGen types of RCs were strong predictors of spoken proficiency.However,because of the typological dif ference of RC between Chinese and English,four types of RC errors were found.This study expected to provide some pedagogi cal insights into English RC acquisition in spoken context.展开更多
To comprehend the syntax and semantics of small clauses(SCs)requires comprehending their topic structure.With bare infinitival complements,the subject of the SC is not the topic,which is in comparison with adjectival ...To comprehend the syntax and semantics of small clauses(SCs)requires comprehending their topic structure.With bare infinitival complements,the subject of the SC is not the topic,which is in comparison with adjectival SCs,where the subject must be a topic.By comparing raising verbs with adjectival SC complements and raising verbs with infinitival complements,it is quite clear that the differences in the syntax and semantics of such constructions are related to whether or not the subject of the embedded clause must be a topic.Adjectival SCs have individuals as topics,while verbal SCs have events or stages.Because the subject of the adjectival SC is a topic,it can move into the matrix clause under passivization.The subject of a verbal SC is not a topic;this explains why it cannot move into the matrix under passivization.展开更多
In recent four decades, relative clause has interested many scholars due to its unique structural complexity. This articletook Chinese senior high school students as subjects and found their acquisition order of relat...In recent four decades, relative clause has interested many scholars due to its unique structural complexity. This articletook Chinese senior high school students as subjects and found their acquisition order of relative clauses fully coincided with Ku-no’s Perceptual Difficulty Hypothesis but partly agreed with Keenan&Comire’s Noun Phrase Accessibility Hypothesis and Hamil-ton’s SO Hierarchal Hypothesis, which can provide implications and references for the English relative clauses’ learning andteaching.展开更多
Attributive clauses in EST often consist of complex structures and deliver a multiplicity of meanings. It will be one of challenges facing the translators to transfer the attributive clauses in EST faithfully, complet...Attributive clauses in EST often consist of complex structures and deliver a multiplicity of meanings. It will be one of challenges facing the translators to transfer the attributive clauses in EST faithfully, completely and smoothly into Chinese so that the understanding and response of the target language readers to the information produced in the translation are almost the same as that of the original language readers to the information contained in the original attributive clauses in EST, thus achieving functional equivalence of the translation. Under the direction of Nida's functional equivalence theory, this paper is dedicated to discussing the translation techniques of EST attributive clauses, and hope it benefits the translation of EST in the future.展开更多
In English, as one of the most frequently used subordinators, while introduces adverbial clauses. It can indicate the meaning of time, as well as contrast, condition and concession. This study looks into the translati...In English, as one of the most frequently used subordinators, while introduces adverbial clauses. It can indicate the meaning of time, as well as contrast, condition and concession. This study looks into the translation characteristics of while-clauses in Great Expectation by investigating its Chinese correspondences based on the data collected from English-Chinese Parallel Concordance and another Chinese version. The result reveals that the majority of while-clauses are translated by substitution and are translated into adverbial adjuncts.展开更多
There is a long-standing conflict between intellectual property rights and public freedom of information.The continuous development of the“anti-circumvention clause”has caused the conflict to intensify.As a basic hu...There is a long-standing conflict between intellectual property rights and public freedom of information.The continuous development of the“anti-circumvention clause”has caused the conflict to intensify.As a basic human right,freedom of information is being gradually eroded by the expansion of intellectual property rights.The existing research mainly carries on the right balance from the negative protection path,but the positive protection path is more advantageous to realizing the public freedom of information and alleviates the conflict between the two kinds of rights.In practice,there are some problems in the application of the anti-circumvention clause,such as the legality of the aim,the division of the protected part,and the determination of the circumvention.This is mainly due to the lack of restrictions on technical measures,the failure to distinguish between“copyright protection”and“contact control”,and the offside and absence of administrative bodies in practice.We should protect public freedom of information by distinguishing the two measures of copyright protection and contact control and the two torts of access and use,increasing the restrictive conditions for the use of technical protection measures,and changing the functions of administrative supervision agencies.展开更多
文摘This study investigates the avoidance of relative clauses by high vocational college students and also explores the differences in the avoidance of the RCs by high-level students and low-level students in their English writings. The data used in this study have been collected from English writing tasks and analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS17.0). The major findings of this study are stated as follows: 1) There are significant differences in the production of the relative clauses in their English writings by Chinese higher vocational college students and English native speakers. Avoidance of relative clauses exists in the English writings of higher vocational college students. 2) High-level Chinese higher vocational college students display less of the avoidance phenomenon in their English writings than low-level students.
文摘The attributive clause plays a significant role in E-C translation.Due to the stylistic difference in Chinese and English(Chinese is paratactic while English is hypotactic),complex English attributive clauses cannot be translated literally as awkwardness may occur.One possible approach to coping with the problem is the adoption of‘Division’in translating long English attributive clauses.This essay provides three steps in translating complex English attributive clauses into Chinese(clarifying meaning units,restructuring and polishing)and the accompanied techniques such as amplification and omission to make the translation more readable and natural to Chinese readers.
文摘Relative clauses in traditional grammars,which are sometimes called attributive clauses,are divided into two types:restrictive and non-restrictive.Building upon the discussion of recursion in Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar(SFG),this paper conducts a functional syntactic analysis of such clauses,aimed at probing into their logical structures.
文摘Relative clause is one kind of important modifiers among English grammar. It is a widely used clauses in English context. In order to get an overview of relative clause, this essay will analyze it in terms of form, meaning and use.
文摘This paper,in two installments,attempts to clarify the finer points in the similarities and differences in the usage of relative pronouns,who,that and which,while they are in relative clauses.They are illustrated and justified with examples.The paper,through the comparison of the usages of who,that and which,has shown their similarities and differences from one another.It will enable us to master their usages and help us in studying relative clauses.
基金supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China under Grant No.13BYY072
文摘Through an event-related potential(ERP)study, we examined the processing mechanisms of four types of Chinese(Mandarin) relative clauses(RCs),namely subject subject-extracted relative clause(SSR),subject object-extracted relative clause(SOR), object subject-extracted relative clause(OSR), and object object-extracted relative clause(OOR) to test the universality and language specificity of RC comprehension processes. The results of this study support a preference for object-extracted RCs modifying both the subject and object of a sentence, i.e.,SORs and OORs. In particular, ERP results showed stronger P600 effects in the RC region for SSRs compared with SORs, which we argue reflects a canonical word order theory. Stronger N400 effects were observed for verbs compared with nouns, reflecting easier understanding for nouns. ERP results from the matrix clause object and the relativizer “de” showed stronger P600 effects in SSRs compared with SORs,suggesting thematic structure effects on syntactic construction and the processing preference of the whole sentence.
文摘This study investigated the relative clauses acquisition of Chinese EFL Learners in spoken context.207 English major sophomores’spoken data selected from the Spoken and Written English Corpus of Chinese Learners were analyzed.All the par ticipants were divided into high and low group according to their oral proficiency.This study found that high proficiency stu dents outperformed low proficiency students not only in the numbers of RCs also in accuracy.Meanwhile,the RCs produced in the spoken context also supported previous accessibility hierarchy hypotheses on processing RCs,and the regression results showed that OS and OOGen types of RCs were strong predictors of spoken proficiency.However,because of the typological dif ference of RC between Chinese and English,four types of RC errors were found.This study expected to provide some pedagogi cal insights into English RC acquisition in spoken context.
基金sponsored by the program“The Topic Structure of Small Clauses”(No.X202110452162).
文摘To comprehend the syntax and semantics of small clauses(SCs)requires comprehending their topic structure.With bare infinitival complements,the subject of the SC is not the topic,which is in comparison with adjectival SCs,where the subject must be a topic.By comparing raising verbs with adjectival SC complements and raising verbs with infinitival complements,it is quite clear that the differences in the syntax and semantics of such constructions are related to whether or not the subject of the embedded clause must be a topic.Adjectival SCs have individuals as topics,while verbal SCs have events or stages.Because the subject of the adjectival SC is a topic,it can move into the matrix clause under passivization.The subject of a verbal SC is not a topic;this explains why it cannot move into the matrix under passivization.
文摘In recent four decades, relative clause has interested many scholars due to its unique structural complexity. This articletook Chinese senior high school students as subjects and found their acquisition order of relative clauses fully coincided with Ku-no’s Perceptual Difficulty Hypothesis but partly agreed with Keenan&Comire’s Noun Phrase Accessibility Hypothesis and Hamil-ton’s SO Hierarchal Hypothesis, which can provide implications and references for the English relative clauses’ learning andteaching.
文摘Attributive clauses in EST often consist of complex structures and deliver a multiplicity of meanings. It will be one of challenges facing the translators to transfer the attributive clauses in EST faithfully, completely and smoothly into Chinese so that the understanding and response of the target language readers to the information produced in the translation are almost the same as that of the original language readers to the information contained in the original attributive clauses in EST, thus achieving functional equivalence of the translation. Under the direction of Nida's functional equivalence theory, this paper is dedicated to discussing the translation techniques of EST attributive clauses, and hope it benefits the translation of EST in the future.
文摘In English, as one of the most frequently used subordinators, while introduces adverbial clauses. It can indicate the meaning of time, as well as contrast, condition and concession. This study looks into the translation characteristics of while-clauses in Great Expectation by investigating its Chinese correspondences based on the data collected from English-Chinese Parallel Concordance and another Chinese version. The result reveals that the majority of while-clauses are translated by substitution and are translated into adverbial adjuncts.
基金a phased result of the general project of the National Social Science Fund of China“Research on the Boundary and System Construction of Criminal Liability of Internet Service Providers”(Project No.18BFX104)。
文摘There is a long-standing conflict between intellectual property rights and public freedom of information.The continuous development of the“anti-circumvention clause”has caused the conflict to intensify.As a basic human right,freedom of information is being gradually eroded by the expansion of intellectual property rights.The existing research mainly carries on the right balance from the negative protection path,but the positive protection path is more advantageous to realizing the public freedom of information and alleviates the conflict between the two kinds of rights.In practice,there are some problems in the application of the anti-circumvention clause,such as the legality of the aim,the division of the protected part,and the determination of the circumvention.This is mainly due to the lack of restrictions on technical measures,the failure to distinguish between“copyright protection”and“contact control”,and the offside and absence of administrative bodies in practice.We should protect public freedom of information by distinguishing the two measures of copyright protection and contact control and the two torts of access and use,increasing the restrictive conditions for the use of technical protection measures,and changing the functions of administrative supervision agencies.