This essay is centred on Nigeria＇s Freedom of Information Act, with special interest in its relevance in the country＇s anti-corruption war. The paper reiterates that the law was passed to enable the public to access...This essay is centred on Nigeria＇s Freedom of Information Act, with special interest in its relevance in the country＇s anti-corruption war. The paper reiterates that the law was passed to enable the public to access certain government information, in order to ensure transparency and accountability. The FOI Act aims to make public records and information more freely available and to protect public records and information, in accordance with the public interest and protection of personal privacy. It enables citizens to hold the government accountable in the event of the misappropriation of public funds or failure to deliver public services. It also seeks to protect serving public officers against any adverse consequences from the unauthorized disclosure of certain kinds of official information, and to establish procedures for the achievement of these purposes. The Act further regulates conflicts between its provisions and those of other legislations. The paper contends that Freedom of Information is a fundamental indicator of economic development and progress, civic engagement and a properly functional democracy in every economy, describing it as a promising start in ensuring good governance and rule of law in Nigeria. The paper stresses the need for vigorous implementation of the FOI Act if the country is to make any significant breakthrough in the enthronement of good governance, transparency and accountability, adding that a strengthened FOI regime will enhance citizens＇ demand for accountability and check corruption in Nigeria.展开更多
The tide of anti-corruption swept across China, anti-corruption within the Party is a top priority. It needs sound legal regulation, but now our country doesn＇ t have a specific law to regulate the Party, leading to ...The tide of anti-corruption swept across China, anti-corruption within the Party is a top priority. It needs sound legal regulation, but now our country doesn＇ t have a specific law to regulate the Party, leading to Party members has not been well constrained about the execution of the power. The author analyzes the necessity of making a Party law from the perspective of curbing corruption, and puts forward some suggestions on strengthening the supervision function of Party law.展开更多
Since the commence of 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee represented by General Secretary Xi Jinping, has attached unprecedented importance to anti corruption constructio...Since the commence of 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee represented by General Secretary Xi Jinping, has attached unprecedented importance to anti corruption construction and has strengthened the investigation degree on the disciplinary offence behaviors of the party member the leading cadres, which kills rampant misbehaviors around the people from the source. State-owned enterprises are the pillar of the national economy, which should respond to call of the country, in a bid to strengthen the construction of honest and integrity, prevent risks, and build a perfect internal control mechanism. Focusing on the state-owned enterprise’s anti-corruption risk prevention mechanism and internal control construction, this paper conducts a research aiming at starting a discussion.展开更多
In the era of the Internet,various network platforms have evolved into new hubs for information dissemination.Currently,China has established a platform-centered content regulation framework,wherein platforms proactiv...In the era of the Internet,various network platforms have evolved into new hubs for information dissemination.Currently,China has established a platform-centered content regulation framework,wherein platforms proactively enforce content regulations in accordance with legal censorship obligations.Additionally,platform policies and user agreements augment their authority in content regulation.The platforms can achieve cost-effective and highly efficient content regulation by leveraging their strategic advantages enabled by their own technical capabilities and extensive coverage.The platform self-regulation model,however,still faces challenges.First,accurately evaluating content remains a formidable task;second,ensuring effective platform publicity through self-regulation poses difficulties;third,users may potentially face disadvantages due to the platform’s right of self-regulation;and fourth,digital copyright owners face challenges when defending digital copyright disputes under the safe harbor rule.Therefore,it is imperative to establish,review,and revise the legal framework for content regulation of network platforms in order to enhance the efficiency of their governance systems.The formulation of the legal framework for content regulation of network platforms may encompass the following aspects:rationalizing obligations pertaining to platform content regulations,enhancing supervision over platform self-regulation,and establishing a dual-track responsibility system for digital copyright content regulation.This will ensure a harmonious balance among public interests,users’personal rights and interests,and commercial benefits through regulating the content on network platforms.展开更多
Analyze the compatibility between cosmetics and live streaming e-commerce from its own nature,marketing means and supply chain characteristics.According to the prominent problems,sort out the relationship between all ...Analyze the compatibility between cosmetics and live streaming e-commerce from its own nature,marketing means and supply chain characteristics.According to the prominent problems,sort out the relationship between all parties in the cosmetics live e-commerce industry chain.Combined with the latest regulatory policies of live streaming e-commerce and cosmetics,the responsibilities of different subjects in cosmetics live streaming e-commerce are summarized,and relevant suggestions and countermeasures are put forward for the standardization and development of live streaming e-commerce.Cosmetics brand owners are the first responsible persons for product quality.Anchors,as a mixed identity between intermediary,advertising spokesperson and operator,should bear stricter joint and several liability when recommending products related to consumers’health.If anchors fail to clearly identify themselves in the recommendation process,thus causing consumers to mistake them for the operator of the cosmetics,they should assume the obligations of the operator.展开更多
With the background of enterprise compliance management,this paper discusses how to improve the level of enterprise legal service and reduce enterprise legal risks by optimizing the compliance management system.It aim...With the background of enterprise compliance management,this paper discusses how to improve the level of enterprise legal service and reduce enterprise legal risks by optimizing the compliance management system.It aims to analyze the current situation and existing problems of enterprise legal services through the analysis of the importance of compliance management.Furthermore,it delves into the case of enterprise legal service strategy based on compliance management optimization to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of enterprise legal service strategy.展开更多
This paper attempts to explore interdisciplinary integration from four aspects:the necessity of interdisciplinary integration between legal studies and auditing,the difficulties and challenges encountered in this inte...This paper attempts to explore interdisciplinary integration from four aspects:the necessity of interdisciplinary integration between legal studies and auditing,the difficulties and challenges encountered in this integration,the ideas for teaching reform in the context of interdisciplinary integration,and the expected outcomes.The aim is to achieve an organic integration of legal studies and auditing through systematic teaching reforms,thereby providing students with comprehensive and integrated knowledge and skills training,ensuring the quality of talent cultivation,and adapting to the needs of social development.展开更多
In recent years,China is deepening reform and opening up to the outside world especially after China's successful accession to the WTO.Sino-foreign communication in the field of law is on the rise day by day along...In recent years,China is deepening reform and opening up to the outside world especially after China's successful accession to the WTO.Sino-foreign communication in the field of law is on the rise day by day along with the rapid development of globalization.As can be seen from the previous legal translation studies both in the western world and in China,scholars or researchers have made much effort to conduct studies of legal translation.In this thesis,the basic features of Strategies in legal translation are introduced with some examples in the legal translation practices.And it is explained how to produce a successful legal translation.展开更多
The characteristics of authority and standard in Legal English decide the significance of the translation about legal English texts. This thesis presents the stylistic features of legal English. It is hoped that trans...The characteristics of authority and standard in Legal English decide the significance of the translation about legal English texts. This thesis presents the stylistic features of legal English. It is hoped that translators would be able to understand legal English accurately.展开更多
There are differences between legal English and general English.Legal English relates to the legal profession.Law needs to maintain the impression of seriousness,standardization,accuracy and objectiveness,and as a res...There are differences between legal English and general English.Legal English relates to the legal profession.Law needs to maintain the impression of seriousness,standardization,accuracy and objectiveness,and as a result,legal English also has these characteristics.Compared to general everyday English,the application of legal English vocabulary requires consideration of these characteristics.In the translation of legal content,attention is also needed to be paid to the characteristics of forensic linguistics.Standardized legal terms are used in the translation of legal regulations and other content to keep the characteristics of faithfulness,accuracy,smoothness and consistency.In this paper,legal English vocabulary is discussed based on its characteristics,as well as the method of translation of legal content.For practical translation of legal English,translation methods include literal translation,free translation and addition and omission.These methods are briefly discussed in this paper.展开更多
With the broadening of economic and commercial communication between China and the outside world, the market of legal and contract document translation job is blooming harshly in both China and abroad. Accompanying th...With the broadening of economic and commercial communication between China and the outside world, the market of legal and contract document translation job is blooming harshly in both China and abroad. Accompanying this tendency, the professionalizing forensic development of translation is booming up as well. The request for higher education institutions to establish the education system of forensic translation is shining in human＇s eyes, and the cultivating system for the future, the world and profession is highly regarded. So comprehensive profession-cultivating, socialization and economy-serving should be the direction of the education of foreign languages department, related foreign forensic document translation and professional direction of public foreign language teaching as well are the aims of this reform of education. So the aim of this new education system should be the establishing the system of professional translation, forensic translation, cross-subject education and the cultivation of multi-professionals.展开更多
Teaching legal English for law students in China is difficult.For one thing,many Chinese law students have trouble moreor less in learning English,because the English language is not their mother tongue.For another,le...Teaching legal English for law students in China is difficult.For one thing,many Chinese law students have trouble moreor less in learning English,because the English language is not their mother tongue.For another,legal English differs a great dealfrom everyday English in many respects,including terminology,phrasing,linguistic structure,and linguistic conventions,whichmakes legal English teaching for law students in China by far harder.To solve difficulties undermining teaching legal English forlaw students in China,the author of this paper holds that in his or her actual legal English teaching,the teacher should boost lawstudents basic English teaching,expose them to cases study of specialized legal English terminology and linguistic structures andconventions.展开更多
Precautions against forest fires,a significant element in the prevention and reduction of natural disasters in China,are very important to the development of public emergency systems,as well as to the safety of forest...Precautions against forest fires,a significant element in the prevention and reduction of natural disasters in China,are very important to the development of public emergency systems,as well as to the safety of forest resources,ecology,people’s lives and properties.The USA has extensive experience in forest fire management,which has been widely accepted and used by other countries.The precautions taken by China and the USA to prevent forest fires have been compared in a great number of previous studies.However,most of the studies have focused merely on fire extinguishing technologies and management methods;they have lacked a comparative study on the legal aspects of management.This paper will consider five distinct aspects related to forest fire management between China and the USA and will analyze the similarities and differences as well as study other features to facilitate work related to precautions against forest fires in China.展开更多
Taking Poyang Lake Eco-economic Zone as an example,we analyzed existing problems in China'forest resource protection from the perspective of legal system.The problems include unclear property right system of fores...Taking Poyang Lake Eco-economic Zone as an example,we analyzed existing problems in China'forest resource protection from the perspective of legal system.The problems include unclear property right system of forest resource,imperfect compensation mechanism for forest ecology,forest cutting quota scheme not resolutely put into practice,legal supervision of forest protection not implemented,and lack of integration in forest protection laws.Based on these problems,we put forward countermeasures and suggestions:establish clear forest resource property system;improve ecological benefit compensation mechanism in legal form;strictly implement forest cutting quota scheme;strengthen legal supervision of forest protection;and keep legal system integral for forest resource protection.展开更多
Background： The quantitative impact of forest management on forests＇ wood resource was evaluated for Picea and Fagus mixed forests. The effects on the productivity of tendering operations, thinnings and rotation len...Background： The quantitative impact of forest management on forests＇ wood resource was evaluated for Picea and Fagus mixed forests. The effects on the productivity of tendering operations, thinnings and rotation length have seldom been directly quantified on landscape scale. Methods： Two sites of similar fertility but subject to contrasted forest management were studied with detailed inventories： one in Germany, the other in Romania, and compared with the respective national forest inventories. In Romania, regulations impose very long rotations, low thinnings and a period of no-cut before harvest. In contrast, tending and thinnings are frequent and intense in Germany. Harvests start much earlier and must avoid clear cutting but maintain a permanent forest cover with natural regeneration. While Germany has an average annual wood increment representative for Central Europe, Romania represents the average for Eastern Europe. Results： The lack of tending and thinning in the Romanian site resulted in twice as many trees per hectare as in the German site for the same age. The productivity in Romanian production forests was 20 % lower than in Germany despite a similar fertility. The results were supported by the data from the national forest inventory of each country, which confirmed that the same differential exists at country scale. Furthermore, provided the difference in rotation length, two crops are harvested in Germany when only one is harvested in Romania. The losses of production due to a lower level of management in Romania where estimated to reach 12.8 million m3.y-1 in regular mountain production forests, and to 15 million m3.y-1 if managed protection forest is included. Conclusions： The productivity of Picea and Fagus mountain forests in Romania is severely depressed by the lack of tending and thinning, by overly long rotations and the existence of a 25-years no-cut period prior to harvest. The average standing volume in Germany was 50 % lower than in Romania, but the higher harvesting rate resulted in more than doubling wood production. Considering the mitigation effects of climate change by forests, it emerges that the increase in standing volume of forests in Romania is smaller than the additional harvest in Germany which serves fossil fuel substitution.展开更多
The new plant breeding technologies(NPBTs)have recently emerged as powerful tools in the context of‘green’biotechnologies.They have wide potential compared to classical genetic engineering and they are attracting th...The new plant breeding technologies(NPBTs)have recently emerged as powerful tools in the context of‘green’biotechnologies.They have wide potential compared to classical genetic engineering and they are attracting the interest of politicians,stakeholders and citizens due to the revolutionary impact they may have on agriculture.Cisgenesis and genome editing potentially allow to obtain pathogen-resistant plants or plants with enhanced qualitative traits by introducing or disrupting specific genes in shorter times compared to traditional breeding programs and by means of minimal modifications in the plant genome.Grapevine,the most important fruit crop in the world from an economical point of view,is a peculiar case for NPBTs because of the load of cultural aspects,varietal traditions and consumer demands,which hinder the use of classical breeding techniques and,furthermore,the application of genetic engineering to wine grape cultivars.Here we explore the technical challenges which may hamper the application of cisgenesis and genome editing to this perennial plant,in particular focusing on the bottlenecks of the Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer.In addition,strategies to eliminate undesired sequences from the genome and to choose proper target sites are discussed in light of peculiar features of this species.Furthermore is reported an update of the international legislative frameworks regulating NPBT products which shows conflicting positions and,in the case of the European Union,a prolonged lack of regulation.展开更多
In recent years, China is deepening reform and opening up to the outside world especially after China’s successful accession to theWTO. In this respect, legal communication plays an important part in the intercourse ...In recent years, China is deepening reform and opening up to the outside world especially after China’s successful accession to theWTO. In this respect, legal communication plays an important part in the intercourse between different countries, and the basic features oflegal language can be noticed in specific situations in legal communication. In this thesis, the Lexical features, Semantic features, Grammaticaland Structural features of legal language are introduced.展开更多
文摘This essay is centred on Nigeria＇s Freedom of Information Act, with special interest in its relevance in the country＇s anti-corruption war. The paper reiterates that the law was passed to enable the public to access certain government information, in order to ensure transparency and accountability. The FOI Act aims to make public records and information more freely available and to protect public records and information, in accordance with the public interest and protection of personal privacy. It enables citizens to hold the government accountable in the event of the misappropriation of public funds or failure to deliver public services. It also seeks to protect serving public officers against any adverse consequences from the unauthorized disclosure of certain kinds of official information, and to establish procedures for the achievement of these purposes. The Act further regulates conflicts between its provisions and those of other legislations. The paper contends that Freedom of Information is a fundamental indicator of economic development and progress, civic engagement and a properly functional democracy in every economy, describing it as a promising start in ensuring good governance and rule of law in Nigeria. The paper stresses the need for vigorous implementation of the FOI Act if the country is to make any significant breakthrough in the enthronement of good governance, transparency and accountability, adding that a strengthened FOI regime will enhance citizens＇ demand for accountability and check corruption in Nigeria.
文摘The tide of anti-corruption swept across China, anti-corruption within the Party is a top priority. It needs sound legal regulation, but now our country doesn＇ t have a specific law to regulate the Party, leading to Party members has not been well constrained about the execution of the power. The author analyzes the necessity of making a Party law from the perspective of curbing corruption, and puts forward some suggestions on strengthening the supervision function of Party law.
文摘Since the commence of 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee represented by General Secretary Xi Jinping, has attached unprecedented importance to anti corruption construction and has strengthened the investigation degree on the disciplinary offence behaviors of the party member the leading cadres, which kills rampant misbehaviors around the people from the source. State-owned enterprises are the pillar of the national economy, which should respond to call of the country, in a bid to strengthen the construction of honest and integrity, prevent risks, and build a perfect internal control mechanism. Focusing on the state-owned enterprise’s anti-corruption risk prevention mechanism and internal control construction, this paper conducts a research aiming at starting a discussion.
基金This paper is a phased achievement of the key project of the Chongqing Municipal Education Commission entitled“Research on Establishment of Regional Legal Framework for Rural Revitalization”(Project No.23SKJD033)the university-level project of Southwest University of Political Science&Law entitled“A Comparative Study on Legislation for Agricultural and Rural Modernization”(Project No.DFLF2020Y12).
文摘In the era of the Internet,various network platforms have evolved into new hubs for information dissemination.Currently,China has established a platform-centered content regulation framework,wherein platforms proactively enforce content regulations in accordance with legal censorship obligations.Additionally,platform policies and user agreements augment their authority in content regulation.The platforms can achieve cost-effective and highly efficient content regulation by leveraging their strategic advantages enabled by their own technical capabilities and extensive coverage.The platform self-regulation model,however,still faces challenges.First,accurately evaluating content remains a formidable task;second,ensuring effective platform publicity through self-regulation poses difficulties;third,users may potentially face disadvantages due to the platform’s right of self-regulation;and fourth,digital copyright owners face challenges when defending digital copyright disputes under the safe harbor rule.Therefore,it is imperative to establish,review,and revise the legal framework for content regulation of network platforms in order to enhance the efficiency of their governance systems.The formulation of the legal framework for content regulation of network platforms may encompass the following aspects:rationalizing obligations pertaining to platform content regulations,enhancing supervision over platform self-regulation,and establishing a dual-track responsibility system for digital copyright content regulation.This will ensure a harmonious balance among public interests,users’personal rights and interests,and commercial benefits through regulating the content on network platforms.
文摘Analyze the compatibility between cosmetics and live streaming e-commerce from its own nature,marketing means and supply chain characteristics.According to the prominent problems,sort out the relationship between all parties in the cosmetics live e-commerce industry chain.Combined with the latest regulatory policies of live streaming e-commerce and cosmetics,the responsibilities of different subjects in cosmetics live streaming e-commerce are summarized,and relevant suggestions and countermeasures are put forward for the standardization and development of live streaming e-commerce.Cosmetics brand owners are the first responsible persons for product quality.Anchors,as a mixed identity between intermediary,advertising spokesperson and operator,should bear stricter joint and several liability when recommending products related to consumers’health.If anchors fail to clearly identify themselves in the recommendation process,thus causing consumers to mistake them for the operator of the cosmetics,they should assume the obligations of the operator.
文摘With the background of enterprise compliance management,this paper discusses how to improve the level of enterprise legal service and reduce enterprise legal risks by optimizing the compliance management system.It aims to analyze the current situation and existing problems of enterprise legal services through the analysis of the importance of compliance management.Furthermore,it delves into the case of enterprise legal service strategy based on compliance management optimization to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of enterprise legal service strategy.
文摘This paper attempts to explore interdisciplinary integration from four aspects:the necessity of interdisciplinary integration between legal studies and auditing,the difficulties and challenges encountered in this integration,the ideas for teaching reform in the context of interdisciplinary integration,and the expected outcomes.The aim is to achieve an organic integration of legal studies and auditing through systematic teaching reforms,thereby providing students with comprehensive and integrated knowledge and skills training,ensuring the quality of talent cultivation,and adapting to the needs of social development.
文摘In recent years,China is deepening reform and opening up to the outside world especially after China's successful accession to the WTO.Sino-foreign communication in the field of law is on the rise day by day along with the rapid development of globalization.As can be seen from the previous legal translation studies both in the western world and in China,scholars or researchers have made much effort to conduct studies of legal translation.In this thesis,the basic features of Strategies in legal translation are introduced with some examples in the legal translation practices.And it is explained how to produce a successful legal translation.
文摘The characteristics of authority and standard in Legal English decide the significance of the translation about legal English texts. This thesis presents the stylistic features of legal English. It is hoped that translators would be able to understand legal English accurately.
文摘There are differences between legal English and general English.Legal English relates to the legal profession.Law needs to maintain the impression of seriousness,standardization,accuracy and objectiveness,and as a result,legal English also has these characteristics.Compared to general everyday English,the application of legal English vocabulary requires consideration of these characteristics.In the translation of legal content,attention is also needed to be paid to the characteristics of forensic linguistics.Standardized legal terms are used in the translation of legal regulations and other content to keep the characteristics of faithfulness,accuracy,smoothness and consistency.In this paper,legal English vocabulary is discussed based on its characteristics,as well as the method of translation of legal content.For practical translation of legal English,translation methods include literal translation,free translation and addition and omission.These methods are briefly discussed in this paper.
文摘With the broadening of economic and commercial communication between China and the outside world, the market of legal and contract document translation job is blooming harshly in both China and abroad. Accompanying this tendency, the professionalizing forensic development of translation is booming up as well. The request for higher education institutions to establish the education system of forensic translation is shining in human＇s eyes, and the cultivating system for the future, the world and profession is highly regarded. So comprehensive profession-cultivating, socialization and economy-serving should be the direction of the education of foreign languages department, related foreign forensic document translation and professional direction of public foreign language teaching as well are the aims of this reform of education. So the aim of this new education system should be the establishing the system of professional translation, forensic translation, cross-subject education and the cultivation of multi-professionals.
文摘Teaching legal English for law students in China is difficult.For one thing,many Chinese law students have trouble moreor less in learning English,because the English language is not their mother tongue.For another,legal English differs a great dealfrom everyday English in many respects,including terminology,phrasing,linguistic structure,and linguistic conventions,whichmakes legal English teaching for law students in China by far harder.To solve difficulties undermining teaching legal English forlaw students in China,the author of this paper holds that in his or her actual legal English teaching,the teacher should boost lawstudents basic English teaching,expose them to cases study of specialized legal English terminology and linguistic structures andconventions.
基金supported by the State Bureau of Forestry 948 project(2015-4-35)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2572015CA10)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31400551)
文摘Precautions against forest fires,a significant element in the prevention and reduction of natural disasters in China,are very important to the development of public emergency systems,as well as to the safety of forest resources,ecology,people’s lives and properties.The USA has extensive experience in forest fire management,which has been widely accepted and used by other countries.The precautions taken by China and the USA to prevent forest fires have been compared in a great number of previous studies.However,most of the studies have focused merely on fire extinguishing technologies and management methods;they have lacked a comparative study on the legal aspects of management.This paper will consider five distinct aspects related to forest fire management between China and the USA and will analyze the similarities and differences as well as study other features to facilitate work related to precautions against forest fires in China.
文摘Taking Poyang Lake Eco-economic Zone as an example,we analyzed existing problems in China'forest resource protection from the perspective of legal system.The problems include unclear property right system of forest resource,imperfect compensation mechanism for forest ecology,forest cutting quota scheme not resolutely put into practice,legal supervision of forest protection not implemented,and lack of integration in forest protection laws.Based on these problems,we put forward countermeasures and suggestions:establish clear forest resource property system;improve ecological benefit compensation mechanism in legal form;strictly implement forest cutting quota scheme;strengthen legal supervision of forest protection;and keep legal system integral for forest resource protection.
基金support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research,CNCS-UEFISCDI,project number PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0781support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research,CNCS-UEFISCDI,project number PN-II-RU-TE-2014-4-0017
文摘Background： The quantitative impact of forest management on forests＇ wood resource was evaluated for Picea and Fagus mixed forests. The effects on the productivity of tendering operations, thinnings and rotation length have seldom been directly quantified on landscape scale. Methods： Two sites of similar fertility but subject to contrasted forest management were studied with detailed inventories： one in Germany, the other in Romania, and compared with the respective national forest inventories. In Romania, regulations impose very long rotations, low thinnings and a period of no-cut before harvest. In contrast, tending and thinnings are frequent and intense in Germany. Harvests start much earlier and must avoid clear cutting but maintain a permanent forest cover with natural regeneration. While Germany has an average annual wood increment representative for Central Europe, Romania represents the average for Eastern Europe. Results： The lack of tending and thinning in the Romanian site resulted in twice as many trees per hectare as in the German site for the same age. The productivity in Romanian production forests was 20 % lower than in Germany despite a similar fertility. The results were supported by the data from the national forest inventory of each country, which confirmed that the same differential exists at country scale. Furthermore, provided the difference in rotation length, two crops are harvested in Germany when only one is harvested in Romania. The losses of production due to a lower level of management in Romania where estimated to reach 12.8 million m3.y-1 in regular mountain production forests, and to 15 million m3.y-1 if managed protection forest is included. Conclusions： The productivity of Picea and Fagus mountain forests in Romania is severely depressed by the lack of tending and thinning, by overly long rotations and the existence of a 25-years no-cut period prior to harvest. The average standing volume in Germany was 50 % lower than in Romania, but the higher harvesting rate resulted in more than doubling wood production. Considering the mitigation effects of climate change by forests, it emerges that the increase in standing volume of forests in Romania is smaller than the additional harvest in Germany which serves fossil fuel substitution.
文摘The new plant breeding technologies(NPBTs)have recently emerged as powerful tools in the context of‘green’biotechnologies.They have wide potential compared to classical genetic engineering and they are attracting the interest of politicians,stakeholders and citizens due to the revolutionary impact they may have on agriculture.Cisgenesis and genome editing potentially allow to obtain pathogen-resistant plants or plants with enhanced qualitative traits by introducing or disrupting specific genes in shorter times compared to traditional breeding programs and by means of minimal modifications in the plant genome.Grapevine,the most important fruit crop in the world from an economical point of view,is a peculiar case for NPBTs because of the load of cultural aspects,varietal traditions and consumer demands,which hinder the use of classical breeding techniques and,furthermore,the application of genetic engineering to wine grape cultivars.Here we explore the technical challenges which may hamper the application of cisgenesis and genome editing to this perennial plant,in particular focusing on the bottlenecks of the Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer.In addition,strategies to eliminate undesired sequences from the genome and to choose proper target sites are discussed in light of peculiar features of this species.Furthermore is reported an update of the international legislative frameworks regulating NPBT products which shows conflicting positions and,in the case of the European Union,a prolonged lack of regulation.
文摘In recent years, China is deepening reform and opening up to the outside world especially after China’s successful accession to theWTO. In this respect, legal communication plays an important part in the intercourse between different countries, and the basic features oflegal language can be noticed in specific situations in legal communication. In this thesis, the Lexical features, Semantic features, Grammaticaland Structural features of legal language are introduced.
