Research on the Legal Framework of Content Regulations for Network Platforms

In the era of the Internet,various network platforms have evolved into new hubs for information dissemination.Currently,China has established a platform-centered content regulation framework,wherein platforms proactively enforce content regulations in accordance with legal censorship obligations.Additionally,platform policies and user agreements augment their authority in content regulation.The platforms can achieve cost-effective and highly efficient content regulation by leveraging their strategic advantages enabled by their own technical capabilities and extensive coverage.The platform self-regulation model,however,still faces challenges.First,accurately evaluating content remains a formidable task;second,ensuring effective platform publicity through self-regulation poses difficulties;third,users may potentially face disadvantages due to the platform’s right of self-regulation;and fourth,digital copyright owners face challenges when defending digital copyright disputes under the safe harbor rule.Therefore,it is imperative to establish,review,and revise the legal framework for content regulation of network platforms in order to enhance the efficiency of their governance systems.The formulation of the legal framework for content regulation of network platforms may encompass the following aspects:rationalizing obligations pertaining to platform content regulations,enhancing supervision over platform self-regulation,and establishing a dual-track responsibility system for digital copyright content regulation.This will ensure a harmonious balance among public interests,users’personal rights and interests,and commercial benefits through regulating the content on network platforms.

Research on Current Situation and Legal Regulation of Cosmetics Live Streaming E-commerce in China

Analyze the compatibility between cosmetics and live streaming e-commerce from its own nature,marketing means and supply chain characteristics.According to the prominent problems,sort out the relationship between all parties in the cosmetics live e-commerce industry chain.Combined with the latest regulatory policies of live streaming e-commerce and cosmetics,the responsibilities of different subjects in cosmetics live streaming e-commerce are summarized,and relevant suggestions and countermeasures are put forward for the standardization and development of live streaming e-commerce.Cosmetics brand owners are the first responsible persons for product quality.Anchors,as a mixed identity between intermediary,advertising spokesperson and operator,should bear stricter joint and several liability when recommending products related to consumers’health.If anchors fail to clearly identify themselves in the recommendation process,thus causing consumers to mistake them for the operator of the cosmetics,they should assume the obligations of the operator.

The Dynamic System Theory of Legal Protection for Personal Information Rights Infringement

The advent of the big data era has presented unprecedented challenges to remedies for personal information infringement in areas such as damage assessment,proof of causation,determination of illegality,fault assessment,and liability.Traditional tort law is unable to provide a robust response for these challenges,which severely hinders human rights protection in the digital society.The dynamic system theory represents a third path between fixed constitutive elements and general clauses.It both overcomes the rigidity of the“allor-nothing”legal effect evaluation mechanism of the“element-effect”model and avoids the uncertainty of the general clause model.It can effectively enhance the flexibility of the legal system in responding to social changes.In light of this,it is necessary to construct a dynamic foundational evaluation framework for personal information infringement under the guidance of the dynamic system theory.By relying on the dynamic interplay effect of various foundational evaluation elements,this framework can achieve a flexible evaluation of the constitutive elements of liability and the legal effects of liability for personal information infringement.Through this approach,the crisis of personal information infringement in the era of big data can be mitigated,and the realization of personal information rights as digital human rights can be promoted.

Risk Assessment of an Environmental Liability in the Commercialization of Hydrocarbons-A Secondary Publication

The risk analysis evaluates the probability of occurrence with the impact of said risks.In the hydrocarbon sector,an environmental liability is an improperly abandoned facility,soil contaminated by spills or others.The objective of this work is to define a risk management plan.The characterization of the residue and the area was carried out.Hazardous events were identified:overflow spill,soil contamination by infiltration,as well as radiant heat and suffocating and toxic fumes from a fire.The matrix method was applied considering the probability of occurrence against vulnerability.The danger of infiltration implied a high level of risk.The risk management plan was drawn up,its main action being the liquidation of the pool and the sanitation of the area.

Research on Enterprise Legal Service Strategy Based on Compliance Management Optimization

With the background of enterprise compliance management,this paper discusses how to improve the level of enterprise legal service and reduce enterprise legal risks by optimizing the compliance management system.It aims to analyze the current situation and existing problems of enterprise legal services through the analysis of the importance of compliance management.Furthermore,it delves into the case of enterprise legal service strategy based on compliance management optimization to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of enterprise legal service strategy.

Legal Protection of Human Rights in the Digital Era

Xi Jinping,General Secretary of the Communist Party of China(CPC)Central Committee said that“We should insist that everyone is equal before the law,respect and protect human rights throughout all aspects of legislation,law enforcement,ju-diciary,and law-abiding,accelerate the improvement of a legal system that reflects fairness in rights,opportunities,and rules,so as to protect citizens’personal rights,property rights,and personality rights,to guarantee citizens’basic political rights such as participating in democratic elections,democratic consultations,democratic decision-making,democratic management,and democratic supervision,and to protect citizens’rights in various aspects such as economy,culture,society,and environment,continuously enhancing the protection of human rights based on the rule of law.”

Markets in crypto‑assets regulation:Does it provide legal certainty and increase adoption of crypto‑assets?

This study discusses the European Union’s proposal for a Regulation on Markets in Crypto-Assets,now subject to formal approval by the European Parliament.The objective is to explore whether it will positively impact the adoption of crypto-assets in the financial sector.The use of crypto-assets is growing.However,some stakeholders in the financial service sector remain skeptical and hesitant to adopt assets that are yet to be defined and have an unclear legal status.This regulatory uncertainty has been identified as the primary reason for the reluctant adoption.The proposed regulation(part of the EU’s Digital Finance Strategy)aims to provide this legal certainty for currently unregulated crypto-assets.This study investigates whether or not the proposed regulation can be expected to have the intended effect by reviewing the proposed regulation itself,the opinions and reactions of the various stakeholders,and secondary literature.Findings reveal that such regulation will most likely not accelerate the adoption of crypto-assets in the EU financial services sector,at least not sufficiently or as intended.Some suggestions are made to improve the proposal.

新《公司法》若干重要问题解读(笔谈)

新《公司法》修订所涉及的内容非常丰富,修订内容包括公司登记制度、股东出资责任、公司治理制度、公司资本制度、控股股东义务、董监高信义义务等方面。赵旭东教授指出,本次《公司法》修订在公司登记与信息公示制度、股东出资责任和法律后果、公司资本制度、公司治理制度、股东权益保护和控股股东义务这五个关键领域实现了重大突破和创新。周林彬教授集中解析了“国家出资公司组织机构的特别规定”一章,认为新《公司法》的亮点之一是通过新设这一章积极回应了我国国有企业治理的“本土实践”与“中国问题”,给出新时期国有企业治理的“中国方案”,推进了中国特色的国有企业治理制度的设计,重塑了国有企业的规范体系。刘凯湘教授对本次《公司法》修订中与公司资本制度相关的若干条文展开解析,包括限期认缴制、新增有限公司股东出资义务加速到期制度、股东违反出资义务的责任承担规则、董事会的催缴出资义务、股东失权制度、董监高对股东抽逃出资的连带责任、类别股的规定、授权资本制等。赵万一教授深入探讨了这次《公司法》修改的主要特点,认为新《公司法》既坚持了其商法属性,同时又充分考虑了《民法典》的既有制度内容,适当兼顾了与《民法典》之间的制度衔接关系,从而既为科学解决民法与商法的关系提供了理念和制度支持,也为中国式法律制度体系的创建提供了完美的立法实践样本。周友苏教授深入解析了新《公司法》在完善股东出资制度方面增加的股东出资缴纳、股东出资“加速到期”、股东失权、股东出资责任这四条新规定,认为新《公司法》在完善股东出资制度方面增加的这些新规定,积极回应了我国自2013年以来公司数量大幅增长所带来的股东盲目认缴、天价认缴、期限过长的现象突出,损害债权人利益的纠纷案件呈明显上升态势等问题,极大地强化了保护债权人的力度。李建伟教授深入解析了《公司法》修订中与法定代表人制度相关的若干条文,认为新《公司法》关于法定代表人的规定较之以往更加体系化,并有望基本解决困扰公司实践许多年的诸多难题,但其中亦存在不完全规范的问题。

Impact of Mandatory Provisions on the Validity of Juristic Acts: A Path for Legal Policy Analysis

Contrary to the approach in judicial practice,Paragraph 1,Article 153,of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China,as a rule of invalidity for violating mandatory provisions,does not adopt a dichotomy towards mandatory provisions with effectiveness and administrative characteristics,yet it maintains the legislative philosophy of differentiation.It leaves unspecified whether mandatory provisions that do not explicitly render a juristic act invalid impact the act’s validity,entrusting this determination to the discretion of judges on a case-by-case basis.When judges,under the authority of Paragraph 1,Article 153 of the Civil Code,explore the normative intent of mandatory provisions to assess their effect on the validity of juristic acts,they should engage in legal policy analysis centered on consequence-based argumentation to overcome the limitations of norm typological analysis.This analysis employs a reasoning model predicated on the normative purpose,utilizing a consequencefocused interpretative approach for formulating and arguing propositions of rules applicable to pending cases,thereby arriving at case-specific conclusions.Since the invalidation of juristic acts serves as an auxiliary regulatory tool for the state economy and society,a consequence-oriented interpretation needs to be based on the idea of mutual instrumentalization of public and private laws.This entails predicting the outcomes of negating the validity of a juristic act in industrial regulatory scenarios and assessing these outcomes within the framework of public and private regulatory instruments.

Construction of Legal System of China's Farmland Protection under the Coexistence of Multiple Objectives:Historical Logic,Practical Problems and Optimization Paths

[Objectives]To explore the evolution of the legal system of farmland protection and explore the rules and characteristics of policy development based on the theory and logic of institutional change since China's reform and opening up,reveal the problems and deep-seated reasons of its legislation,clarify the direction of farmland protection in the new period,and solve the"non-agricultural""non-grain"and ecological problems of farmland.[Methods]Literature analysis and inductive deduction methods were used.[Results]The evolution of the farmland protection legal system has gone through the process of"national consciousness-policy guidelines-institutional system",the change from"single subject to multiple subjects";change from the use of"one-way administrative means to coordinated use of administrative,economic and technical means".The practical problems of the farmland protection legal system are mainly due to the insufficient systematization of the farmland protection legal system itself,the generalization of quantity protection,the transformation of quality protection,and the absence of ecological protection.[Conclusions]It is recommended to improve the existing farmland protection legal system from the establishment of the Farmland Protection Law,the improvement of the farmland protection public participation mechanism and supervision mechanism,the establishment of the farmland quality construction and improvement system,the differentiated farmland occupation and supplementation balance system,and the ecological restoration system.

Improvement of the Legal System for Addressing the Issue of Elderly Care in China in the Context of Population Aging

Rapid population aging is a social reality facing China at present,and the issue of elderly care has become a hot topic of social concern.Legislation to address the issue of elderly care in the context of population aging should follow systematic concepts to achieve“vertical and horizontal integration.”In terms of content,it is necessary to formulate specific legal approaches around“the elderly and children,”with a focus on guaranteeing the livelihood and protection of the rights of the elderly while taking into account childbirth,employment and other issues.the laws should not only safeguard the social participation and labor rights of the elderly,but also effectively respond to the social challenges brought about by the aging of the population.It is also necessary to optimize the family planning policy to ease the burden of child-raising,improve the population structure and promote the long-term balanced development of the population,thus fundamentally solving the problem of population aging.the effort to improve the legal system to deal with the issue of elderly care in the context of population aging will better advance Chinese modernization.

个性化推荐算法的法律风险规制

信息爆发增长催生了个性化推荐算法技术的兴起。个性化推荐算法在解决信息过载和长尾问题、满足用户个性化需求、提高互联网信息服务效率的同时,也引发了用户意思自治受限、隐私泄露、信息茧房、算法歧视等诸多法律风险,亟需法律作出必要的回应。为此,应当在诚信原则、自主原则、公正原则、比例原则的指导下,树立开放的隐私保护观,强化算法告知义务与用户拒绝权利,完善算法解释权,构建算法审计制度,以降低个性化推荐算法所带来的法律风险。

Exploring euthanasia in Malta: an intersectional analysis of medical, legal, and ethical perspectives

This paper provides a comprehensive examination of euthanasia from various perspectives,including medical,legal,religious,philosophical,and moral.The study also explores the public perceptions and trends in Malta.The medical perspective analyses the benefits and risks of euthanasia and its impact on the healthcare system.The legal perspective discusses the legality of euthanasia in Malta and the potential legal implications of legalizing the practice.The religious perspective explores the beliefs of various religious groups in Malta,particularly Catholicism,on euthanasia.The philosophical perspective discusses the ethical and moral considerations of euthanasia.The paper also analyses the results of surveys conducted in Malta,examining the public’s attitudes towards euthanasia.Overall,the study provides a thorough analysis of euthanasia from various angles,shedding light on the complex and controversial nature of the topic.

An Empirical Study on the Differences between Overt Translation and Covert Translation in Legal

Currently,it is key to convey precise meanings to readers for translators.Observing expressing habits between different languages is the precondition to make target texts more readable.It is crucial to ensure the exactness and seriousness of legal texts,but it does not mean that translators have to take machined way to leave out and even give up transmitting in-deep cultural implications for the intention of achieving the all-inclusive integrity of target content.It is a correct choice for translators to take overt translation and covert translation in line with traits of source language and target language and differences between civil law system and common law system.The intention of the article is to make an empirical study between overt translation and covert translation.

具体犯罪保护法益的确定方法

在基本犯与加重犯的保护法益不同的情形下,应当分别确定基本犯与加重犯的保护法益。如果拟制罪名与基本罪名的构成要件不同,就不应按罪名确定保护法益,而应分别确定拟制罪名与基本罪名的保护法益。阻挡层法益与背后层法益是就不同犯罪或者基本犯与加重犯的关系而言,并不是任何具体犯罪的保护法益都包含阻挡层法益与背后层法益。应当根据法益主体与被害人同意或承诺的有效性等要素区分个人法益与公共法益,不应当在对个人法益的犯罪中随意添加公共法益内容,也不宜随意在对公共法益的犯罪中任意添加个人法益内容。此外,需要区分具体犯罪的保护法益与阻却违法性的优越利益,不应将阻却违法性的优越利益当作相关犯罪的保护法益。

生态修复目标司法确认的类型化构造

生态环境修复目标决定了生态环境修复责任的配置程度。司法确认生态环境修复目标的实践中存在损害前状态和功能的适用不合理、可接受风险水平被基本弃用和具体指向笼统模糊等问题,其原因在于司法中恢复原状思维的影响难以消弭以及现实危害的规制被过度关注。司法应当将生态环境修复目标划分为基线水平、人体健康可接受风险水平和生态环境可接受风险水平,然后根据生态环境的特质确认适宜的修复目标。对于价值较高的生态环境应当将其修复到基线水平,对于价值特殊的生态环境,即便在经济不合理的情况下,也应当将其修复到基线水平。对于人类密切相关的受污染生态环境应当将其修复到人体健康可接受风险水平。当生态环境可接受风险水平较为宽松之时可以考虑将其作为修复目标进行适用。

从传统走向生态:生产者产品责任生态化

传统生产者产品责任生态化是因应生态社会发展需要和法律生态化趋势的必然结果。传统生产者产品责任在责任理念、责任目的和责任内容上被局限于国家、个体和社会利益保护,既难为预防性和现实性生态责任承担提供依据,又难为生态利益损害救济提供保障,难以适应生态社会发展需要。然而,随着生态社会持续发展,生态文明建设不断推进,不仅生态利益保护的现实需要增强,产品责任理念生态化、产品责任目标生态化和产品法律理论生态化也使传统生产者产品责任生态化之正当性和必要性凸显。与此同时,生态法律责任理论、产品政策生态化和法律生态化也为传统生产者产品责任生态化提供了可行性保障。有鉴于此,实体法应从产品责任理念、产品责任目的和产品责任内容上促进传统生产者产品责任生态化,将绿色、循环、低碳的生态责任理念、责任目的和责任内容贯穿生产者产品的全生命周期,内化为生产者产品在设计、生产、销售和废旧产品回收等环节的行为自觉,构建传统责任与生态责任互补、协同和沟通的整体责任体系。程序法则应沿用公私二元分离的救济模式,既可发挥现有制度之功能与效率,又能避免因公私益交织案件对现有司法机关、司法制度和司法人员要求过高而导致的预防失效和救济失灵。当然,为防止生产者产品责任泛化,传统生产者产品责任生态化并非无限度地生态化,而应是在恪守“必要性”的基础上,既不妨碍传统产品责任功能之实现,又不突破传统生产者产品责任追究在时间、空间与事实等客观条件上的限制和规定。

ChatGPT的法律人格认定与生成内容性质探讨

随着ChatGPT的广泛运用,关于人工智能的法律问题探讨再次成为舆论焦点。根据ChatGPT系统与人类互动生成相应文字内容的特性,ChatGPT生成内容是否受《著作权法》保护问题备受争议。探讨该问题,有两个不可或缺的前提要件,即ChatGPT是否具有法律人格及其生成内容能否被认定为作品,以此确定其是否应受《著作权法》保护。文本认为,ChatGPT尚不具备法律主体资格,在ChatGPT生成内容被认定为作品对其进行保护时,应明确ChatGPT使用者作为生成内容的著作权主体,通过加强对ChatGPT著作权主体的监管实现对其生成内容的规制,以此加快推进人工智能法治化进程。

大学生就业能力培养中高校的“有限责任”

培养大学生就业能力是高等教育的本职所在、应有之义,是高校的主责主业之一,但就业能力培养参与主体多元、影响因素众多,不能任意放大单一主体的责任,亟须在高校、政府、雇主、学生个体等利益相关者之间建立明确的责任分担机制。高校在大学生就业能力培养方面客观存在权力有限性、能力有限性与资源有限性,应针对性进行责任的纵向和横向配置,建立基于时间和基于范畴的有限责任,明确大学生就业能力培养中高校的责任边界,有效区分高校在大学生就业能力培养内容产品提供方面的主导责任、个人与自我方面的引导责任以及服务与机会方面的支持责任。

基于日本核污染水排海污染损害的社会化救济路径——强制责任保险的可保性和关键问题讨论

日本核污染水排海造成的污染损害赔偿数额巨大,建立系统性救济机制迫在眉睫,其责任保险是社会化救济的重要法律路径。研究认为,核污染水污染责任具有可保性:持续性核污染水排海使损害的潜伏持续累积,几十年后仍将面临难以预期的保险索赔,核污染水是一种面向未来的新的保险标的。政府主导构建核污染水强制责任保险制度,可分散核污染水污染风险,确保未来污染损害发生时能为受害人及受损生态系统修复提供财务赔偿保证,填补赔偿环节中作为赔偿者短板的赔偿能力,使得赔偿有序、高效进行,为有效治理海洋环境污染提供保障。为此,应借助政府公权力构建核污染水强制责任保险制度:①通过立法强制核污染水污染责任投保。②面对来自未来的海洋生态损害索赔,将核污染水持续污染纳入强制责任保险范围,明确界定为持续性保险事故,对未来发生的损害赔偿承担保险责任,治理海洋环境污染,修复海洋生态系统。③设立专门的保险公司参与经营可以更好地控制污染风险和经营风险,明确保险公司对核污染水污染风险进行承保的义务及其参与权,通过相关政策为专门保险公司的保险能力建设提供保障。日本政府授意或主导核污染水排海,依国际法需承担损害赔偿责任,应就建立核污染水强制责任保险国际合作进行磋商,包括:日本履行核污染水排海告知义务,放宽利益攸关国保险公司进入日本保险市场的限制,对核污染水强制责任进行共同保险,搭建共同保险信息系统平台,利用保险衍生工具共同推动核污染水巨灾证券化,共同商定核污染水保险准备金的提取比例、留存期限、使用管理,建立长期的、提留充足的核污染水保险准备金以有效应对未来可能发生的巨额索赔。日本与利益攸关国应就核污染水损失评估体系建设进行国际合作,为保险公司核保提供核污染水风险评估、损失评估、损害处理及赔偿等技术支持和专业咨询。