Comparative Analysis and Legal Reflection on the Boundaries of Human Rights Due Diligence in the Supply Chain

As global supply chains become increasingly lengthy and complex, human rights due diligence in the supply chain is becoming a controversial focal point in the accountability of multinational corporations. In recent years, legislative practices in the field of human rights due diligence have shown a trend from voluntary soft law toward mandatory hard law, and from corporate due diligence for their own operations towards extended due diligence for the entire supply chain. However, there is a divergence in national practices regarding the extent to which human rights due diligence should extend along the supply chain and the manner in which it should be incorporated into domestic legal policies. International soft law interpretations surrounding the boundaries of human rights due diligence in the supply chain are decentralized, posing risks of interpretation diversification, boundary blurring, and procedural formalization, as well as risks of misinterpretation and misuse. Meanwhile, some countries and regions are vigorously promoting mandatory legislation on human rights due diligence in the supply chain, which has profound implications for the stability of global supply chains and the international economic and trade order. Against this backdrop, it is crucial to explore the reasonable boundaries of human rights due diligence in the supply chain. Instead of applying a one-size-fits-all approach,the rationality of legal factors and the complexity of practical factors should be considered, applying context-specific measures based on the varying degrees of linkage between companies and negative human rights impacts in the supply chain. China should be particularly wary of the “chilling effect” of mandatory legislation on human rights due diligence in the supply chain, attaching great importance to national supply chain security and international supply chain competitiveness.Additionally,China should actively promote the implementation of voluntary human rights due diligence under the United Nations framework, and accelerate the enhancement of China's discourse power in the international rule-making process in the fields of industry and commerce as well as human rights.

Practice and Outlook of China's Regulation on the Extraterritorial Human Rights Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations

As China’s overseas investment and business operations continue to expand,the issue of human rights risks faced by Chinese transnational corporations abroad has attracted sustained attention from society.In recent years,China has enacted a series of laws,regulations,and policies to better regulate the overseas business conduct of transnational corporations,urging them to respect the human rights of the people in host countries and fulfill their social responsibilities to achieve sustainable development.Meanwhile,China has actively participated in the formulation of the Legally Binding Instrument on Activities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises in International Human Rights Law,providing a Chinese solution to promote global governance of transnational corporations.However,in practice,the lack of institutional mechanisms,systems,and industry rules to supervise and guide transnational enterprises in fulfilling their human rights responsibilities,as well as the limited awareness of human rights risks among these enterprises,have resulted in ongoing human rights risks in their overseas business operations,particularly regarding labor rights and environmental rights.In response,China should take its national conditions into consideration and focus on the development trends of human rights issues in the business sector at the international level.Drawing on the experiences of other countries,China should explore and establish institutional and practical measures to regulate the human rights responsibilities of transnational enterprises through legislation,administration,and judiciary actions,in order to address the risks and challenges faced by Chinese enterprises in foreign investments and contribute to the sustainable development of the world and global human rights governance.

Human Rights Value Based on the Legislation Principle of the Basic Healthcare and Health Promotion Law

The draft of the Basic Healthcare and Health Promotion Law directly incorporates the concept of the right to health,which will have a positive significance in realizing the constitutional norms of the right to health protection.China’s Constitution stipulates the general policy,concrete duties and specific obligations of the state to protect citizens’ right to health,which is the most fundamental logical starting point of legislative design.The implementation of state obligations requires the legislation to follow the principles as follows:people-centered public welfare,respecting and protecting the principle of citizens’ right to health,equitable access to basic medical and health services and the government responsibility for the purpose of the people’s health.

The Human Rights Legislation Practices of the Communist Party of China During the War of Liberation

During the War of Liberation,the liberated areas,under the leadership of the Communist Party of China,kept deepening and developing the concepts and ideas of protecting human rights,promulgated a series of human rights laws and related administrative programs,and put them into practice.The contents included not only the political rights of citizens but also their economic,social,and cultural rights,with emphasis on the protection of the rights to subsistence and development.The human rights legislation in the liberated areas has a wartime and class-based nature due to its social environment.It reflects the transition of the Communist Party of China from a revolutionary party to a ruling party on the historical stage.It played an important role in directing,advancing,and promoting the progress of democracy and the rule of law at that time and accumulated experience for the human rights legislation after the founding of the People’s Republic of China.History proves that the Communist Party of China has always been a political party dedicated to fighting for the human rights of the Chinese people,and only the Communist Party of China can lead China’s human rights development to a deeper level.

Accurate Evaluation of China's Human Rights Legislation During the Historical Periods Before and After Reform and Opening-up

Recently, when evaluating the achievements China has made during the his- torical periods before and after reform and opening-up, Chinese President Xi Jinping pointed out, ＂The socialist construction conducted by the people under the leadership of our Party is divided into two historical periods--before and after reform and opening-up. The two periods are in- terconnected, but also different from each other. However, they both essen- tially reflect the practical explorations of socialist construction conducted by the people under the leadership of the Party. Socialism with Chinese characteristics began to take shape in the new era of reform and opening- up, but it is also grounded in New China＇s 20-plus years of experience in building and carrying out the basic system of socialism... Although the two historical periods have huge dif- ferences in the guidelines, policies,

The Constitutional Analysis of Human Rights Legislative Protection

The paths for applying the international human rights conventions in China should be recognized as follows: On the premise of respecting the Constitution of China, systematic human rights which could coordinate the relationship between the Constitution of China and international human rights conventions. The source of the human rights legislation obligations of the legislative organs of China is the Constitution of China, not the international human rights conventions. The legislature should understand and grasp the main contents of the human rights legislation obligations of the legislature according to Paragraph 3 of Article 33 of the Constitution while the interpretation of this clause must be based on the relevant provisions of the international human rights conventions. Human rights legislative obligations of the legislature can be classified into two types: legislative protecting obligations and legislative relief obligations of human rights. The NPC and its Standing Committee should be structurally responsible for the human rights legislation obligation, and the State Council and other organs of the State not for the legislation protection of human rights. A special human rights law should be enacted by the NPC.

Protection of the Human Rights of Those Under Guardianship in the General Provisions of the Civil Law

Based on the guardianship system in the General Principles of the Civil Law, the General Provisions of the Civil Law establish the three concepts of respecting the true will of the ward, benefiting the ward to the greatest extent, and moderate intervention of public power in guardianship. The three concepts are embodied in the specific provisions of the guardianship system, highlighting respect for and protection of human rights under the spirit of the Constitution as well as the human rights concept of protecting the interests of this vulnerable group, improving the scope of protecting the human rights of minors, the disabled and the elderly in the Chinese guardianship system. The General Provisions of the Civil Law expand the functions and types of the guardianship system, enrich and perfect the guardianship system for minors, and clearly stipulate the conditions and means for disqualifying guardians, and arranging temporary custody and state custody. They expand the scope of guardianship for minors, respond to the reality of increasing guardianship needs and the aging of Chinese society, dovetail with the international community’s concept of respecting and safeguarding the rights of the elderly and adults with disabilities, and reflect the law moving with the times. The Specific Provisions on Marriage and Family under the General Provisions of the Civil Law now being compiled should refine and enrich the guardianship system under the framework of the guardianship system in the General Provisions, so that they become the rules of conduct that is practically feasible and enforceable in judgments.

The Development of Legal Protection of Women's Human Rights in China

The legal confirmation process of women’s human rights has been undergoing great difficulties both in the United Nations and among nations. The Fourth World Conference on Women plays a role in promoting the legal protection of women’s human rights. Currently, the protection of women’s human rights has undoubtedly become the consensus of both international and domestic law. International conventions on human rights have become an important launching area for promoting international law on women’s human rights, owing to its legal binding force and supervising mechanism established under it. Domestic law has also become the first line of defense for protecting women’s human rights. However, it needs to be pointed out that, for international conventions on human rights and domestic legislation, the cognition and acceptance of social gender conception has not only promoted changes on forms, but, more importantly, on revolution at substantial level.

New Developments and Challenges in the UN Norms on Human Rights Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations

With the adoption of the"Legally Binding Instrument to Regulate,in International Human Rights Law,the Activities of Transnational Corporations and other Business Enterprises"and its revised draft,the codification of the human rights responsibilities of transnational corporations has entered a new era The instrument aims to supplement the shortcomings of transnational corporations in fulfilling their human rights responsibilities by strengthening the obligations of states and to improve the host country’s inadequate remedies for human rights violations by establishing extraterritorial human rights jurisdiction of home countries But the instrument has encountered various challenges because the human rights obligations and legal responsibilities of states go beyond the current domestic human rights systems and impact the existing theories and practices of international human rights law In order to resolve the differences among countries,the future codification of the instrument should be based on existing domestic and international legal systems and practices striking a balance between the interests of developing and developed countries,taking into account the objectives of both the fair treatment of transnational corporations and human rights protection,to promote the regulatory effect of the human rights responsibilities of transnational corporations.

工商业与人权的司法救济:域外实践与中国因应

如何使以跨国公司为典型代表的工商企业侵犯人权行为的受害者获得有效司法救济,不仅是联合国所确立的工商业与人权领域的关键议题之一,也是完善公司海外侵权法律问责机制的重要内容。鉴于跨国公司母国与东道国之间的治理差距以及碎片化的国际法无法有效规制跨国公司海外侵权行为等原因,应用母国诉讼作为司法救济机制显得尤为重要。母国诉讼兼具跨国法与社会法的双重属性,处于公法与私法的交汇地带。由于不同法域政治现实和法律传统的迥异,母国诉讼的生成和演进有其不同的路径。以跨国公司民事责任为逻辑特征对母国诉讼进行类型化分析,可将其归纳为母公司责任案件与供应链核心公司责任案件。我国兼具跨国公司母国和全球供应链中重要国家的双重身份,对上述两类案件的法理依据进行阐释,有助于为我国应对母国诉讼提供因应性智力支持。

欧美人权尽责立法的反身法规制理念及进路——基于“当地居民”的视角

工商业中的人权保护是全球化时代中跨国企业规制的新议题,欧美国家在这一背景下相继出台了人权尽责立法。然而,欧美人权尽责立法并未实质性地将当地居民纳入考虑范围:当地居民无法有效参与尽责计划的制定,也无法有效监督尽责义务的履行以及获得赔偿。从系统理论看,其根本原因在于当地居民所处的全球社会系统与欧美国内法律系统之间存在难以逾越的独立性。具体来说,欧美国内法律系统难以突破与全球社会系统的沟通阻滞性,也难以干预全球社会系统的运作自主性。人权尽责立法遭遇了前所未有的规制困境。对此,托依布纳提出的反身法理论对解决该困境有所裨益。反身法理论强调法律的作用在于通过对社会子系统自我调整机制的定位、矫正和重释,促进社会子系统的自我学习和分散整合。人权尽责立法在反身法统摄下应当立足于参与型国家,维持后国家型构,恪守温和教育者角色。在实践层面,反身法理论结合其组织、程序、沟通和权限理性,为欧美人权尽责立法的当地居民视角调整提供了有益的发展进路支持。

“体育权利”研究反思与立法选择

在体育法修订过程中",体育权利"成为最炙手可热的概念。现有研究取得不菲成果,但在方法论上普遍存在缺陷,表现为:不当地套用权利的要素分析方法,导致体育权利内涵和外延的界定几近失控;过分倚重概括性分析方法,将体育权利与权利要求混为一谈。鉴于莫衷一是的研究现状,《体育法》修订时若贸然将体育权利作为单独条款进行概括性规定,实难保证立法质量。因此,应转变思路,突出体育权利作为公民基本权利的规定性;《体育法》修订应当以体育权利为灵魂,但并非要让权利性条款在数量上占优势,而是需要落实在制度构建中,体现在文本表达上;既做好总则中体育权利的宣示,又应在具体权利立法时转变观念,根据行为而不是权利义务观念进行表述,在法律关系中划定体育权利的边界,为体育权利的实现夯实制度基础。

论基本权利的宪法保留

基本权利的宪法保留是指对于基本权利之确认及限制,直接由宪法作出明确、具体的规定,以防立法侵害,从而使基本权利直接受到宪法保障。这种制度的产生依赖于防范立法权的观念。基本权利的宪法保留分为绝对保留与相对保留两类,前者又有日常状态下保留与非常状态下保留之分。

论民工权益保障法律机制的构建——当代中国发展权面临的困境与出路之一

民工权益保护的紧迫需要与现实法律资源供给不足之间的矛盾,严重制约着民工权益的实现。构建民工权益保护法律制度应坚持基本人权优先、权力强制干预和司法及时救济三大法律原则;而提升立法位阶、伸张政府培力、改革程序立法、提高裁判效能和完善法律援助是依法维护民工权益的必由之路。

第一次全国劳动教养立法理论研讨会综述

2 0 0 1年 3月 2 9日— 4月 1日 ,全国劳动教养立法理论研讨会在北京召开。会议全面深入地讨论了劳动教养立法的基本理论和实践问题 ,并就劳动教养的法治化建构和公民权利的保护与限制等问题进行了专题研讨。这是我国历史上第一次全国劳动教养立法理论研讨会。

酷刑:以人权为视角的思考

在现代 ,酷刑是一种公认的国际犯罪。但从历史的角度看 ,酷刑则经历了从法定对付犯罪人、犯罪嫌疑人的手段到在国内法中受到冷落乃至在世界范围内被全面禁止的演变。事实上 ,酷刑罪的产生是人权理念兴起的必然结果 ;禁止酷刑公约的签定是人权保护具体化的重要步骤。鉴于此 ,有效遏制酷刑也应从积极接受人权理念、完善人权保障机制以及加强人权教育与自觉抵制酷刑等方面入手。

艾滋病防治的世界性法律行动与中国的法律实践

面对艾滋病对社会经济的巨大影响,国际社会和各个国家纷纷通过立法来找寻艾滋病防治的有效路径。近年来的相关研究业已表明,人权保护乃是艾滋病防治工作和艾滋病立法的重要内容。20多年来世界性艾滋病立法行动对人权保护给予了足够的重视。同时,在国际社会的指引下,中国的艾滋病防治立法中也有了更多人权保护的规定。

论公民居住权的实现与政府责任

居住权是公民最基本的权利,是一项基本人权,此项权利已被各国法律承认并为国际社会所接受。公民有权获得可负担得起的,适宜于居住的,具有安全、健康、尊严的,有良好物质设备和基础服务设施的,不受歧视的住房权利。中央政府和地方政府应该共同承担保障公民居住权利的责任。政府责任的承担应该贯穿于住房用地供应、住房建设、住房交易等各个环节,当前应该重点解决保障性住房供应和分配面临的问题。同时中国应该加快住房立法,在法律上确认居住权,明确权利实现中的政府责任与义务。

从提倡到保障:新中国体育权利立法的发展与期待

法治的基本内容是保障人的权利。新中国建立以来,从1949年《中国人民政治协商会议共同纲领》中提倡国民体育的条款,到2009年《全民健身条例》对保障公民健身权利的明确,呈现出我国公民的体育权利在国家法治进程中不断进步的历史足迹。在我国社会主义民主制度为民众健康不断创立法治保障的基础上,随着改革开放和人权事业及其立法的发展,公民的体育权利逐渐成为我国公民权利体系的重要内容,最终以明确的法律语言宣示了公民的体育权利,将公民体育权利的法治保障发展到新的境界。而迈向体育强国,则需要进一步依法实现广大公民对体育权利更加充分普遍而真实的享有。

论我国行政法治中的人权保护问题

人权是一个人作为人所享有或应享有的基本权利。它是一种道德观念上的权利。要把它变成现实,在我们这样一个有礼法政治传统的国家里更需法律制度的推动。作为“制约权力”、“保障权利”且有“动态宪法”之称的行政法在保护人权方面承担着重要责任。改革开放20多年来,人权保障在我国的行政立法、行政执法以及行政权利救济等方面不断得以体现和落实,但还存在着诸多不尽如人意之处,尚待进一步完善我国行政法治中的人权保护机制。