Biodiversity conservation depends on a sound legislation in both international and national levels.China has promulgated a series of laws and regulations concerning biodiversity conservation,especially for protection ...Biodiversity conservation depends on a sound legislation in both international and national levels.China has promulgated a series of laws and regulations concerning biodiversity conservation,especially for protection of wild animals and other natural resources.As the enforcement of the statutes,a great progress for in-situ and ex-situ biodiversity conservation has been achieved.But some gaps for the legislation are still existed.Based on the present status of conservation legislation in China and in accordance with the Convention on Biological Diversity,an attention for the legislation should be paid to conservation of genetic resources,wild plant species and various natural ecosystems.展开更多
Wetland biodiversity means mainly the types of wetland ecosystem and biological species diversity.Biodiversity includes all species of plants,animals and microbes,all gene possessed by them and all ecosystems consisti...Wetland biodiversity means mainly the types of wetland ecosystem and biological species diversity.Biodiversity includes all species of plants,animals and microbes,all gene possessed by them and all ecosystems consisting of them and environment.According to the origin and genesis,China's wetlands can be divided into natural wetland ecosystems including mires,lakeshores,bottomland,seashore,wet meadow,etc.,and artificial wetland ecosystem including paddy field.Then based on geomorphological type,these ecosystems can be divided into 15 subsystems,then based on soil substrata and ecological niche conditions,they can be subdivided into 15 classes,finally according to construction species of plants,several types can be divided into.They are not only the expression of ecosystem diversity,but also the base for biological communities subsistence.This peculiar ecological niche provides a complex and perfect special habitat for various animal and plant communities.In this special habitat,there exist various biological types from monomolecular microbes to higher plants and animals, especially some endangered and rare plants and animals.According to the statistics,there are more than 300 species of birds in China's wetlands,making up one-third of the total number of China's birds.Wetlands not only the goodplace for waterbirds living, but also the important environment on which wild animals and plant rely for existence. There are 65 species of mammals,50 species of reptiles,45 species of amphibious animals, 1040 species of fish, 825 species of higher plants, 639 species of angiosperm,10 species of gymnosperm, 12 species of pteridophyte and 164 species of bryophyte investigated in China's wetlands.展开更多
Implementing conservation actions on-the-ground is not a straightforward process,especially when faced with high scientific uncertainty due to limited available information. This is especially acute in regions of the ...Implementing conservation actions on-the-ground is not a straightforward process,especially when faced with high scientific uncertainty due to limited available information. This is especially acute in regions of the world that harbor many unique species that have not been well studied,such as the alpine zone of the Hengduan Mountains of Northwest Yunnan (NWY),a global biodiversity hotspot and site of The Nature Conservancy’s Yunnan Great Rivers Project. We conducted a quantitative,but rapid regional-level assessment of the alpine flora across NWY to provide a broad-based understanding of local and regional patterns of the alpine flora,the first large-scale analysis of alpine biodiversity patterns in this region. Multivariate analyses were used to classify the major plant community types and link community patterns to habitat variables. Our analysis indicated that most species had small distributions and/or small population sizes. Strong patterns emerged with higher diversity in the more northern mountains,but beta diversity was high,averaging only 10% among sites. The ordinations indicated that elevation and geographic location were the dominant environ-mental gradients underlying the differences in the species composition among communities. The high beta diversity across the alpine of these mountains implies that conservation strategies ultimately will require the protection of large numbers of species over a large geographical area. However,prioritiza-tion should be given to areas where potential payoffs are greatest. Sites with high species richness also have a greater number of endemic species,and,by focusing efforts on these sites,conservation investments would be maximized by protecting the greatest number of unique species.展开更多
Landscape ecology is playing an increasingly important role in resources management and landuse planning in recent decades and attracting much attention from resource managers and scientists in China as well as in the...Landscape ecology is playing an increasingly important role in resources management and landuse planning in recent decades and attracting much attention from resource managers and scientists in China as well as in the world. Reviews of landscape ecology development in China have been well documented, whereas forest landscape ecology and its applications receive relatively fewer reviews. In this paper, we first present a brief review of the historical development and current advances of landscape ecology in China and then introduce the applications of landscape ecology to forest park designs, urban greenspace planning, ecological restoration, biodiversity conservation and forest eco-hydrology. Finally, the problems with the application of forest landscape ecology in China, such as inadequate synthesis and integration, lack of basic research on patterns and processes, basic data shortage and model usage problem are discussed on the basis of which we suggest a future direction of forest landscape ecology in China.展开更多
Tropical forests continue to vanish rapidly,but few long-term studies have ever examined if and how the lost forests can be restored.Based on a 45-year restoration study in south China,we found that a tropical rain fo...Tropical forests continue to vanish rapidly,but few long-term studies have ever examined if and how the lost forests can be restored.Based on a 45-year restoration study in south China,we found that a tropical rain forest,once completely destroyed,could not recover naturally without deliberate restoration efforts.We identified two kinds of thresholds that must be overcome with human ameliorative measures before the ecosystem was able to recover.The first threshold was imposed primarily by extreme physical conditions such as exceedingly high surface temperature and impoverished soil,while the second was characterized by a critical level of biodiversity and a landscape context that accommodates dispersal and colonization processes.Our three treatment catchments(un-restored barren land,single-species plantation,and mixed-forest stand)exhibited dramatically different changes in biodiversity and ecosystem functioning over 4 decades.The mixed forest,having the highest level of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning,possesses several major properties of tropical rain forest.These findings may have important implications for the restoration of many severely degraded or lost tropical forest ecosystems.展开更多
China is one of most biodiverse countries in the world, containing at least 10% of all angiosperm species.Therefore, we should anticipate a diverse, pollinator fauna. China also has a long history of applied ethnobiol...China is one of most biodiverse countries in the world, containing at least 10% of all angiosperm species.Therefore, we should anticipate a diverse, pollinator fauna. China also has a long history of applied ethnobiology, including a sustainable agriculture based on apiculture and plant-pollinator interactions.However, the science of pollination ecology is a far younger sub-discipline in China, compared to in the West. Chinese studies in pollination ecology began in the 1970 s. For this review, we compiled a complete reference database(>600 publications) of pollination studies in China. Using this database, we identified and analyzed gaps and limitations in research on the pollination systems of native and naturalized species. Specifically, we asked the following questions: 1) What do we know about the pollination systems of native, Chinese species? 2) How does Chinese pollination ecology compare with the development of pollination research abroad and which aspects of research should be pursued by Chinese anthecologists in the near future? 3) What research on pollination in China will advance our understanding and contribute to our ongoing analyses of endemism and conservation? Subsequently, we segregated and identified prospective lines of future research that are unique to China and can only be done in China. This requires discussing priorities within a systematic approach.展开更多
Ecoagriculture in China began in the late 1970’s/early 1980’s. This system aims to bring about the most effective coordination of social, economic and ecological factors in agricultural practices. Key approaches inc...Ecoagriculture in China began in the late 1970’s/early 1980’s. This system aims to bring about the most effective coordination of social, economic and ecological factors in agricultural practices. Key approaches include ecological planning at the landscape level, cycling system design at the ecosystem level, and the re-establishment of the importance of biodiversity. The social and economic environment favoured for ecoagriculture is important in order to enable its development. For the social environment, it is important to set up the necessary moral standards involved through educational, legislative and evaluation systems. For the economic environment, efficient government subsidy policies, an effective market system to deal with pollutant discharge, and efficient markets for the sale of ecologically-friendly products.展开更多
文摘Biodiversity conservation depends on a sound legislation in both international and national levels.China has promulgated a series of laws and regulations concerning biodiversity conservation,especially for protection of wild animals and other natural resources.As the enforcement of the statutes,a great progress for in-situ and ex-situ biodiversity conservation has been achieved.But some gaps for the legislation are still existed.Based on the present status of conservation legislation in China and in accordance with the Convention on Biological Diversity,an attention for the legislation should be paid to conservation of genetic resources,wild plant species and various natural ecosystems.
文摘Wetland biodiversity means mainly the types of wetland ecosystem and biological species diversity.Biodiversity includes all species of plants,animals and microbes,all gene possessed by them and all ecosystems consisting of them and environment.According to the origin and genesis,China's wetlands can be divided into natural wetland ecosystems including mires,lakeshores,bottomland,seashore,wet meadow,etc.,and artificial wetland ecosystem including paddy field.Then based on geomorphological type,these ecosystems can be divided into 15 subsystems,then based on soil substrata and ecological niche conditions,they can be subdivided into 15 classes,finally according to construction species of plants,several types can be divided into.They are not only the expression of ecosystem diversity,but also the base for biological communities subsistence.This peculiar ecological niche provides a complex and perfect special habitat for various animal and plant communities.In this special habitat,there exist various biological types from monomolecular microbes to higher plants and animals, especially some endangered and rare plants and animals.According to the statistics,there are more than 300 species of birds in China's wetlands,making up one-third of the total number of China's birds.Wetlands not only the goodplace for waterbirds living, but also the important environment on which wild animals and plant rely for existence. There are 65 species of mammals,50 species of reptiles,45 species of amphibious animals, 1040 species of fish, 825 species of higher plants, 639 species of angiosperm,10 species of gymnosperm, 12 species of pteridophyte and 164 species of bryophyte investigated in China's wetlands.
文摘Implementing conservation actions on-the-ground is not a straightforward process,especially when faced with high scientific uncertainty due to limited available information. This is especially acute in regions of the world that harbor many unique species that have not been well studied,such as the alpine zone of the Hengduan Mountains of Northwest Yunnan (NWY),a global biodiversity hotspot and site of The Nature Conservancy’s Yunnan Great Rivers Project. We conducted a quantitative,but rapid regional-level assessment of the alpine flora across NWY to provide a broad-based understanding of local and regional patterns of the alpine flora,the first large-scale analysis of alpine biodiversity patterns in this region. Multivariate analyses were used to classify the major plant community types and link community patterns to habitat variables. Our analysis indicated that most species had small distributions and/or small population sizes. Strong patterns emerged with higher diversity in the more northern mountains,but beta diversity was high,averaging only 10% among sites. The ordinations indicated that elevation and geographic location were the dominant environ-mental gradients underlying the differences in the species composition among communities. The high beta diversity across the alpine of these mountains implies that conservation strategies ultimately will require the protection of large numbers of species over a large geographical area. However,prioritiza-tion should be given to areas where potential payoffs are greatest. Sites with high species richness also have a greater number of endemic species,and,by focusing efforts on these sites,conservation investments would be maximized by protecting the greatest number of unique species.
文摘Landscape ecology is playing an increasingly important role in resources management and landuse planning in recent decades and attracting much attention from resource managers and scientists in China as well as in the world. Reviews of landscape ecology development in China have been well documented, whereas forest landscape ecology and its applications receive relatively fewer reviews. In this paper, we first present a brief review of the historical development and current advances of landscape ecology in China and then introduce the applications of landscape ecology to forest park designs, urban greenspace planning, ecological restoration, biodiversity conservation and forest eco-hydrology. Finally, the problems with the application of forest landscape ecology in China, such as inadequate synthesis and integration, lack of basic research on patterns and processes, basic data shortage and model usage problem are discussed on the basis of which we suggest a future direction of forest landscape ecology in China.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.30200035 and 30670370)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(Grant No. 021627)Field Station Fund of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,and theChinese Academy of Sciences Advisory Program (Grant Nos. KSCX2-SW-132 andKSCX2-SW-133)
文摘Tropical forests continue to vanish rapidly,but few long-term studies have ever examined if and how the lost forests can be restored.Based on a 45-year restoration study in south China,we found that a tropical rain forest,once completely destroyed,could not recover naturally without deliberate restoration efforts.We identified two kinds of thresholds that must be overcome with human ameliorative measures before the ecosystem was able to recover.The first threshold was imposed primarily by extreme physical conditions such as exceedingly high surface temperature and impoverished soil,while the second was characterized by a critical level of biodiversity and a landscape context that accommodates dispersal and colonization processes.Our three treatment catchments(un-restored barren land,single-species plantation,and mixed-forest stand)exhibited dramatically different changes in biodiversity and ecosystem functioning over 4 decades.The mixed forest,having the highest level of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning,possesses several major properties of tropical rain forest.These findings may have important implications for the restoration of many severely degraded or lost tropical forest ecosystems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31300199 and 41561014)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,Chinese Academy of Sciences(2014355)
文摘China is one of most biodiverse countries in the world, containing at least 10% of all angiosperm species.Therefore, we should anticipate a diverse, pollinator fauna. China also has a long history of applied ethnobiology, including a sustainable agriculture based on apiculture and plant-pollinator interactions.However, the science of pollination ecology is a far younger sub-discipline in China, compared to in the West. Chinese studies in pollination ecology began in the 1970 s. For this review, we compiled a complete reference database(>600 publications) of pollination studies in China. Using this database, we identified and analyzed gaps and limitations in research on the pollination systems of native and naturalized species. Specifically, we asked the following questions: 1) What do we know about the pollination systems of native, Chinese species? 2) How does Chinese pollination ecology compare with the development of pollination research abroad and which aspects of research should be pursued by Chinese anthecologists in the near future? 3) What research on pollination in China will advance our understanding and contribute to our ongoing analyses of endemism and conservation? Subsequently, we segregated and identified prospective lines of future research that are unique to China and can only be done in China. This requires discussing priorities within a systematic approach.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China No. 40635029
文摘Ecoagriculture in China began in the late 1970’s/early 1980’s. This system aims to bring about the most effective coordination of social, economic and ecological factors in agricultural practices. Key approaches include ecological planning at the landscape level, cycling system design at the ecosystem level, and the re-establishment of the importance of biodiversity. The social and economic environment favoured for ecoagriculture is important in order to enable its development. For the social environment, it is important to set up the necessary moral standards involved through educational, legislative and evaluation systems. For the economic environment, efficient government subsidy policies, an effective market system to deal with pollutant discharge, and efficient markets for the sale of ecologically-friendly products.
