Leguminosae plants play a key role in affecting soil physical-chemical and biological properties during grassland succession after farmland abandonment in the Loess Plateau,China

Leguminosae are an important part of terrestrial ecosystems and play a key role in promoting soil nutrient cycling and improving soil properties.However,plant composition and species diversity change rapidly during the process of succession,the effect of leguminosae on soil physical-chemical and biological properties is still unclear.This study investigated the changes in the composition of plant community,vegetation characteristics,soil physical-chemical properties,and soil biological properties on five former farmlands in China,which had been abandoned for 0,5,10,18,and 30 a.Results showed that,with successional time,plant community developed from annual plants to perennial plants,the importance of Leguminosae and Asteraceae significantly increased and decreased,respectively,and the importance of grass increased and then decreased,having a maximum value after 5 a of abandonment.Plant diversity indices increased with successional time,and vegetation coverage and above-and below-ground biomass increased significantly with successional time after 5 a of abandonment.Compared with farmland,30 a of abandonment significantly increased soil nutrient content,but total and available phosphorus decreased with successional time.Changes in plant community composition and vegetation characteristics not only change soil properties and improve soil physical-chemical properties,but also regulate soil biological activity,thus affecting soil nutrient cycling.Among these,Leguminosae have the greatest influence on soil properties,and their importance values and community composition are significantly correlated with soil properties.Therefore,this research provides more scientific guidance for selecting plant species to stabilize soil ecosystem of farmland to grassland in the Loess Plateau,China.

A Phylogenetic and Biogeographic Study of Cercis (Leguminosae)

Cercis (L.) (Leguminosae) consists of approximately 8 species, disjunctly distributed in eastern and western Asia, southern Europe, and North America. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using sequences of the internal transcribed spacer ( ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. The two North American and one Southern European and Western Asian species consistently form a clade, nesting within the eastern Asian species, suggesting a slightly closer relationship between the North American and Southern Europe-Western Asian species than each with the Eastern Asian species of Cercis. A close relationship between the eastern and western North American species is furthermore demonstrated, although with weaker support. The possibilities of migration via either the Bering land bridges or the North Atlantic land bridges could not be precluded; it suggests that the biogeographic patterns in the Northern Hemisphere are complex.

Study on Characters of Hard Seeds of Amphicarpaea edgeworthii Benth. (Leguminosae) and Methods for Breaking Dormancy

[Objective] This study aimed to understand the characters of hard seeds of Amphicarpaea edgeworthii Benth. （Leguminosae） and explore the methods for break- ing dormancy. [Method] For both aerial and subterranean seeds of A. edgeworthii, the morphological characteristics were observed and the appropriate temperature for germination was explored. For aerial seeds of A. edgeworthii, the characters of hard seeds were studied, and concentrated sulfuric acid treatment, hot water soak treat- ment and mechanical damage treatment were compared to explore the methods for breaking seed dormancy. [Result] The aerial seeds were oblate and averaged 3.38 mm in length, 3.02 mm in width, 1.88 mm in thickness, 15.32 g in thousand grain weight, with a hard seed rate after of up to 98% natural maturation. The subter- ranean seeds were approximately oblate with a maximum diameter of 15 mm and a hundred grain weight of （50.08-58.26 g）; among all the treatments for breaking hardseededness, cutting seed coat treatment and concentrated sulfuric acid treatment for 20 minutes were the most effective methods, whereas hot water soak treatment was the least effective method; constant temperature between 20 and 30 ℃ was optimum for the germination of aerial seeds, and alternative temperature of 30/20 ℃ was most appropriate for the germination of subterranean seeds. [Conclusion] Cutting seed coat treatment and concentrated sulfuric acid treatment for 20 minutes were the most effective methods to break the hardseededness of A. edgeworthii.

Anatomical variations in wood among four native species of Leguminosae grown in arid areas of China

Morphological features and anatomical variations are described and illustrated in detail for four native species of Legnminosae grown in arid sandy regions in China, which are Hedysarum scoparium Fisch.et Mey., Caragana korshiskii Kom., Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. and Ammopiptanthus mongolicus （Maxim. ex Kom.） Cheng f. All species showed similar morphological features： distinct growth ring boundaries, ring to semi-ring-porosity, simple perforation plates, alternate intervessel pitting, nonseptate fibers, paratracheal confluent axial parenchyma, helical thickenings and heterocellular rays. However, the vessel arrangement and their quantitative features were different. A. mongolicus had smaller vessel diameters and larger vessel fi＇equency, while the values in the other three species were similar, but bigger than those in A. mongolicus. The variation of vessel lengths and fiber lengths along a horizontal direction showed an irregular tendency. There were significant differences in both fiber lengths and vessel element lengths among trees and within trees, except for A. mongolicus. The relationships between anatomical features of secondary xylem and the adaptability of these species to desert environments are also discussed.

Comparative Analysis of EST Mining Reveals High Degree of Conservation among Eight Leguminosae Species

Fabaceae is the third largest family of flowering plants and is unique among crops in their ability of fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Fabaceae is one of the few plant families with extensive genomic data available in multiple species. The unprecedented complexity and impending completeness of these data create opportunities for discovering new approaches. The Legume and Medicago share much-conserved colinearity between their genomes which can be exploited for the genomic research in Leguminosae crops. In this study, 1,952,191 ESTs of 8 Leguminosae species were clustered into unigenes contigs and compared with Medicago truncatula gene indices. Almost all the unigenes of Leguminosae species showed high similarity with Medicago genes, except for those of Lens culinaris, where 95% of unigenes were found similar. A total of 10,874 SSRs were identified in the unigenes. Functional annotation of unigenes showed that the majority of the genes are present in metabolism and energy functional classes. It is expected that comparative genomic analysis between Medicago and related crop species will expedite research in other Legume species. This would be helpful for genomics as well as evolutionary studies, and the DNA markers developed can be used for mapping, tagging and cloning of specific important genes in Leguminosae.

Pollen of Bauhinia L.and Phanera Lour.(Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae)from the Brazilian Caatinga

A study of pollen morphology, in species of the genera Bauhinia and Phanera (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) which occur in the Brazilian caatinga, is presented. The pollen was examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. Samples were prepared by the KOH method;non-treated pollen grains were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Pollen grains in Bauhinia species (11) are colpate, but porate in B. cheilantha and B. subclavata. All four species of Phanera present colporate pollen grains;P. outimouta is the only to have syncolporate pollen grains. Species of both genera present heteromorphism in the number of apertures. Excepting P. outimouta whose pollen grains are psilate, all species in the two genera present supratectal processes (gemmae/clavae), however the exine in the two genera are dif- ferent–semitectate, reticulate in Bauhinia species, and tectate, rugulate (or psilate) in Phanera ones. Pollen characters support the segregation of Phanera from Bauhinia.

Duplication and sub-functionalization of flavonoid biosynthesis genes plays important role in Leguminosae root nodule symbiosis evolution

Gene innovation plays an essential role in trait evolution.Rhizobial symbioses,the most important N2-fixing agent in agricultural systems that exists mainly in Leguminosae,is one of the most attractive evolution events.However,the gene innovations underlying Leguminosae root nodule symbiosis(RNS)remain largely unknown.Here,we investigated the gene gain event in Leguminosae RNS evolution through comprehensive phylogenomic analyses.We revealed that Leguminosae-gain genes were acquired by gene duplication and underwent a strong purifying selection.Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses showed that the innovated genes were enriched in flavonoid biosynthesis pathways,particular downstream of chalcone synthase(CHS).Among them,Leguminosae-gain typeⅡchalcone isomerase(CHI)could be further divided into CHI1A and CHI1B clades,which resulted from the products of tandem duplication.Furthermore,the duplicated CHI genes exhibited exon–intron structural divergences evolved through exon/intron gain/loss and insertion/deletion.Knocking down CHI1B significantly reduced nodulation in Glycine max(soybean)and Medicago truncatula;whereas,knocking down its duplication gene CHI1A had no effect on nodulation.Therefore,Leguminosae-gain typeⅡCHI participated in RNS and the duplicated CHI1A and CHI1B genes exhibited RNS functional divergence.This study provides functional insights into Leguminosae-gain genetic innovation and sub-functionalization after gene duplication that contribute to the evolution and adaptation of RNS in Leguminosae.

黑皮花生的生物学特性及品种简介

黑皮花生俗称黑衣花生、黑花生,为豆科（Leguminosae）落花生属（Arachis）落花生（Arachis hypogaea L.）,是经长期人工选育而成的品种。特点是种皮紫黑色,即黑皮（黑衣）。其主要化学成分,据杜蕾、李新华2014年报道：黑花生衣色素中原花色素（Proanthocyanidins,PC）的含量为29.19%,依据质谱信息初步鉴定,黑花生衣中含有3种原花色素二聚体和4种原花色素三聚体。

中国豆科观赏乔木在园林绿化中的应用

通过查阅文献,对中国豆科(Leguminosae sp.)乔木中具有观赏价值和园林绿化价值的种类进行统计,结果表明,共有55种,分属于28个属。整理、总结了各个种的习性、园林用途和应用方式;提出具有观赏价值和园林绿化价值,但未被充分利用的野生种、珍稀保护物种,并对其在园林绿化中的应用提出建议。

Effects of different rotation patterns on the occurrence of clubroot disease and diversity of rhizosphere microbes

Clubroot disease, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the most destructive soil-borne diseases in cruciferous crops worldwide. New strategies are urgently needed to control this disease, as no effective disease-resistant varieties or chemical control agents exist. Previously, we found that the incidence rate and disease index of clubroot in oilseed rape decreased by 50 and 40%, respectively, when oilseed rape was planted after soybean. In order to understand how different rotation patterns affect the occurrence of clubroot in oilseed rape, high-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the rhizosphere microbial community of oilseed rape planted after leguminous (soybean, clover), gramineous (rice, maize) and cruciferous (oilseed rape, Chinese cabbage) crops. Results showed that planting soybeans before oilseed rape significantly increased the population density of microbes that could inhibit P. brassicae (e.g., Sphingomonas, Bacillus, Streptomyces and Trichoderma). Conversely, consecutive cultivation of cruciferous crops significantly accumulated plant pathogens, including P. brassicae, Olpidium and Colletotrichum (P<0.05). These results will help to develop the most effective rotation pattern for reducing clubroot damage.

A New Anthranquinone Glycoside from the Seeds of Cassia obtusifolia

A new anthraquinone glycoside, emodin-1-O-β-gentiobioside 1, together with threeknown compounds, chrysophanol-1-O-β-gentiobioside 2, physcion-8-O-β-gentiobioside 3, andchrysophanol-1-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside4 was isolated from the seeds of Cassia obtusifolia. Its structure was elucidated on the basis ofspectroscopic evidence.

Two New Oleanene-Type Triterpenoid Saponins from Pueraria peduncularis

From the radix of Pueraria peduncularis Grah., two new oleanene-type triterpenoid saponins named pedunsaponins B (2) and C (3) were isolated. Their structures were determined as 3-O-(6-O-methyl)-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl-3 beta.15 alpha-diol-12-oleanene-16-one (2) and 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-( 1 --> 3)-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl-3 beta, 15 alpha-diol-12-oleanene-16-one (3) on the basis of spectroscopic evidence and chemical reactions.

A new sesquiterpene from Caragana intermediia

A new alloaromadendrane-type sesquiterpene, （-）-alloaromadendrane-3β,9β-diol （1）, has been isolated from the aerial part of Caragana intermediia. The structure of （-）-alloaromadendrane-3β,9β-diol （1） was established by spectroscopic methods, including X-ray analysis that provided its relative stereochemistry. Bioassay showed that （-）-alloaromadendrane-3β,9β-diol （1） possesses anti-pyricularia oryzae P-2b activity with MIC value of 10 μg/m-L.

Peduncin, A New Indole Alkaloid from Pueraria peduncualris

A new indole alkaloid, peduncin was isolated from the roots of Pueraria peduncularis. Its structure was established as 1 by NMR spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analysis.

A Cytotoxic Saponin with Two Monoterpenoids from Albizia julibrissin

A new cytotoxic saponin(1). Julibrosides J(27), was isolated from the stem barks of Alibizia. julibrissin by chromatography, and the structure was elucidated as 3-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta -D- fucopyranosyl - (1-->6) -beta -D-glucopyranosyl - 21-O-[(6S)-2 -trans-2-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-6-O- [4-O-((6S)-2-trans-2-hydroxylmethy 6- methyl - 6- hydroxy)-2,7-octadienoyl-beta-D-quinovopy- -ranosyl]-2.7-octadienoyl}- acacic acid- 28 -O-beta-D-glucopranosyl-(1-->3)-[(alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1-->4)]-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyrnosyl ester based on spectral and chemical evidences.

Prenylated flavonoids from Tephrosia apollinea

In continuation of our chemical investigation on some medicinal plants of the genus Tephrosia, re-investigation of the methylenechloride/methanol （1：1） extract of the air-dried aerial part of Tephrosia apollinea afforded a new prenylated flavonoid 1, in addition to an aromatic ester, a sesquiterpene, a lignan and several known prenylated flavonoids. The structures were established by （^1H NMR, ^13C NMR, DEPT, ^1H-^1H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY and HRMS）. Relative configurations of 9 and 10 were confirmed by X-ray analysis.

A New Flavonoid from Oxytropis kansuensis

A new flavonoid 1 rhamnocitrin-3-O-（6＂-femloyl）-β-D-galactopyranoside-4＇-O-β-D- glucospyranoside called kansuensisoside A together with a known flavonoid 2 （rhamnocitrin- 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside-4＇-O-β-D-glucospyranoside） were isolated from the extract of the whole plant of Oxytropis kansuensis Bunge. The structure of 1 was elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 2D-NMR techniques （COSY, HMQC, HMBC） and HR-ESIMS.

Species and Functions of Rhizobia Growing on Trees and Colonization Mechanisms

The current research progress in China shows that the tree species of rhizobia that have been found are mainly trees of 11 genera in Papilionaceae,Elaeagnaceae and Mimosaceae,and the rhizobia are mainlyα-rhizobia,which come from multiple genera.Temperature,pH value,NaCl content and antibiotics all affect the growth of tree rhizobia;and different species of rhizobia have different stress resistance,which is related to their living environment.Rhizobium inoculation can promote plant height,biomass,root-to-shoot ratio,and root architecture of trees.We discussed and analyzed the development history and application status of rhizobia research,and prospected their future development directions.In the future,tree rhizobia will surely be used as a means of production to promote efficient agricultural production and sustainable agricultural systems.

Steroids from the Whole Plants of Leucaena Leucocephala

Four steroids, 5α,8α-epidioxy-(24ξ)-ergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol (1), β-sitosterol (2), β-sitostenone (3), and stigmastenone (4), along with 10 known compounds were isolated from the whole plants of Leucaena leucocephala (Leguminosae). 1, Lupeol (5), 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoylglycerol (6), methylparabene (8) and isovanillic acid (9) were found for the first time from the species. The structure of these compounds were characterized and identified by spectra analyses.

Polyprenol from the Whole Plants of Leucaena leucocephala

Ficaprenol-11 (polyprenol) (1), squalene (2), lupeol (3), ?-sitostenone (4), trans-coumaric acid (5), cis-coumaric acid (6) pheophytin-a (7), pheophorbide a methyl ester (8), methyl-132-hydroxy-(132-S)- pheophorbide-b (9) and aristo-phyll-C (10) were isolated from the whole plants of Leucaena leucocephala (Leguminosae). Among them, 1 and 2 was found for the first time from this species. The structure of these compounds were characterized and identified by spectra analyses.