Blood biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease:important considerations for use in clinical practice

Introduction:Fluid and positron emission tomography(PET)biomarkers that enable the detection of the hallmark proteins of Alzheimer’s disease(AD)(amyloid and tau)have revolutionized our approach to the diagnosis of AD.The evolution of AD diagnostic criteria to include biological characterization(Alzheimer’s Association Working Group,2023)provides an appropriate framework to reduce levels of clinico-pathologic mismatch and improve in-vivo diagnostic accuracy.As the therapeutic landscape for neurodegenerative disease evolves,it is increasingly incumbent on clinicians to provide timely,and pathologically precise diagnoses for patients.However,the expensive and invasive nature of these tests limits their scalability.

Beyond wrecking a wall:revisiting the concept of blood–brain barrier breakdown in ischemic stroke

The blood–brain barrier constitutes a dynamic and interactive boundary separating the central nervous system and the peripheral circulation.It tightly modulates the ion transport and nutrient influx,while restricting the entry of harmful factors,and selectively limiting the migration of immune cells,thereby maintaining brain homeostasis.Despite the well-established association between blood–brain barrier disruption and most neurodegenerative/neuroinflammatory diseases,much remains unknown about the factors influencing its physiology and the mechanisms underlying its breakdown.Moreover,the role of blood–brain barrier breakdown in the translational failure underlying therapies for brain disorders is just starting to be understood.This review aims to revisit this concept of“blood–brain barrier breakdown,”delving into the most controversial aspects,prevalent challenges,and knowledge gaps concerning the lack of blood–brain barrier integrity.By moving beyond the oversimplistic dichotomy of an“open”/“bad”or a“closed”/“good”barrier,our objective is to provide a more comprehensive insight into blood–brain barrier dynamics,to identify novel targets and/or therapeutic approaches aimed at mitigating blood–brain barrier dysfunction.Furthermore,in this review,we advocate for considering the diverse time-and location-dependent alterations in the blood–brain barrier,which go beyond tight-junction disruption or brain endothelial cell breakdown,illustrated through the dynamics of ischemic stroke as a case study.Through this exploration,we seek to underscore the complexity of blood–brain barrier dysfunction and its implications for the pathogenesis and therapy of brain diseases.

Refractory lipoatrophy treated with autologous whole blood injection:A case report

BACKGROUND Intramuscular corticosteroid injection may cause adverse effects such as dermal and/or subcutaneous atrophy,alopecia,hypopigmentation,and hyperpigmentation.Although cutaneous atrophy can spontaneously resolve,several treatment options have been suggested for this condition.CASE SUMMARY In this paper,we report a case of corticosteroid injection induced lipoatrophy treated with autologous whole blood(AWB)injection,as the condition had been unresponsive to fractional laser therapy.A 29-year-old female patient visited the dermatology clinic complaining of skin depression on her right buttock area,which had appeared six months earlier.There had been only subtle improvement at the margins after fractional CO_(2) laser treatment;therefore,after obtaining informed consent from the patient,AWB treatment was initiated.One month after the first AWB injection,the size and depth of the lesion had noticeably improved,and a slight improvement was also observed in discoloration.CONCLUSION Close observation is the initial treatment of choice for steroid induced skin atrophy;however,for patients in need of immediate cosmetic improvement,AWB injection may be a safe and cost-effective alternative.

Pretreatment red blood cell distribution width as a predictive marker for postoperative complications after laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy

BACKGROUND Red blood cell distribution width(RDW)is associated with the development and progression of various diseases.AIM To explore the association between pretreatment RDW and short-term outcomes after laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy(LPD).METHODS A total of 804 consecutive patients who underwent LPD at our hospital between March 2017 and November 2021 were retrospectively analyzed.Correlations between pretreatment RDW and clinicopathological characteristics and short-term outcomes were investigated.RESULTS Patients with higher pretreatment RDW were older,had higher Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group scores and were associated with poorer short-term outcomes than those with normal RDW.High pretreatment RDW was an independent risk factor for postoperative complications(POCs)(hazard ratio=2.973,95%confidence interval:2.032-4.350,P<0.001)and severe POCs of grade IIIa or higher(hazard ratio=3.138,95%confidence interval:2.042-4.824,P<0.001)based on the Clavien-Dino classification system.Subgroup analysis showed that high pretreatment RDW was an independent risk factor for Clavien-Dino classi-fication grade IIIb or higher POCs,a comprehensive complication index score≥26.2,severe postoperative pancreatic fistula,severe bile leakage and severe hemorrhage.High pretreatment RDW was positively associated with the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and was negatively associated with albumin and the prognostic nutritional index.CONCLUSION Pretreatment RDW was a special parameter for patients who underwent LPD.It was associated with malnutrition,severe inflammatory status and poorer short-term outcomes.RDW could be a surrogate marker for nutritional and inflammatory status in identifying patients who were at high risk of developing POCs after LPD.

Insights on Peripheral Blood Biomarkers for Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s disease(PD)is a common neurodegenerative disorder with profound impact on patients’quality of life and long-term health,and early detection and intervention are particularly critical.In recent years,the search for precise and reliable biomarkers has become one of the key strategies to effectively address the clinical challenges of PD.In this paper,we systematically evaluated potential biomarkers,including proteins,metabolites,epigenetic markers,and exosomes,in the peripheral blood of PD patients.Protein markers are one of the main directions of biomarker research in PD.In particular,α‑synuclein and its phosphorylated form play a key role in the pathological process of PD.It has been shown that aggregation ofα-synuclein may be associated with pathologic protein deposition in PD and may be a potential marker for early diagnosis of PD.In terms of metabolites,uric acid,as a metabolite,plays an important role in oxidative stress and neuroprotection in PD.It has been found that changes in uric acid levels may be associated with the onset and progression of PD,showing its potential as an early diagnostic marker.Epigenetic markers,such as DNA methylation modifications and miRNAs,have also attracted much attention in Parkinson’s disease research.Changes in these markers may affect the expression of PD-related genes and have an important impact on the onset and progression of the disease,providing new research perspectives for the early diagnosis of PD.In addition,exosomes,as a potential biomarker carrier for PD,are able to carry a variety of biomolecules involved in intercellular communication and pathological regulation.Studies have shown that exosomes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PD,and their detection in blood may provide a new breakthrough for early diagnosis.It has been shown that exosomes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PD,and their detection in blood may provide new breakthroughs in early diagnosis.In summary,through in-depth evaluation of biomarkers in the peripheral blood of PD patients,this paper demonstrates the important potential of these markers in the early diagnosis of PD and in the study of pathological mechanisms.Future studies will continue to explore the clinical application value of these biomarkers to promote the early detection of PD and individualized treatment strategies.

Blood diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a devastating neurodegenerative disease for which the current treatment approaches remain severely limited.The principal pathological alterations of the disease include the selective degeneration of motor neurons in the brain,brainstem,and spinal cord,as well as abnormal protein deposition in the cytoplasm of neurons and glial cells.The biological markers under extensive scrutiny are predominantly located in the cerebrospinal fluid,blood,and even urine.Among these biomarke rs,neurofilament proteins and glial fibrillary acidic protein most accurately reflect the pathologic changes in the central nervous system,while creatinine and creatine kinase mainly indicate pathological alterations in the peripheral nerves and muscles.Neurofilament light chain levels serve as an indicator of neuronal axonal injury that remain stable throughout disease progression and are a promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarker with high specificity and sensitivity.However,there are challenges in using neurofilament light chain to diffe rentiate amyotrophic lateral sclerosis from other central nervous system diseases with axonal injury.Glial fibrillary acidic protein predominantly reflects the degree of neuronal demyelination and is linked to non-motor symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis such as cognitive impairment,oxygen saturation,and the glomerular filtration rate.TAR DNA-binding protein 43,a pathological protein associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,is emerging as a promising biomarker,particularly with advancements in exosome-related research.Evidence is currently lacking for the value of creatinine and creatine kinase as diagnostic markers;however,they show potential in predicting disease prognosis.Despite the vigorous progress made in the identification of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis biomarkers in recent years,the quest for definitive diagnostic and prognostic biomarke rs remains a formidable challenge.This review summarizes the latest research achievements concerning blood biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis that can provide a more direct basis for the differential diagnosis and prognostic assessment of the disease beyond a reliance on clinical manifestations and electromyography findings.

Peripheral blood RNA biomarkers can predict lesion severity in degenerative cervical myelopathy

Degenerative cervical myelopathy is a common cause of spinal cord injury,with longer symptom duration and higher myelopathy severity indicating a worse prognosis.While numerous studies have investigated serological biomarkers for acute spinal cord injury,few studies have explored such biomarkers for diagnosing degenerative cervical myelopathy.This study involved 30 patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy(51.3±7.3 years old,12 women and 18 men),seven healthy controls(25.7±1.7 years old,one woman and six men),and nine patients with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy(51.9±8.6 years old,three women and six men).Analysis of blood samples from the three groups showed clear differences in transcriptomic characteristics.Enrichment analysis identified 128 differentially expressed genes that were enriched in patients with neurological disabilities.Using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator analysis,we constructed a five-gene model(TBCD,TPM2,PNKD,EIF4G2,and AP5Z1)to diagnose degenerative cervical myelopathy with an accuracy of 93.5%.One-gene models(TCAP and SDHA)identified mild and severe degenerative cervical myelopathy with accuracies of 83.3%and 76.7%,respectively.Signatures of two immune cell types(memory B cells and memory-activated CD4^(+)T cells)predicted levels of lesions in degenerative cervical myelopathy with 80%accuracy.Our results suggest that peripheral blood RNA biomarkers could be used to predict lesion severity in degenerative cervical myelopathy.

Autologous cord blood vs individualized supplements in autistic spectrum disorder:CORDUS study results

BACKGROUND Cellular therapies have started an important new therapeutic direction in autistic spectrum disorder(ASD),and the ample diversity of ASD pathophysiology and the different types of cell therapies prompt an equally ample effort to employ clinical studies for studying the ASD causes and cell therapies.Stem cells have yielded so far mixed results in clinical trials,and at patient level the results varied from impressive to no improvement.In this context we have administered autologous cord blood(ACB)and a non-placebo,material intervention repre-sented by an individualized combination of supplements(ICS)to ASD children.METHODS CORDUS clinical study is a crossover study in which both oral ICS and intravenous ACB were sequentially administered to 56 children;ACB was infused as an inpatient procedure.Treatment efficacy was evaluated pre-treatment and post-treatment at 6 months by an independent psychotherapist with Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist,Quantitative Checklist for Autism in Toddlers and a 16-item comparative table score,after interviewing the children’s parents and therapists.Before and after each intervention participants had a set of blood tests including inflammatory,metabolic and oxidative markers,and the neuronal specific enolase.RESULTS No serious adverse reactions were noted during and after cord blood or supplement administration.ACB improved evaluation scores in 78%of children with age 3–7-years(n=28),but was much less effective in kids older than 8 years or with body weight of more than 35 kg(n=28;only 11%of children improved scores).ICS yielded better results than ACB in 5 cases out of 28,while in 23 kids ACB brought more improvement than ICS(P<0.05);high initial levels of inflammation and ferritin were associated with no improvement.Ample individual differences were noted in children's progress,and statistically significant improvements were seen after ACB on areas such as verbalization and social interaction,but not on irritability or aggressive behavior.CONCLUSION ACB has superior efficacy to ICS in ASD;high inflammation,ferritin,age and body weight predict less improvement;more clinical studies are needed for studying ACB efficacy in ASD.

Haploidentical vs cord blood transplantation for adults with acute myelogenous leukemia

Hematopoeitic cell transplantation is established as a curative treatment for patients w acute myelogenous leukemia. Haploidentical family donor and umbilical cord blood(UCB) are alternative sources of stem cells for patients lacking a matched sibling or unrelated do-nor. The early challenges of transplant complications related to poor engraftment and graft-vs-host disease have been overcome with new strategies such as using 2 units and increased cell dose in UCB and T-cell deple-tion and post transplantation cyclophosphamide in hap-loidentical transplantation. The outcomes of alternative transplantation for acute leukemia were compared to other traditional graft sources. For patients lacking a matched sibling or unrelated donor, either strategy is a suitable option. The choice should rely mostly on the urgency of the transplantation and the available cell dose as well as the expertise available at the trans-plant center. This manuscript reviews the options of alternative donor transplantation and highlights recent advances in each of these promising transplantation options.

Blood typing and transfusion therapy in a patient with A2 subtype acute myeloid leukemia M2:A case report

BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia(AML)is one of the most common types of leukemia in adults.However,AML is relatively rare in the population overall,accounting for only about 1 percent of all cancers.Treatment for AML can be very effective for some patients,yet it leaves others with serious and even life-threatening side effects.Chemotherapy is still the primary treatment for most AML,but over time,leukemia cells become resistant to chemotherapy drugs.In addition,stem cell transplantation,targeted therapy,and immunotherapy are currently available.At the same time,with the progression of the disease,the patient may have corresponding complications,such as coagulation dysfunction,anemia,granulocytopenia,and repeated infection,so transfusion supportive therapy will be involved in the overall treatment regime.To date,few articles have reported on blood transfusion treatment options for patients with ABO subtypes AML-M2.Blood transfusion therapy is an important supportive treatment for AML-M2,and accurate determination of patients'blood type is one of the most important steps in the treatment process.In this study,we explored blood typing and supportive treatment strategies for a patient with A2 subtype AML-M2 to provide the basis for treatment for all patients.CASE SUMMARY In order to determine the blood type of the patient,serological and molecular biological methods were used for reference tests,and the genetic background was studied to determine the patient's final blood type and select the appropriate blood products for infusion treatment.According to the results obtained by serological and molecular biological methods,the blood type of the patient was A2 subtype;the genotype was A02/001;the irregular antibody screening was negative,and anti-A1 was found in the plasma.According to the overall treatment plan,active anti-infection,elevated cells,component blood transfusion support,and other rescue and supportive treatments were given,and the patient successfully passed the stage of myelosuppression after chemotherapy.Re-examination of bone marrow smears showed that AL was in complete remission of bone marrow signs,and minimal residual leukemia lesions suggested no cells with obvious abnormal immunophenotype(residual leukemia cells<10-4).CONCLUSION The infusion of patients with A2 subtype AML-M2 with A irradiated platelets and O washing red blood cells can meet the needs of clinical treatment.

Detection of Cytokine Expression Patterns in the Peripheral Blood of Patients with Acute Leukemia by Antibody Microarray Analysis

The cytokines of acute leukemia （AL） patients have certain expression patterns, forming a complex network involved in diagnosis, progression, and prognosis. We collected the serum of different AL patients before and after complete remission （CR） for detection of cytokines by using an antibody chip. The expression patterns of cytokines were determined by using bioinformatics computational analysis. The results showed that there were significant differences in the cytokine expression patterns between AL patients and normal controls, as well as between acute myeloid leukemia （AML） and acute lymphoblastic leukemia （ALL）. In confirmatory test, ELISA revealed the expression of uPAR in AL. Moreover, the bioinformatic analysis showed that the differentially expressed cytokines among the AL groups were involved in different biological behaviors and were closely related with the development of the disease. It was concluded that the cytokine expression pattern of AL patients is significantly different from that of healthy volunteers. Also, differences of cytokine expression patterns exist between AML and ALL, and between before and after CR in the same subtype of AL, which holds important clinical significance for revealing disease progression.

Radiation Exposure of Leukemia Blood Samples and Its Impacts on the Density of RBC, WBC, and PLT: <i>In Vitro</i>

Complete blood counts were analyzed for 12 samples (six male & six female: Ages 15-40 years) of leukemia blood Samples for different dose rate and time of exposure using a Radium-226 source. Thus, an optimum time of exposure and exposure dose rate has improved for leukemia blood samples. Blood samples fractionated and placed in plastic wills, and melodic Coulter used to analysis exposed leukemia blood samples before and after exposure. Exposure technique involving CR-39 nuclear track detector and radiation survey dosimeter were used to estimate the alpha particle density incident on the blood samples and the exposed dose rate, respectively. In the first part, density of the accumulation of alpha particle on the surface of leukemia blood samples, and on the surface of CR-39NTDs varies exponentially with the exposed dose rate. This depends on the restricted energy loss of the incident alpha particles and target density. Assess an optimum time of exposure dose rate (1100 μSv/h) was the second objective. This depended on the changes in the blood components (PLT, WBC, and RBC) due to irradiation occurred for different durations of irradia-tion, and the duration of irradiation that influenced the leukemia blood samples (1Male;16 year and one Female 17 years) in this research was five minutes. Changes in the density of PLT, WBC, and RBC for leukemia blood samples and for different male (five male) and females (five female) was the third part of this research. It was found that the changes were variables due to the exposed dose rate. Optimum exposed dose rate to make more effects on the cancer cells for the leukemia blood samples began at the radiation dose rate of 43.25 1.206 μSv/h for both;male and female relatively, and this due to chromosomal aberration of the exposed cells. Finally, comparison study with the healthy blood samples has been investigated. More details are listed and clarified in the tables and figures of this paper.

Disseminated Fusarium bloodstream infection in a child with acute myeloid leukemia:A case report

BACKGROUND Disseminated Fusarium is rare in healthy children.Children with hematological tumors may have secondary fungal infections,including Fusarium infections,which are due to tumor bone marrow infiltration or prolonged bone marrow suppression after chemotherapy.Because of the lack of typical clinical manifestations and effective antifungal drugs,early diagnosis and treatment of the disease are difficult,and the prognosis is poor.CASE SUMMARY The patient in this case was a 13-year-old female child with rash and fever as the first symptoms.She had the characteristics of the four stages of skin that are typical of Fusarium infection.She was diagnosed with disseminated Fusarium infection through skin biopsy and blood culture and diagnosed with Fusarium solani infection based on the morphological characteristics of the blood culture.After treatment with liposome amphotericin B combined with voriconazole,the child recovered.CONCLUSION This case highlights that for children with secondary agranulocytosis after receiving chemotherapy for hematological malignancies,once typical abnormal skin damage is found,the possibility of Fusarium infection should be considered,and voriconazole alone or in combination with polyenes may be the most effective anti-Fusarium drugs.Amphotericin B,the traditional drug of disseminated Fusarium disease,has a high mortality rate,and it is not recommended to use it alone.Adequate neutrophil counts are essential for the treatment of disseminated Fusarium bloodstream infection.

Management of Post-Dural Puncture Headache Using Autologous Epidural Blood Patch in a Patient with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

We report a case of a patient in remission of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with severe positional headaches that required an epidural blood patch (EBP) despite the higher risks of infection and introduction of blast cells to the epidural space. A 43-year-old male with a history of ALL presented with persistent positional headache after multiple intrathecal punctures. Despite initial improvement with medical treatment and bed rest, severe positional headache [consistent with post-dural puncture headache] constantly agonized the patient. EBP was performed after discussion of all of the medical teams involved. Following the procedure, the patient experienced immediate pain relief. EBP is very effective in the management of post-dural puncture headache (PDPH). Still there is risk of introducing infectious and/or malignant cells into the central nervous system. Alternatively, there are agents available that could be employed other than a patient’s own blood.

Histogram-Based Decision Support System for Extraction and Classification of Leukemia in Blood Smear Images

An abnormality that develops in white blood cells is called leukemia.The diagnosis of leukemia is made possible by microscopic investigation of the smear in the periphery.Prior training is necessary to complete the morphological examination of the blood smear for leukemia diagnosis.This paper proposes a Histogram Threshold Segmentation Classifier(HTsC)for a decision support system.The proposed HTsC is evaluated based on the color and brightness variation in the dataset of blood smear images.Arithmetic operations are used to crop the nucleus based on automated approximation.White Blood Cell(WBC)segmentation is calculated using the active contour model to determine the contrast between image regions using the color transfer approach.Through entropy-adaptive mask generation,WBCs accurately detect the circularity region for identification of the nucleus.The proposed HTsC addressed the cytoplasm region based on variations in size and shape concerning addition and rotation operations.Variation in WBC imaging characteristics depends on the cytoplasmic and nuclear regions.The computation of the variation between image features in the cytoplasm and nuclei regions of the WBCs is used to classify blood smear images.The classification of the blood smear is performed with conventional machine-learning techniques integrated with the features of the deep-learning regression classifier.The designed HTsC classifier comprises the binary classifier with the classification of the lymphocytes,monocytes,neutrophils,eosinophils,and abnormalities in the WBCs.The proposed HTsC identifies the abnormal activity in the WBC,considering the color and shape features.It exhibits a higher classification accuracy value of 99.6%when combined with the other classifiers.The comparative analysis expressed that the proposed HTsC model exhibits an overall accuracy value of 98%,which is approximately 3%–12%higher than the conventional technique.

ALLOGENEIC PERIPHERAL BLOOD STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION IN THE TREATMENT OF LEUKEMIA

We reported 14 leukemia patients transplantedwith allogeneic peripheral blood stem cells (Allo-PBSCT)of HLA identical sibling, AML 5, ALL 4, CML 5. Therewere 12 patients in their early stage of leukemia, 2 in latestage. They were 32 (25-42) years old, 10 male and 4female. After conditioned with CTX and fTBI, G/GM-CSF mobilized donor's peripheral blood mononuclearcells (MNC) 4.80 (2-46-8.43) × 108/kg and CD34+ cells3.96 (1.01-10.08) × 106 /kg were infused respectively. CSAand MTX used as GVHD prophylaxis. After Allo-PBSCT,WBC rose to 1.0 × 109 /L on day + 17 (+12 - +26) andplatelet rose to 50 x 109/L on day +27 (+19 - +35)respectively- The blood products support, the antibioticsused, and total environment protection durationdecreased. Acute GVHD presented in 7 patients (50.0o/o).Four patients died in acute GVHD and infection on daysof +73, +41 +57 and +49. The disease free survival daysafter Allo-PBSCT in the 10 patients was +137 (+91 -+240) days. It is suggested that Allo-PBSCT probably hassome advantage than that of Allo-BMT.

MayGAN:Mayfly Optimization with Generative Adversarial Network-Based Deep Learning Method to Classify Leukemia Form Blood Smear Images

Leukemia,often called blood cancer,is a disease that primarily affects white blood cells(WBCs),which harms a person’s tissues and plasma.This condition may be fatal when if it is not diagnosed and recognized at an early stage.The physical technique and lab procedures for Leukaemia identification are considered time-consuming.It is crucial to use a quick and unexpected way to identify different forms of Leukaemia.Timely screening of the morphologies of immature cells is essential for reducing the severity of the disease and reducing the number of people who require treatment.Various deep-learning(DL)model-based segmentation and categorization techniques have already been introduced,although they still have certain drawbacks.In order to enhance feature extraction and classification in such a practical way,Mayfly optimization with Generative Adversarial Network(MayGAN)is introduced in this research.Furthermore,Generative Adversarial System(GAS)is integrated with Principal Component Analysis(PCA)in the feature-extracted model to classify the type of blood cancer in the data.The semantic technique and morphological procedures using geometric features are used to segment the cells that makeup Leukaemia.Acute lymphocytic Leukaemia(ALL),acute myelogenous Leukaemia(AML),chronic lymphocytic Leukaemia(CLL),chronic myelogenous Leukaemia(CML),and aberrant White Blood Cancers(WBCs)are all successfully classified by the proposed MayGAN model.The proposed MayGAN identifies the abnormal activity in the WBC,considering the geometric features.Compared with the state-of-the-art methods,the proposed MayGAN achieves 99.8%accuracy,98.5%precision,99.7%recall,97.4%F1-score,and 98.5%Dice similarity coefficient(DSC).

Detection of lymphocyte subsets and regulatory T cells in peripheral blood of patients with acute leukemia and its clinical significance

Objective To study the changes of lymphocyte subsets and regulatory T cells in peripheral blood of patients with acute leukemia(AL) and its clinical significance.Methods The different levels of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and regulatory T cells of 60 AL patients and 40 normal controls were detected with flow cytometry.Results Compared with the normal controls,the percentages of CD3+ T cells,CD4+ T cells,CD16+CD56+ NK cells and the ratio of CD4+ /CD8+ obviously decreased in newly diagnosed AL group(P <0.05),while their percentages of CD8+ T cells and CD19+ B cells significantly increased(P <0.01).The percentage of CD4+ T cells and the ratio of CD4+ /CD8+ in acute lymphoblastic leukemia(ALL) group were much lower than those in acute myelogenous leukemia(AML) group(P <0.01).Compared with these in control group,the proportions of CD4+ CD25high Treg cells and CD4+ CD25+ T cells in newly diagnosed AL group were significantly increased(P <0.01).Conclusion Cellular immune function is significantly abnormal in patients with AL.Compared with AML patients,ALL patients had poorer cellular immune function.The increased CD4 + CD25high Treg cells might be one of the important reasons of immunosuppression in AL.Detection of lymphocyte subsets and regulatory T cells is of clinical value on the evaluation of therapeutic effect and prognosis in AL patients.

Astrocytes dynamically regulate the blood-brain barrier in the healthy brain

The blood-brain barrier(BBB)(discovered and defined by Max Lewandowsky and Lina Stern,and not,as it is universally,and yet erroneously believed,by Paul Ehrlich(Verkhratsky and Pivoriunas,2023))that separates the nervous system from the circulation is evolutionarily conserved from arthropods to man.The primeval BBB of the invertebrates and some early vertebrates was made solely by glial cells and secured(in invertebrates)by septate junctions.