文明1(civilized)、文明2(civilization)、文明3(civitas)——论“文明”一词的三种不同含义

学术界对于“什么是文明”存有争议的原因,是把文明(civilized)、文明社会(civilization)和国家(civitas)三个不同的概念混为一谈造成的。“文明1”大致相当于英语civilized(文明的)。文化是人群的生活方式,但是不仅彬彬有礼、琴棋书画、轻歌曼舞、美味佳肴是文化,愚昧粗鲁、恶俗陋习、野风蛮舞、吃糠咽菜也是生活方式,所以文明1不完全等同于文化,而只有被认可与受推崇的文化才被称为文明。无论古今中外,作为文化的文明1都是褒义的,文明1即“文明”的本义,也是对文化的价值判断。“文明2”相当于英语civilization(文明社会),摩尔根用以指称继蒙昧社会与野蛮社会之后出现的、高于蒙昧与野蛮状态的社会阶段。作为社会形态的文明2当然比蒙昧与野蛮社会要进步,但是文明社会并非一切都是文明的,其中充斥着种种不文明的蒙昧与野蛮,所以不能说文明2就是“文明的”社会。“文明3”相当于英语civitas(国家),是中国学者根据恩格斯的“国家是文明社会的概括”得出的概念,系指继部落联盟或酋邦之后出现的社会组织形态。因为不同国家的国体与政体各不相同,有了国家之后并非一切都变得比野蛮社会更文明了,所以作为国家的文明3也不都是“文明的”国家。

The Positive Significance of Confucian Civilization in Peace Building

The Confucian emphasis on benevolence and empathy can be applied in conflict resolution processes.When parties in conflict embrace these values,it becomes easier to find common ground,compromise,and work towards peaceful solutions.Confucian civilization,with its emphasis on ethics,harmony,and diplomacy,offers valuable contributions to peace-building efforts in the contemporary world.By promoting virtuous leadership,fostering cross-cultural understanding,and emphasizing ethical governance,Confucianism can play a positive role in achieving and maintaining global peace.Confucianism continues to exert significant influence in the contemporary world,particularly in the context of peace-building efforts.This article explores the positive significance of Confucian civilization in contributing to peace-building endeavors globally.

The Historical Position and Value Dimensions of Human Rights Civilization

Human beings are the mainstay and the ultimate goal of civilization.The history of human civilization is a continuous struggle to realize the respect,liberation,protection,and development of humanity.Human rights are an achievement of humanity and a symbol of progress,and the human rights civilization is an important component of human civilization.Understanding and interpreting human rights from the perspective of human rights civilization means that human rights are not only a concept or an idea but also a grand historical and long-term social practice.Up to now,the development of human rights civilization has roughly experienced four awakening eras:initialization,revolution,popularization,and globalization.In terms of its value dimensions,it has the characteristics of progressiveness,diversity,commonality,inclusiveness,indivisibility,openness,and so on.The historical position of human rights civilization and the development of its value dimensions have shown to the world that human rights are the common wealth of humanity,and human rights belong to all mankind;human rights are historical,concrete,and developmental;the concept of human rights is constantly evolving,and its connotations and categories are constantly expanding;achieving the free and well-rounded development of every person is the highest value realm of human rights civilization.The Chinese modernization endows Chinese civilization with modern strength and opens up new horizons for human rights civilization.The new pattern of human rights civilization to be created by Chinese modernization not only possesses the common characteristics of human rights civilization but also enjoys Chinese characteristics based on its own national conditions,enriching and developing the diversity of human rights civilization for all mankind.

The Path,Trends,and Approaches of the Civilization Evolution of Rural Marriage Forms

Rural marriage has characteristics such as close relationship with labor production,deep integration of traditional culture,shy and introverted expression of subjective emotions,and illegal and rough marriage.The civilization evolution of rural marriage forms is moving towards a path that is conducive to the development of production and the pursuit of happiness for farmers,the construction of rural spiritual civilization,and the comprehensive development of rural society.This study analyzes the direction of the evolution of rural marriage form civilization,predicts the trend of rural marriage form civilization evolution,and proposes the future path of rural marriage form civilization evolution,including adhering to human’s most original value expectations of marriage life,drawing nourishment from excellent traditional Chinese culture,and continuously adjusting marriage and family policy tools to keep up with changes in the world of life.

Problem Analysis and Effective Strategies of Ecological Civilization Education for Undergraduates in the New Age

The ecological civilization in the new age is one important aspect for undergraduates.We must enhance the concept of their civilization and improve the quality of civilization.Carrying out ecological civilization education in colleges and universities has a practical significance for enriching the contents of ideological and political education to realize their all-round development.Nowadays,some undergraduates lack awareness of ecological civilization and ignore its importance.For this reason,undergraduates need to pay attention to ecological civilization and improve their own ecological civilization literacy to promote the all-round development in qualities in the new age.This paper mainly analyzes the current problems in undergraduates’ecological civilization education and explores effective strategies to solve the current problems in undergraduates’ecological civilization education.The strategies include integrating ecological civilization resources,innovating methods of ecological civilization,strengthening ecological educator team construction,embodying ecological culture in campus construction and creating the atmosphere,emphasizing innovative practices for ecological civilization,strengthening publicity of social-ecological civilization,and attaching importance to family education of ecological civilization.

Research on the Development Path of Green Marine Economy in the Era of Ecological Civilization

This article explores the development path of the green marine economy in the era of ecological civilization.It highlights the importance of developing a green marine economy and how it has become a global consensus.The article suggests that China should take proactive measures to optimize its marine industrial structure,promote marine scientific and technological innovation,strengthen marine resource protection and environmental governance,and enhance the competitiveness of the marine economy.The ultimate objective is to achieve sustainable development of the ocean,expand the blue economic space,and accomplish the goal of green marine economic development.

Pioneering a New Realm of Human Rights Civilization in the Chinese Path to Modernization——An Overview of the Symposium on“The Chinese Path to Modernization and the Promotion of Free and Comprehensive Human Development”

On October 14,2023,a symposium themed“The Chinese Path to Modernization and the Promotion of Free and Comprehensive Human Development”was held in Changchun,Jilin Province,China.More than fifty experts,scholars,and researchers from national institutions and universities engaged in discussions and exchanges on human rights on the Chinese path to modernization,including the path,practice,knowledge systems,and civilization forms of human rights.This symposium played a significant role in advancing the construction of the disciplinary system,academic system,and discourse system of human rights in China.

Ecological Economic Analysis of the Ecological Turn in the Development of Modern Civilization

During the primitive civilization and agricultural civilization periods,the functions and structures of various elements within the ecological and economic system were able to develop synergistically.But humans were always passive in the face of nature and cannot yet break free from its constraints and oppression.During the period of industrial civilization,the contradiction between the unlimited expansion of economic system demand and the relative reduction of ecosystem supply became increasingly severe.Its development model had obvious non ecological economic characteristics,which posed a great threat to the sustainable development of human society.The ecological turn in the development of human civilization is an inevitable trend,and the gradual replacement of industrial civilization by ecological civilization will become an objective fact.Ecological civilization has overcome the non ecological economic nature of industrial civilization and established an ecological economic operation mode that promotes and transforms economic and ecological systems in both directions.It has achieved a perfect combination of ecological operation of social and economic systems and economic operation of natural ecosystems,and harmonious,coordinated,and win-win development of economic society and natural ecology.

Creating a New Era for Global Civilization Development by Deepening Exchanges and Mutual Learning

On March 15, 2023, General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed for the first time the Global Civilization Initiative(GCI) at the CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-level Meeting. The GCI, like the Global Development Initiative and the Global Security Initiative, is another important public good provided by China in the new era to address common global challenges and build a shared future for humanity.

CIVILIZATIONAL EMBRACE“Only by comprehending the beauty of other civilizations can we appreciate the beauty of our own.”

Li Xinwei was in a tropical rainforest in Honduras,Central America,when we reached him for an interview.He was on an archaeological mission at the site of Copan,a once glorious city of the ancient Mayan civilization.As the Chinese director of a China-Honduras joint project on archaeological research of the Mayan civilization in Copan and the studies of Mesoamerican civilization led by the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences(CASS),Li has been heading the joint archaeological team excavating the Copan ruins since 2015.

DAWN OF CHINESE CIVILIZATION Discovery of the Niuheliang site pushes the verifiable history of Chinese civilization back more than 1,000 years

On a rainy night in October 1985,23-year-old archaeologist Zhang Xingde embarked on a 100-mile trek with the Niuheliang Hongshan Culture site excavation team including Guo Dashun to Xingcheng,where highly revered archaeologist Su Bingqi was living.They brought a wooden box containing a goddess statue.

Mutural Learning Among Civilizations with Great Rivers as the Medium 2023 World Great Rivers Civilizations Forum

The 2023World Great Rivers Civilizations Forum(Zhengzhou,China)was organized by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism,People's Daily,the National Cultural Heritage Administration and the Henan Provincial People's Government.

Green Post Development Strategy in the Context of Ecological Civilization

“Green” has become a fundamental requirement for all development initiatives in China. The idea of harmonious coexistence between man and nature has gained significant prominence. General Secretary Xi Jinping places great importance on ecological and environmental protection, offering clear directives for ecological preservation efforts within the delivery industry [1]. He emphasizes the necessity to address packaging waste in online shopping and express delivery, eliminate excessive packaging, and reduce environmental waste and pollution. In this process, China Post will actively respond to the central government’s imperatives and formulate a series of strategies and plans, including green post ideas, transportation, packaging, and finance.

Liangzhu Culture and Five Thousand Years of Chinese Civilization

Archaeology is a very important discipline.The million-year history of the origins of mankind and the tens of thousands of years of human prehistory and civilization rely mainly on archaeological results for their construction.

Liangzhu Forum Creates a New Platform for Exchanges Among Civilizations

On December 3,2023,the first Liangzhu Forum was held in Hangzhou,Zhejiang Province.Participants from home and abroad spoke freely and engaged in in-depth discussions to enhance dialogue and exchanges between Chinese civilization and other civilizations in the world,and promote the transformation of the Global Civilization Initiatives from an ideological concept to a practical action.Participants agreed that the Site of Liangzhu is the solid evidence of China's 5,oo0-year history of civilization and a treasure of world civilization,and that the Liangzhu Forum is of great significance for understanding the charm of the ancient civilization。

Modernization and the Diversity of Human Rights Among Civilizations--Review of the 2023 China-europe Seminar on Human Rights

Human rights are an achievement of humanity and a symbol of progress.Respect for and protection of human rights are basic principles of modern civilization.Around the world,countries and regions have chosen different paths to modernization,which are rooted in their unique civilizations.to promote exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations,facilitate human rights exchanges and cooperation between different countries,and advance the global development of human rights,on September 20,2023,the 2023 China-europe Seminar on Human Rights was held in Rome,the capital of Italy.Under the theme of“Modernization and the Diversity of Human Rights Among Civilizations,”the seminar focused on discussing topics such as exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations and the development of modern human rights philosophy,modernization and the free and well-rounded development of every person,sustainable development in the process of modernization,and the evolution of the civilization of human rights in the digital age.participants reached the following consensuses at the event:First,the participants from various countries spoke highly of the great achievements that China has made in human rights cause and fully recognized China’s contributions in promoting the development and progress of the global human rights cause;Second,the participants from all countries agreed that it is necessary to discard the concept of“Western-centrism,”transcend the mindset of“cultural superiority,”promote human rights exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations on the basis of equality and mutual respect,and inject new impetus into the diversity of human rights among civilizations;third,participants reaffirmed that human rights represent an open concept,and that we should discuss the development of human rights with an open mind and jointly promote the progress of human rights in the world.

基于Civil 3D部件编辑器的矿山排土场参数化设计研究

近年来,民用建筑行业BIM技术得到迅速发展,将其应用于有色冶金矿山设计工作势在必行,改变以往人工计算、应用AutoCAD插件出图的现状。为实现排土场参数化设计,结合排土场设计经验和计算机语言,基于Civil 3D部件编辑器(SAC)研究了参数化设计流程;针对排土场横断面形式,创建了多级边坡部件参数化模型,实现了快速建模、三维模型到二维图纸的转换以及排土场库容精确计算。基于SAC的排土场三维参数化设计技术促进了设计效率和精度的提升,总结形成了参数化设计技术在排土场设计过程中的应用流程,为类似项目提供参考。

基于Civil3D在道路交叉口正向设计的研究与应用

针对目前BIM正向设计所存在的出图效率低、设计工具操作不习惯、数据互通丢失率高等问题,结合某二级公路交叉口,将Civil 3D作为其正向设计的工具,开展基于Civil 3D在道路交叉口正向设计的研究,对道路交叉设计、道路优化、三维可视化等方面进行关键技术研究。研究结果表明,通过对地形数据优化分析,生成三维地形曲面,结合Civil 3D智能化、智慧化设计的特点,生成施工图级别的正向设计成果。工程应用结果表明,使用Civil 3D进行道路交叉口的正向设计,可以提高设计效率、减少设计错误、考虑不全面等问题,减少后期因为施工、地质突发情况对设计变更的影响。

基于Civil 3D进行符合国标的超高加宽设计

BIM的快速发展为道路设计提供了新的发展契机。作为一款成熟的道路设计BIM软件,无论是设计规范,还是装配部件,Civil 3D都支持自主定义,这为道路行业BIM的发展提供了一个很好的设计平台。在各等级道路中,道路的超高加宽设计对于行车的安全性与舒适性至关重要,但是在进行路线超高加宽设计时,Civil 3D所依托的是美国标准规范。为了让设计更适合中国道路实际情况,根据中国路线设计规范修编Civil 3D的超高加宽设计文件是至关重要的,可以为中国标准下的公路行业BIM设计发展提供一定的帮助。

基于Midas Civil在大型履带吊车作用下的钢栈桥结构设计

为保证钢栈桥可以在大型履带吊车作用下安全使用,以四川省成都市某景观人行桥项目为例,对钢栈桥进行针对性的结构设计,采用Midas Civil有限元软件进行钢栈桥建模和结构分析,并简要阐述了钢栈桥的施工要点。通过模型建立过程的加载方式、工况的介绍,计算分析了各个工况的钢栈桥的变形值、应力、稳定性,计算结果均满足容许值,为工程的实施提供了理论数据支持。