Risk Assessment of an Environmental Liability in the Commercialization of Hydrocarbons-A Secondary Publication

The risk analysis evaluates the probability of occurrence with the impact of said risks.In the hydrocarbon sector,an environmental liability is an improperly abandoned facility,soil contaminated by spills or others.The objective of this work is to define a risk management plan.The characterization of the residue and the area was carried out.Hazardous events were identified:overflow spill,soil contamination by infiltration,as well as radiant heat and suffocating and toxic fumes from a fire.The matrix method was applied considering the probability of occurrence against vulnerability.The danger of infiltration implied a high level of risk.The risk management plan was drawn up,its main action being the liquidation of the pool and the sanitation of the area.

The Dynamic System Theory of Legal Protection for Personal Information Rights Infringement

The advent of the big data era has presented unprecedented challenges to remedies for personal information infringement in areas such as damage assessment,proof of causation,determination of illegality,fault assessment,and liability.Traditional tort law is unable to provide a robust response for these challenges,which severely hinders human rights protection in the digital society.The dynamic system theory represents a third path between fixed constitutive elements and general clauses.It both overcomes the rigidity of the“allor-nothing”legal effect evaluation mechanism of the“element-effect”model and avoids the uncertainty of the general clause model.It can effectively enhance the flexibility of the legal system in responding to social changes.In light of this,it is necessary to construct a dynamic foundational evaluation framework for personal information infringement under the guidance of the dynamic system theory.By relying on the dynamic interplay effect of various foundational evaluation elements,this framework can achieve a flexible evaluation of the constitutive elements of liability and the legal effects of liability for personal information infringement.Through this approach,the crisis of personal information infringement in the era of big data can be mitigated,and the realization of personal information rights as digital human rights can be promoted.

Determination of Liability for Violation of “Sexual Autonomy” and Compensation for Mental Damages

At the legislative level in China,there has been insufficient theoretical preparation to explicitly include“sexual autonomy”within the scope of general personality rights.In handling the increasing number of disputes related to violations of“sexual autonomy,”judicial biases have emerged during the trial process when courts determine the attribute of the right to“sexual autonomy.”This situation necessitates a clear legal analysis of the concept and attributes of“sexual autonomy”to establish its essential attribute as a personality right,and,from the perspective of legal doctrine,enable the justification of the right to“sexual autonomy”as either a general personality right or other personality interests,thereby providing theoretical support for courts to“adjudicate according to law.”By delineating and categorizing instances of violations of“sexual autonomy,”the constitutive elements and fundamental characteristics of such violations can be clarified.By examining the legal norms governing civil litigation and civil litigation associated with criminal cases concerning violations of“sexual autonomy,”the responsibility determination,remedies,and existing regulatory loopholes regarding violations of“sexual autonomy,”especially in cases involving both criminal and civil matters,can be defined.Based on this foundation,the legal basis,determination mechanism,and compensation standards for claiming compensation for mental damages resulting from violations of“sexual autonomy”can be elucidated.

Malpractice or masterful practice?Navigating vicarious liability in healthcare

In the intricate landscape of healthcare,vicarious liability looms large,shaping the responsibilities and actions of healthcare practitioners and administrators alike.Illustrated by a poignant scenario of a medication error,this article navigates the complexities of vicarious liability in healthcare.It explains the legal basis and ramifications of this theory,emphasizing its importance in fostering responsibility,protecting patient welfare,and easing access to justice.The paper explores the practical effects of vicarious responsibility on day-to-day operations,leadership practices,and decision-making processes via the eyes of senior consultants,junior doctors,and hospital administrators.Through comprehensive insights and real-world examples,it underscores the imperative of fostering a culture of accountability,communication,and quality care to navigate the intricate web of liabilities inherent in modern healthcare.

Trends in the International Regime of Liability and Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage

Since the entry into force of the International Convention on liability and compensation for oil spill damage, there have been many discussions on the improvement of this regime. Based on the existing tworegimes, the writer tried to analysis the advantages of the new regimes and foresee the trends of the international regime of liability and compensation for oil pollution damage.

The Emerging Importance of Professional Liability Insurance Coverage for Pharmacists

As the responsibilities for clinical pharmacists have increased in recent years, the pharmacy practitioner finds the need for professional liability insurance. This report describes the practice changes under way and describes the malpractice insurance options available to current pharmacy practitioners.

International Law on Liability and Compensation in the Offshore Oil ＆ Gas Industry

Offshore oil and gas exploration and production comes with risk of release of hydrocarbons in to sea. Today, the probability of such an event is relatively low, but the consequences are nevertheless significant and can cover a vast geographical area. As such, it raises the question as to whether liability and compensation in oil ＆ gas related incidents should be covered under international law. Current international legislation addresses the issue mainly in terms of shipping. This paper attempts to shed light on the topic in relation to oil and gas exploration whilst investigating notable events in the UK and the USA. The findings show that domestic laws of these countries cover the matter sufficiently. However, the question of whether the regulation should fall under international regulation can unfortunately not be answered with confidence as it would require a test-case of a situation where an oil spill affects multiple littoral states.

The Fundamental Need of Reform in Company Law in England: Parent Company’s Liability for Debt of Insolvent Subsidiary

Based on the fact that the parent company has actual control over the subsidiary company,this paper analyzes the possibility of the parent company using the subsidiary company to seek benefits and damage the interests of creditors.Moreover,under the intangible protection of the current limited liability system and the independent personality of the company,it can“retreat”.This is undoubtedly against the original intention of the establishment of enterprise groups and has great potential harm to creditors.In addition,on the basis of the relief measures for the rights and interests of the parent company caused by the bad behavior of the subsidiary,the legal defects that should be carefully considered are determined.Considering whether there are other remedies that may have the same effect as disclosure,some are more moderate than disclosure.With Britain’s strong caution about lifting the veil,a more moderate direction could be considered.

Study on the Tort Liability of Electronic Commerce Platform

Today,the rapid development of electronic commerce(E-commerce)has added a new driving force for China’s economic development.However,all kinds of legal problems have followed,such as uncontrolled production and sale of fake goods,frequent malicious complaints,endless unfair competition,and illegal infringement,which have harmed the legitimate interests of consumers and seriously damaged the market order and fair competition.In order to provide some theoretical and realistic reference for the development of China’s E-commerce industry,this paper focuses on the relevant problems in the field of“infringement”of E-commerce platforms for in-depth thinking,and puts forward suggestions for solving the existing problems based on the development status of E-commerce platforms.

＂Principal Components＂ for the Calculation of the Best Estimate Liability of Future Discretionary Benefits under Solvency II

The core of the presentation that I propose treats about the application of principal component analysis for the estimation of the future earnings of the Segregated Funds. The Segregated Funds are the pools of assets which have been using in the Italian Insurance Market since mid 80＇s for managing the ＂with profit＂ business, also known as business with ＂discretionary participation feature＂ according to IFRS4 since the income attributable to the policyholders is composed by the net realised gains less a fee and by a minimum guarantee, if any. The discretion of the Management of the Entity lays on the decision on whether and when to realise both the financial gains and the financial losses of the underlying investments. This strategy is tied by the need to manage an appropriate ALM, from the rules included in the local legislation as well as by the policy about the solvency margin （for example a minimum solvency ratio to fulfil that is conditional upon the value of income attributed that year）. The fee can not be changed, i.e., is not discretionary, the minimum granted could be fixed on annual basis-sometimes paid on cash recurrently-or could be promised only at expiration or sometimes promised at expiration or in advance only for death and disability. In case of years so adverse that the Entity is not able to avoid earnings too low, sometimes the entity delivers an additional bonus, in order to compensate their policyholders, which is based above a full discretion. Principal components are used in finance as well as in other fields such as genetic. You can see some of these applications in two of the references advised below. The purposes of the technique of principal components are （1） to increase objectivity of results and their verifiability by third parties such as auditors, （2） make speeder the time spent for the analytical calculations （i.e., runs of the actuarial models） and （3） to render the relationship between the asset composition and the their earnings effectively used for the best estimate liabilities through their contribution in forecasting future cash flows.

Machine learning methods for rockburst prediction-state-of-the-art review

One of the most serious mining disasters in underground mines is rockburst phenomena.They can lead to injuries and even fatalities as well as damage to underground openings and mining equipment.This has forced many researchers to investigate alternative methods to predict the potential for rockburst occurrence.However,due to the highly complex relation between geological,mechanical and geometric parameters of the mining environment,the traditional mechanics-based prediction methods do not always yield precise results.With the emergence of machine learning methods,a breakthrough in the prediction of rockburst occurrence has become possible in recent years.This paper presents a state-ofthe-art review of various applications of machine learning methods for the prediction of rockburst potential.First,existing rockburst prediction methods are introduced,and the limitations of such methods are highlighted.A brief overview of typical machine learning methods and their main features as predictive tools is then presented.The current applications of machine learning models in rockburst prediction are surveyed,with related mechanisms,technical details and performance analysis.

Spontaneous combustion liability of coal and coal-shale: a review of prediction methods

This study presents a review of the various methods to predict the spontaneous combustion liability of coal and coal-shale. The relative propensity of coal to undergo self-heating can be established by different methods. These methods are well established in their usage, but the fact that no particular test method has become a standard to predict the spontaneous combustion liability indicates that doubt still exists as to the validity of all of them. The underlying principle of all the tests is that the more readily the coal undergoes exothermic oxidation, the more liable it is to self-heat. Comprehensive studies that centres on the international position on research being conducted by academics, different research institutes and industries on spontaneous combustion of coal and coal mine fires were evaluated. Relationships between the geochemical analysis (proximate and ultimate analysis, forms of sulphur, petrographic properties, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence) and spontaneous combustion testing methods (numerical and experimental approaches) used to predict the spontaneous combustion liability of coal were reviewed. The combination of these tests provides a better understanding of the mechanism that controls the spontaneous combustion phenomena. However, irrespective of the extensive studies that have been conducted over time, spontaneous combustion is still a major problem in the coal value chain.

Proposing a novel comprehensive evaluation model for the coal burst liability in underground coal mines considering uncertainty factors

Coal burst is a severe hazard that can result in fatalities and damage of facilities in underground coal mines.To address this issue,a robust unascertained combination model is proposed to study the coal burst hazard based on an updated database.Four assessment indexes are used in the model,which are the dynamic failure duration(DT),elastic energy index(WET),impact energy index(KE)and uniaxial compressive strength(RC).Four membership functions,including linear(L),parabolic(P),S and Weibull(W)functions,are proposed to measure the uncertainty level of individual index.The corresponding weights are determined through information entropy(EN),analysis hierarchy process(AHP)and synthetic weights(CW).Simultaneously,the classification criteria,including unascertained cluster(UC)and credible identification principle(CIP),are analyzed.The combination algorithm,consisting of P function,CW and CIP(P-CW-CIP),is selected as the optimal classification model in function of theory analysis and to train the samples.Ultimately,the established ensemble model is further validated through test samples with 100%accuracy.The results reveal that the hybrid model has a great potential in the coal burst hazard evaluation in underground coal mines.

Analysis of spontaneous combustion liability indices and coal recording standards/basis

The characterization of the physical and chemical properties of coal on a standard provides an understanding of its characteristics towards spontaneous combustion.The trend of linear relationships between coal recording standards(%air-dried(ad),%dry(db)and%dry ash free(daf)basis)of 30 selected coal samples from the Witbank coalfields and spontaneous combustion liability indices were evaluated.The spontaneous combustion liability indices of these samples were evaluated by crossing point temperature(XPT),Stage II Slope,FCC(Feng,Chakravorty,Cochrane)and the Wits-Ehac tests,while the coal properties were determined from the proximate and ultimate analyses.The results obtained from these coal properties were related to different liability indices to develop trends of linear relationships using regression analysis.The ad basis indicated higher correlation coefficients than the db and daf basis for the XPT and FCC index,while the daf showed higher correlation coefficients than the ad and db basis for the Wits-Ehac index.It was found that the trend of linear relationships of these coal properties differs from one liability index to the next.The XPTs showed a better trend followed by the Stage II Slope on the coal properties among the spontaneous combustion liability indices evaluated.

Reliability of a Tissue Microarray in Detecting Thyroid Transcription Factor-1 Protein in Lung Carcinomas

OBJECTIVE To compare the expression of the thyroid transcription factor-1 （TTF-1） in human normal adult type Ⅱ alveolar epithelial cells, embryonic pneumocytes and cancer cells of lung carcinoma and metastatic lymph nodes using a tissue microarray （TMA） along with paired conventional full sections, and to investigate the reliability of tissue microarrays in detecting protein expression in lung carcinoma. METHODS A lung carcinoma TMA including 765 cores was constructed. TTF-1 protein expression in both TMA and paired conventional full sections were detected by the immunohistochemical SP method using a monoclonal antibody to TTF-1. A PU （Positive Unit） of TTF-1 protein was assessed quantitatively by the Leica Q500MC image analysis system with results from the paired conventional full sections as controls. RESULTS There was no significance between TMA and paired conventional full sections in TTF-1 expression in different nuclei of the lung tissue. CONCLUSION TTF-1 protein expression in lung carcinoma detected by TMA was highly concordant with that of paired full sections. TMA is a reliable method in detecting protein expression.

Curriculum Reform： Theory of Curriculum-A Starting or a Final Point of Curriculum Reform

Knowledge is essentially a human construct and it evolves continuously on reflective thinking and is practiced systematically in educational institutions. Education has to develop man＇s intellectual, physical, and spiritual powers for survival and develop enrichment factors of life through its curriculum which has certainty of content and methodology based on the educational objectives. Curriculum must build the capacity of individuals. Hence, the author defines curriculum and argues the results as better life style. Also, the author projects the expectations of the twenty-first century learners, and has extended the educational objectives to one more domain as enterprise domain, emphasizing that education must aim to develop entrepreneurial skills of learners. Therefore, it is essential that any curriculum be framed in the light of the existing curriculum, educational transaction, needs of the society, and measurable practices and evaluation, and must aim for enrichment in curricular knowledge, pedagogy and transmission techniques, and value inculcation. The author portrays the results of education.

Investigation on the Microstructure Features of Bump-Prone Coal

A series of experiments,using X-ray diffraction, electronic microscope investigation and SEM observation,are carried out to investigate the microstructure characteristics of bump-prone coal. The samples are from four coal seams in two different coal mines,which compose of No.7,No.9 and No.12 coal seams in Zhaogezhuang mine and No.11 seam in Xinzhouyao mine.The microstructure parameters of coal are adopted to calculate the bump liability of

Rapid genetic screening of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A and hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies patients

We used the allele-specific PCR-double digestion method on peripheral myelin protein 22 （PMP22） to determine duplication and deletion mutations in the proband and family members of one family with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1 and one family with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies. The proband and one subclinical family member from the Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1 family had a PMP22 gene duplication; one patient from the hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies family had a PMP22 gene deletion. Electron microscopic analysis of ultrathin sections of the superficial peroneal nerve from the two probands demonstrated demyelination and myelin sheath hyperplasia, as well as an ＇onion-like＇ structure in the Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A patient. We observed an irregular thickened myelin sheath and ＇mouse-nibbled＇-Iike changes in the patient with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies. In the Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A patient, nerve electrophysiological examination revealed moderate-to-severe reductions in the motor and sensory conduction velocities of the bilateral median nerve, ulnar nerve, tibial nerve, and sural nerve. Moreover, the compound muscle action potential amplitude was decreased. In the patient with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies, the nerve conduction velocity of the bilateral tibial nerve and sural nerve was moderately reduced, and the nerve conduction velocity of the median nerve and ulnar nerve of both upper extremities was slightly reduced.

Pharmacological characterizationof synthetic cannabinoid MAM-2201：radioligand binding and abuse-related effects

OBJECTIVE Over 30% of all new psychoactive substances identified by the UN Office on Drugs and Crime in 2016 were synthetic cannabinoids.The recent emergence of MAM-2201 on the illicit market is troubling because this drug has no precedent in either the scientific or patent literature,and appears to be a novel compound developed specifically as a "graymarket" drug of abuse bystructurally combining the known synthetic cannabinoids JWH-122 and AM-2201.There is currently no published information regarding the pharmacology of MAM-2201.METHODS The present studies characterized cannabinoid-like effects of MAM-2201 in vitro(interactions with cannabinoid type 1 receptors[CB1 Rs]) and in vivo(in mice and rats).RESULTS In a radioligand binding assay using [3 H]CP55,940 in HEK cell membranes transfected with the CB1 R,MAM-2201(K i=5.4 nmol·L^(-1)),had higher binding affinity than WIN 55,212-2(K i=80 nmol·L^(-1)),and D9-THC(K i=8.3 nmol·L^(-1)).The E max values for MAM-2201 and WIN 55,212-2 in an assay of agonist inhibition of forskolin-stimulated c AMP were 85%(EC50=0.45 nmol·L^(-1)) and 95%,respectively,as compared with the D9-THC E max of 74%.In mice,MAM-2201(0.003-1.0 mg·kg^(-1),IP) produced dose-dependent cannabimimetic effects which were both more potent and more effective than those of D9-THC.MAM-2201 and D9-THC dose-dependently produced hypothermia:ED50=0.287 and 25.4 mg·kg^(-1),analgesia:ED50=0.125 and 29.4 mg·kg^(-1),and catalepsy:ED50=0.301 and18.9 mg·kg^(-1) in adult male CD1 mice.Importantly,MAM-2201 also elicited convulsant effects at a dose of 1.0 mg·kg^(-1) in 8/8 murine subjects.In rats,MAM-2201 produced dose-dependent D9-THC-like interoceptive effects in subjects trained to discriminate 3.0 mg·kg^(-1)(IP) D9-THC from saline.CONCLUSION MAM-2201 binds CB1 Rs with high affinity and agonist efficacy,and functions as a potent cannabinoid agonist in vivo across several complementary measures of cannabinoid activity in two rodent species.

ACCELERATING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INSURANCE INDUSTRY

Since Shandong restarted its insurance industry in 1980, it has set up 180 domestic insurance businesses in four categories, namely property, Iife, liability and guaranty. And insurance for foreigners has been expanded to all parts of the province from Qingdao to Yentai. There are now 31.400 enterprises, 620,000 vehicles, and 11.5 million households involved in property insurance and 20