Licking behavior is important for water intake.The deep mesencephalic nucleus(DpMe)has been implicated in instinctive behaviors.However,whether the DpMe is involved in licking behavior and the precise neural circuit b...Licking behavior is important for water intake.The deep mesencephalic nucleus(DpMe)has been implicated in instinctive behaviors.However,whether the DpMe is involved in licking behavior and the precise neural circuit behind this behavior remains unknown.Here,we found that the activity of the DpMe decreased during water intake.Inhibition of vesicular glutamate transporter 2-positive(VGLUT2+)neurons in the DpMe resulted in increased water intake.Somatostatin-expressing(SST+),but not protein kinase C-expressing(PKC-8+),GABAergic neurons in the central amygdala(CeA)preferentially innervated DpMe VGLUT2+neurons.The SST+neurons in the CeA projecting to the DpMe were activated at the onset of licking behavior.Activation of these CeA SST+GABAergic neurons,but not PKC-8+GABAergic neurons,projecting to the DpMe was sufficient to induce licking behavior and promote water intake.These findings redefine the roles of the DpMe and reveal a novel CeAssT_DpMevcLUT?cireuit that regulaes icking behavior and promotes water intake.展开更多
一位加拿大的老人在家里给一只鹦鹉洗澡,水喷射到了另一宠物(猫)的身上,此猫即扑向老者,老者流了一品脱的血。还缝了几针。具有幽默意味的是文章头句中的定语从句:which drew four carloads of police, two ambulances and an animal co...一位加拿大的老人在家里给一只鹦鹉洗澡,水喷射到了另一宠物(猫)的身上,此猫即扑向老者,老者流了一品脱的血。还缝了几针。具有幽默意味的是文章头句中的定语从句:which drew four carloads of police, two ambulances and an animal conlrol officer,还有此猫还有一个爱称(diminutive),叫Touti!。展开更多
In the paper, the effects of nutrition lick brick and salt brick as supple-ment feed on the performance of Tan sheep were studied. 36 fattening Tan sheep with the average weight of about 23 kg were chosen, they were r...In the paper, the effects of nutrition lick brick and salt brick as supple-ment feed on the performance of Tan sheep were studied. 36 fattening Tan sheep with the average weight of about 23 kg were chosen, they were randomly divided into 3 groups according to the weight, and each group had 12 sheep. Control group was fed with normal daily ration, experimental group 1 was fed with normal daily ration＋nutrition lick brick, experimental group 2 was fed with normal daily ration＋salt brick, the experimental period was 60 d. The results showed that 1） compared with CK, daily gain of group 1 improved 17.09%（P〈0.01）, feed conversion ratio reduced 11.69%（P〈0.05）, and average gross profit per sheep improved 51.65 yuan; daily gain of group 2 improved 7.03%（P〈0.05）, feed conversion ratio reduced 4.06%（P〉0.05）, and average gross profit per sheep improved 19.78 yuan; 2） compared with group 2, daily gain of group 1 improved 9.40%（P〈0.05）, feed conversion ratio re-duced 7.96%（P〈0.05）, and average gross profit per sheep improved 31.87 yuan;these indicated that nutrition lick brick and salt brick as supplement feed for Tan sheep both can improve the production performance of Tan sheep, and the supple-mentary feeding effect of nutrition lick brick was better.展开更多
Three yearling lambs with a rumen cannula were used to investigate the effects of supplementation with an urea-minerals lick block （ULB） on the kinetics of ruminal fibre digestion, nutrient digestibility and nitrog...Three yearling lambs with a rumen cannula were used to investigate the effects of supplementation with an urea-minerals lick block （ULB） on the kinetics of ruminal fibre digestion, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen （N） utilization office straw （RS）, ammonia bicarbonate （AB）-treated RS （ABRS） and hay prepared from natural pasture. The digestibility of dry matter and organic matter of RS increased by 13.1% and 12.7% （P〈0.05） when the diet was supplemented with ULB, and approached to that of ABRS, indicating that the effect of ULB on digestibility of RS is similar to that of AB treatment. The digestibility of ABRS was slightly improved by the ULB feeding. Nitrogen retention was highest in lambs fed on ABRS alone, followed by hay with ULB, and was lowest in animals fed on RS with ULB. However, both the amount and proportion of N retention to N intake were enhanced by ULB supplementation to lambs fed on hay. The proportion of N retained to N digested decreased due to ULB supplementation to lambs fed on RS or ABRS. Supplementing ULB did not greatly influence the rumen degradation of either dry matter or crude protein in each of the three diets. RS and hay had similar values in the potential extent of digestion （PED） and digestion rate of PED （kd） of fibrous materials, but the discrete lag time for RS was lower than that for hay. The AB treatment significantly increased the PED （P〈0.05） and kd （P〈0.05） of RS. Neither the PED nor kd for RS and ABRS was influenced by ULB supplementation, but the kd for hay significantly increased due to ULB. The lag time for hay was also shortened by the ULB feeding. The ULB improved the digestion of fibre in the rumen of lambs fed on low quality roughage. It is inferred that while ULB is effective in increasing nutrient digestibility of low quality roughages by improving ruminal fibre digestion. A synchronized supply of N and energy to rumen microbes should be considered to improve the efficiency of N utilization when the basal diet is ammoniated straw.展开更多
BACKGROUND： The role of the amygdala in controlling emotional pain has been emphasized in several studies. In this study, the role of the NMDA glutamate receptors in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala （BLA） in...BACKGROUND： The role of the amygdala in controlling emotional pain has been emphasized in several studies. In this study, the role of the NMDA glutamate receptors in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala （BLA） in regulating inflammation and emotional pain, induced by formalin, was studied in male rats. METHODS： Male Wistar rats, weighing 250±0 g, were injected with 20 μL of 2% formalin into the paw of the right hind limb. Memantine, at doses of 1 and 5 μg/rat, was injected bilaterally into the BLA five minutes prior to injecting formalin. Following the injection, the pain and inflammation of the paws were measured using Dubbison-Dennis and mercury immersion methods, respectively. The behavior of the animals, including licking time and foot volume, was assessed. RESULTS： The results showed that the inactivation of the NMDA receptors in the BLA in the acute phase of pain reduced the licking time （the emotional aspect of pain）. However, at a high dose （5μg/rat）, memantine exacerbates the pain induced by formalin in the chronic phase. Additionally, the inhibition of the NMDA receptors in the BLA by memantine enhanced the formalin-induced increase in foot volume （inflammation） in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION： The study showed that the NMDA glutamate receptors in the BLA are crucial for the emotional pain and inflammation in both chronic and acute phases of formalin-induced pain. However, their roles are more pronounced in the chronic phase than in the acute phase of pain.展开更多
Mineral licks are important components of terrestrial ecosystems that have special value to the maintenance of fluid balance of mammals,by providing them with essential mineral nutrients such as sodium,calcium,and mag...Mineral licks are important components of terrestrial ecosystems that have special value to the maintenance of fluid balance of mammals,by providing them with essential mineral nutrients such as sodium,calcium,and magnesium.In the Anzihe Nature Reserve,southwest China,seven species of ungulates and one species of primates were frequently observed visiting the mineral licks in high densities.As a consequence,mineral licks have attracted illegal hunters and facilitated the spread of parasites and diseases,leading to a depletion of local populations.Therefore,we suggest that regions with abundant mineral licks should be designated as key protected areas in the Anzihe Nature Reserve and relevant zones for animal health surveillance.展开更多
基金supported by the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(2019B030335001 and 2018B030334001)the Natural Science Foundation of China(31871070 and 82090031)+2 种基金the Key R&D Program of Zhejiang Province(2020C03009)Funda-mental Research Funds for the Central Universities 2021FZZX001-37,the Non-Profit Central Research Institute Fund of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(2019PT310023)and the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2019-12M-5-057).
文摘Licking behavior is important for water intake.The deep mesencephalic nucleus(DpMe)has been implicated in instinctive behaviors.However,whether the DpMe is involved in licking behavior and the precise neural circuit behind this behavior remains unknown.Here,we found that the activity of the DpMe decreased during water intake.Inhibition of vesicular glutamate transporter 2-positive(VGLUT2+)neurons in the DpMe resulted in increased water intake.Somatostatin-expressing(SST+),but not protein kinase C-expressing(PKC-8+),GABAergic neurons in the central amygdala(CeA)preferentially innervated DpMe VGLUT2+neurons.The SST+neurons in the CeA projecting to the DpMe were activated at the onset of licking behavior.Activation of these CeA SST+GABAergic neurons,but not PKC-8+GABAergic neurons,projecting to the DpMe was sufficient to induce licking behavior and promote water intake.These findings redefine the roles of the DpMe and reveal a novel CeAssT_DpMevcLUT?cireuit that regulaes icking behavior and promotes water intake.
文摘一位加拿大的老人在家里给一只鹦鹉洗澡,水喷射到了另一宠物(猫)的身上,此猫即扑向老者,老者流了一品脱的血。还缝了几针。具有幽默意味的是文章头句中的定语从句:which drew four carloads of police, two ambulances and an animal conlrol officer,还有此猫还有一个爱称(diminutive),叫Touti!。
文摘In the paper, the effects of nutrition lick brick and salt brick as supple-ment feed on the performance of Tan sheep were studied. 36 fattening Tan sheep with the average weight of about 23 kg were chosen, they were randomly divided into 3 groups according to the weight, and each group had 12 sheep. Control group was fed with normal daily ration, experimental group 1 was fed with normal daily ration＋nutrition lick brick, experimental group 2 was fed with normal daily ration＋salt brick, the experimental period was 60 d. The results showed that 1） compared with CK, daily gain of group 1 improved 17.09%（P〈0.01）, feed conversion ratio reduced 11.69%（P〈0.05）, and average gross profit per sheep improved 51.65 yuan; daily gain of group 2 improved 7.03%（P〈0.05）, feed conversion ratio reduced 4.06%（P〉0.05）, and average gross profit per sheep improved 19.78 yuan; 2） compared with group 2, daily gain of group 1 improved 9.40%（P〈0.05）, feed conversion ratio re-duced 7.96%（P〈0.05）, and average gross profit per sheep improved 31.87 yuan;these indicated that nutrition lick brick and salt brick as supplement feed for Tan sheep both can improve the production performance of Tan sheep, and the supple-mentary feeding effect of nutrition lick brick was better.
基金Project (No. 011102193) supported by the Foundation of the Science and Technology Commission of Zhejiang Provincethe Foundation for Excellent Youth Teachers from the State Commission of Education, China
文摘Three yearling lambs with a rumen cannula were used to investigate the effects of supplementation with an urea-minerals lick block （ULB） on the kinetics of ruminal fibre digestion, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen （N） utilization office straw （RS）, ammonia bicarbonate （AB）-treated RS （ABRS） and hay prepared from natural pasture. The digestibility of dry matter and organic matter of RS increased by 13.1% and 12.7% （P〈0.05） when the diet was supplemented with ULB, and approached to that of ABRS, indicating that the effect of ULB on digestibility of RS is similar to that of AB treatment. The digestibility of ABRS was slightly improved by the ULB feeding. Nitrogen retention was highest in lambs fed on ABRS alone, followed by hay with ULB, and was lowest in animals fed on RS with ULB. However, both the amount and proportion of N retention to N intake were enhanced by ULB supplementation to lambs fed on hay. The proportion of N retained to N digested decreased due to ULB supplementation to lambs fed on RS or ABRS. Supplementing ULB did not greatly influence the rumen degradation of either dry matter or crude protein in each of the three diets. RS and hay had similar values in the potential extent of digestion （PED） and digestion rate of PED （kd） of fibrous materials, but the discrete lag time for RS was lower than that for hay. The AB treatment significantly increased the PED （P〈0.05） and kd （P〈0.05） of RS. Neither the PED nor kd for RS and ABRS was influenced by ULB supplementation, but the kd for hay significantly increased due to ULB. The lag time for hay was also shortened by the ULB feeding. The ULB improved the digestion of fibre in the rumen of lambs fed on low quality roughage. It is inferred that while ULB is effective in increasing nutrient digestibility of low quality roughages by improving ruminal fibre digestion. A synchronized supply of N and energy to rumen microbes should be considered to improve the efficiency of N utilization when the basal diet is ammoniated straw.
文摘BACKGROUND： The role of the amygdala in controlling emotional pain has been emphasized in several studies. In this study, the role of the NMDA glutamate receptors in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala （BLA） in regulating inflammation and emotional pain, induced by formalin, was studied in male rats. METHODS： Male Wistar rats, weighing 250±0 g, were injected with 20 μL of 2% formalin into the paw of the right hind limb. Memantine, at doses of 1 and 5 μg/rat, was injected bilaterally into the BLA five minutes prior to injecting formalin. Following the injection, the pain and inflammation of the paws were measured using Dubbison-Dennis and mercury immersion methods, respectively. The behavior of the animals, including licking time and foot volume, was assessed. RESULTS： The results showed that the inactivation of the NMDA receptors in the BLA in the acute phase of pain reduced the licking time （the emotional aspect of pain）. However, at a high dose （5μg/rat）, memantine exacerbates the pain induced by formalin in the chronic phase. Additionally, the inhibition of the NMDA receptors in the BLA by memantine enhanced the formalin-induced increase in foot volume （inflammation） in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION： The study showed that the NMDA glutamate receptors in the BLA are crucial for the emotional pain and inflammation in both chronic and acute phases of formalin-induced pain. However, their roles are more pronounced in the chronic phase than in the acute phase of pain.
基金This work was supported by the National Science and Technology Basic Resources Survey Program of China[2019FY100204]Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences[2019QZKK0402,2019QZKK0501]。
文摘Mineral licks are important components of terrestrial ecosystems that have special value to the maintenance of fluid balance of mammals,by providing them with essential mineral nutrients such as sodium,calcium,and magnesium.In the Anzihe Nature Reserve,southwest China,seven species of ungulates and one species of primates were frequently observed visiting the mineral licks in high densities.As a consequence,mineral licks have attracted illegal hunters and facilitated the spread of parasites and diseases,leading to a depletion of local populations.Therefore,we suggest that regions with abundant mineral licks should be designated as key protected areas in the Anzihe Nature Reserve and relevant zones for animal health surveillance.
