The significance of resource recycling for coking wastewater treatment:based on environmental and economic life cycle assessment

The sustainability of the coking industry is supported by reasonable production profit and environmental quality requirements.The traditional measures substantially increased the related costs for enterprises to reach standards.This paper aims to develop a comprehensive cost combined environmental impact assessment method that is necessary for the analysis of wastewater treatment systems.Typical three coking wastewater treatment processes in China were evaluated.Results showed that eutrophication dominantly contributed to the overall environmental effect.Improving effluent quality could significantly reduce the total environmental impact.In terms of an economic perspective,the price of raw materials was the main factor that affected the operating cost of comprehensive treatment.Based on subsystem analysis,the pretreatment stage accounted for the majority of environmental and cost burdens,respectively reaching 64%-78%and 64%-86%.Optimizing the pretreatment process by enhancing the efficiency of high concentration raw material recovery and substituting toxic raw materials for extractant could reduce the environmental impact and economic cost by 43.8%and 57%,respectively,which was an effective way to improve the potential performance of coking wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs).

Identification and assessment of environmental burdens of Chinese copper production from a life cycle perspective

The environmental burdens of Chinese copper production have been identified and quantified in the context of typical technologies, materials supplies and environmental emissions by a life cycle approach. Primary and secondary copper production using copper ores and scraps, respectively, were analyzed in detail. The flash and bath smelting approaches and the recycling of copper scraps were selected as representative copper production processes. A quantitative analysis was also conducted to assess the influence of material transport distance in copper production. Life cycle assessment （LCA） results showed that resources depletion and human health contribute significantly to environmental burdens in Chinese copper production. In addition, the secondary copper production has dramatically lower environmental burdens than the primary production. There is no obvious distinction in overall environmental burdens in primary copper production by flash or bath smelting approach. However, resources depletion is lower and the damage to human health is higher for flash smelting approach. Ecosystem quality damage is slight for both approaches. Environ- mental burdens from the mining stage contribute most in all life cycle stages in primary copper production. In secondary copper production, the electrolytic refining stage dominates. Based on the life cycle assessment results, some suggestions for improving environmental performance were proposed to meet the sustainable development of Chinese copper industry.

Life cycle assessment and economic analysis of HFC-134a production from natural gas compared with oil-based and coal-based production

China is the largest producer and consumer of HFC-134a(1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane)in the world.Coal-based route is mainly adopted to produce HFC-134a,which suffers from large waste and CO_(2) emissions.Natural gas is a low-carbon and clean energy resource,and no research has been found on the environment and economy of producing HFC-134a from natural gas.In this study,CML 2001 method was used to carry out the life cycle assessment of natural gas(partial oxidation)-based and natural gas(plasma cracking)-based routes(abbreviated as gas(O)-based and gas(P)-based routes,respectively),and their environmental performances were compared with coal-based and oil-based routes.Meanwhile,considering that China is vigorously promoting the transformation of energy structure,and the application of electric heating equipment to replace fossil-based heating equipment in industrial field,which has a great impact on the environmental performance of the production processes,the authors conducted a scenario analysis.The results showed that the gas(O)-based route had the most favourable environmental benefits.However,the gas(P)-based route had the highest potential for reducing environmental burdens,and its environmental benefit was the most favourable in scenario 2050.Additionally,the economic performance of the gas(P)-based route was significantly better than that of gas(O)-based and coal-based routes.

Life Cycle Assessment Analysis and Comparison of 1000 MW S-CO_(2)Coal Fired Power Plant and 1000 MW USC Water-Steam Coal-Fired Power Plant

The objective of this paper is to understand the benefits that one can achieve for large-scale supercritical CO_(2)(S-CO_(2))coal-fired power plants.The aspects of energy environment and economy of 1000 MW S-CO_(2)coal-fired power generation system and 1000 MW ultra-supercritical(USC)water-steam Rankine cycle coal-fired power generation system are analyzed and compared at the similar main vapor parameters,by adopting the neural network genetic algorithm and life cycle assessment(LCA)methodology.Multi-objective optimization of the 1000 MW S-CO_(2)coal-fired power generation system is further carried out.The power generation efficiency,environmental impact load,and investment recovery period are adopted as the objective functions.The main vapor parameters of temperature and pressure are set as the decision variables.The results are concluded as follows.First,the total energy consumption of the S-CO_(2)coal-fired power generation system is 10.48 MJ/k Wh and the energy payback ratio is 34.37%.The performance is superior to the USC coal-fired power generation system.Second,the resource depletion index of the S-CO_(2)coal-fired power generation system is 4.38μPRchina,90,which is lower than that of the USC coal-fired power generation system,and the resource consumption is less.Third,the environmental impact load of the S-CO_(2)coal-fired power generation system is 0.742 m PEchina,90,which is less than that of the USC coal-fired power generation system,0.783 m PEchina,90.Among all environmental impact types,human toxicity potential HTP and global warming potential GWP account for the most environmental impact.Finally,the investment cost of the S-CO_(2)coal-fired power generation system is generally less than that of the USC coal-fired power generation system because the cost of the S-CO_(2)turbine is only half of the cost of the steam turbine.The optimal turbine inlet temperature T_(5)becomes smaller,and the optimal turbine inlet pressure is unchanged at 622.082°C/30 MPa.

Sustainability Assessment of Wastewater Systems: An Environmental and Economic Approach

To address current challenges regarding sustainable development of wastewater treatment and provide scientific support in decision procedures towards sustainable solutions, new approaches, frameworks and methodologies about different possible solutions and their potential sustainability implications are needed. One way to facilitate sustainability assessment of wastewater is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology;however, it fails to map the full scope of wastewater impacts. This paper presents a framework to evaluate the performance of Wastewater Treatment Facilities (WWTF) taking into consideration various factors for insuring environmental sustainability. A total of nine indicators, seven environmental and two economic related to four wastewater treatment facilities, were assessed. Apart from evaluating the sustainability, this study also discussed the link of life cycle approach and social aspects of wastewater. The results show that for the environmental dimension using LCA provides information on different types of environmental activities and different impact categories. LCA can thus be used to quantify and compare the multiple types of impacts caused by one type of use or emission, as well as the various resource uses or emissions that contribute to one type of impacts. For the economic dimension, there is still a need for consistent and robust indicators and methods. The empirical results suggest that the environmental sustainability framework can be used in the first phase of the decision procedure that leads to a strategic choice for sustainable resource recovery from wastewater in developing countries. This motives researchers and decision-makers to consider the whole picture, and not just individual aspects, when considering different futures scenarios.

基于环境绩效的烟草商业物流可降解薄膜包装优化研究

目的在兼顾环境影响和经济效益的基础上,运用科学的分析手段为烟草商业物流可降解薄膜优选及包装工艺升级提供决策参考。方法本文从可降解薄膜的力学性能及其包装方式入手,以生命周期评价法所确定的可降解薄膜环境影响潜值和相关经济指标作为基础数据,运用基于松弛测度的非径向、非角度的数据包络分析模型(SBM-DEA)开展烟草商业物流可降解薄膜包装的环境绩效评价及冗余度分析。结果根据8种可降解薄膜的力学性能确定了3种包装方式,不同包装薄膜的生命周期环境影响潜能总值从大到小依次为C、D、E、LDPE、A、B、G、F、H。根据环境绩效测算所确定的可降解薄膜包装优选方案为A+缠绕包装I和G+缠绕包装I。结论生命周期环境影响评价有助于全面分析可降解薄膜的环境友好性,可降解薄膜的缠绕包装具有突出的环境绩效优势,工艺升级和包装效率改进是提升烟草商业物流可降解薄膜包装环境绩效的入手点。

市政污泥焚烧灰渣处理模式的环境资源效益比较

将物质流法与生命周期评价法相结合,分析市政污泥焚烧灰渣填埋、灰渣替代黏土和灰渣磷回收与残渣替代黏土3种处置场景的环境影响,并利用成本效益评价法对3种处置情景的经济效益进行了比较分析.结果表明,灰渣资源化利用在矿产资源耗竭、酸化潜力、富营养化、淡水生态毒性、全球变暖、光化学效应等环境影响类别均优于灰渣填埋处置方式.灰渣磷回收与残渣替代黏土是最优处置场景,其净收益为141.21元/t灰渣.若将该方案推广至我国所有市政污水处理厂,可提取26.26万t/a的磷元素,共产生209.23万t/a的鸟粪石产品.

不同再生骨料生产模式的环境影响评价——以浙江省为例

建筑废弃物的资源化过程与其生产方式密切相关,由于处理过程和运输距离的差异,采用集中式处理工厂和移动式破碎站生产再生骨料时,两者的环境影响具有明显差异。立足于浙江省基于三维数字地球确定运输距离,科学定量地给出了2种再生骨料生产方式的生命周期环境影响清单,开展了相应的生命周期环境负荷和环境效益评价。研究结果表明:集中式处理工厂环境负荷主要产生于材料运输阶段,占总环境负荷的53.42%;移动式破碎站的环境负荷则主要来源于骨料外运和残渣的焚烧与填埋,分别占总环境负荷的37.26%和25.54%。虽然移动式破碎站生产1 t再生骨料的环境负荷低于集中式处理工厂,但集中式处理工厂具有更高的生产效率、年产量和生产能力,极大地提高了其年环境效益,利用集中式生产再生骨料其年环境效益比移动式高44.44%。因此,在碳达峰碳中和背景下,可大力推广采用集中式生产再生骨料。

基于生命周期评价的苹果树修剪枝条堆肥处理环境影响及经济效益分析

利用生命周期评价方法分析了苹果树修剪枝条堆肥处理模式的环境影响,并分析其肥料化潜力与经济效益,对枝条处理各环节进行污染物排放评估,为苹果树修剪枝条肥料化处理工艺的改进提供参考。研究结果表明,苹果树修剪枝条堆肥处理过程中,每处理功能单位苹果树枝条产生污染物总量76.0219 kg,其中二氧化碳排放量占总排放量的96.79%,全球变暖对环境的影响高于酸化与富营养化;粉碎包装、熟化灭菌、粉碎和堆肥阶段产生的污染物气体排放量分别占总排放量的38.26%、27.22%、21.04%和10.85%;苹果树修剪枝条堆肥处理的生产成本515元/t,经济效益285元/t,每处理1 t苹果枝条生产的有机肥,可替代尿素、过磷酸钙、硫酸钾的量分别为61.3、120.0和13.2 kg。

某高校地源热泵系统性能评价及碳排放研究

依托某高校实验基地项目开展地源热泵系统性能评价研究。以经济效益、技术性能和环境性能为评价指标,从寿命周期成本、能效比和标准煤炭量等方面与风冷和燃气锅炉系统进行对比分析,得到地源热泵系统更具优势。采用生命周期法将地源热泵系统生命周期划分为生产、运输安装、运行和维护回收4个阶段,建立了地源热泵系统生命周期各阶段碳排放计算模型,结果表明,在地源热泵系统运行使用阶段二氧化碳排放量最大,占比96.85%。根据计算结果调整推进以煤为主的电力结构,提高水力供电系统的比重,降低地源热泵系统运行阶段二氧化碳的排放。研究成果从地源热泵系统性能和二氧化碳排放两个角度为发展低碳经济和促进可持续发展提供参考。

家庭厨余垃圾管理模式环境经济效益评估研究进展

近年来,随着垃圾分类工作的持续推进,对家庭厨余垃圾进行分类投放和处理将成为我国城市生活垃圾管理的一大趋势。城市管理者在对家庭厨余垃圾管理模式进行决策时,有必要开展环境经济效益综合评估,在控制环境污染的前提下最大化降低经济成本。文章从研究目标、评估方法、数据来源等方面系统分析国内外的研究成果,指出家庭厨余垃圾管理领域常用的环境经济效益综合评估方法主要有基于费用效益分析的社会生命周期成本分析法、基于生态效率法的环境成本效率法、基于多准则决策分析的多目标评价法等3种。但研究者需要在污染物货币化系数、环境成本效率计算方法、共生产品分配问题和折现问题等方面开展深入研究,注意积累形成适用于家庭厨余垃圾特征的清单数据库。在对比家庭厨余垃圾管理模式时,要特别注意包含与处理技术相匹配的源头分类、收集运输以及产物利用处置等环节。

环境协调性评价(LCA)方法研究进展

作为一种系统的环境管理工具,环境协调性评价(LCA)近年来得到了快速的发展。介绍了目前常用LCA的方法,并对我国LCA方法研究提出了建议。

生物质能源项目环境价值计量及潜在经济影响分析

综合运用环境价值计量与经济影响评价法将生物质能源项目与煤炭项目进行对比,探讨将环境计量纳入经济评价后对生物质能源项目的促进作用。运用生命周期评价法定量分析生物质能源项目与煤炭相比所实现的环境价值,借助排放物环境价值概念,使生物质能源项目的环境效益得以转化为货币价值,并进一步将其带入改进的纳入环境成本与环境效益的环境经济综合评价体系中进行测算。通过案例项目计算发现,生物质能源项目具有显著环境效益,该项目可实现SO_2、CO、NO_x、烟尘减排量分别为8.105×106 kg、1.027 80×106 kg、4.101 91×106 kg和10.642 77×106 kg,环境效益价值为1 086.78万元,纳入环境效益的项目投资利润率、内部收益率、净现值都有显著提高,对项目实施有明显的促进作用。

高性能再生混凝土环境协调性评价

采用生命周期评价(LCA)方法对高性能再生混凝土(HPRAC)的环境协调性进行评价,并以普通再生混凝土(RAC)以及天然碎石骨料混凝土(NC)作为对比组,研究结果表明:混凝土中使用再生骨料以及活性工业废渣可以明显降低混凝土的环境负荷,特别是在能源以及石灰石的消耗方面;同时通过分析计算3种混凝土的环境综合指数E,得到了HPRAC的环境综合指数E为10.460×10-12年,其相比RAC降低了11.6%,相比NC降低了36.6%。这说明,HPRAC是具有良好环境协调性的绿色建材,是可持续发展模式下混凝土发展的新方向。

空调冷源的环境性能比较

根据国际标准化组织的生命周期评价标准 ,建立了空调冷源的能量生命周期清单模型 ,提出了环境影响评价方法。对常见的空调冷源 (离心机组、螺杆机组、风冷热泵、天然气直燃机、柴油直燃机、蒸汽双效嗅化锂机组 )进行了生命周期清单分析和环境影响评价 ,并利用权重三角形解释了权重对综合评价结果的影响。综合评价结果表明 :电力结构对离心机组的环境性能影响较大 ,但对天然气直燃机影响较小。因此天然气直燃机和离心机组的环境性能比较应考虑电力结构的影响 ,在我国 1999年的电力结构下 ,天然气直燃机的环境性能优于离心机组 ,在我国2 0 10年的电力结构下 ,两者的环境性能相当 ,在美国 1999年的电力结构下 。

暖通空调制冷系统环境性能评价方法研究

通过对HVAC&R系统环境性能评价方法的回顾,提出了一种新的评价方法。该方法基于专家问卷调查和层次分析法,确定各种环境影响因素的权重系数,根据各类污染物的排放总量和权重系数,计算各类污染物的当量值,将HVAC&R系统对环境的各类影响转化为一个统一的指标——黑点,从而直观、准确地表达HVAC&R系统对环境影响的大小。利用新方法对某办公楼空调系统的环境性能进行了模拟计算,结果表明该方法简单直观、切实可行。

一种虾头综合利用模式的生命周期评价

以虾头为研究对象,针对一种常见的综合利用模式,运用生命周期评价方法评价其环境性能和经济性能。虾头的综合利用模式:用复合酶对虾头进行酶解后离心,上清液制成富含游离氨基酸的复合调味基料,滤渣制成多功能饲料添加剂。按照生命周期评价方法,设计构建了由4个步骤组成的评价体系对虾头综合利用模式的特性进行评价。结果显示:该利用模式属于清洁生产模式,产生的固体废弃物很少、富营养化程度低,主要潜在影响是温室效应;该利用模式能创造较大的附加值,同时对环境的影响较小,属于较好的综合利用模式。

环境费税研究现状与展望

环境费税是环境保护经济手段的重要组成部分 ,对于控制污染、实现环境与经济的协调和可持续发展具有重要的意义。文章概述了环境费税研究的现状 。

我国废纸循环利用的适度水平研究

废弃物循环利用的适度水平是构建循环经济的一个重要问题。以废纸的再利用为例,在界定废纸循环利用的社会效益与社会成本的基础上,综合运用生命周期分析方法与环境影响经济评估方法识别并货币化度量废纸循环利用的边际社会效益,构建了我国废纸循环利用的边际成本函数,进而分析我国废纸循环利用的适度水平。研究结果表明,2008年我国用废纸替代木材生产1吨纸浆的社会效益为14 037元,社会福利最大化下的废纸循环利用适度水平为60.1%,高于同期国内废纸循环利用的实际水平39.5%,适当提高现阶段我国废纸循环利用的水平可以增加整个社会的福利。