A Building Information Modeling-Life Cycle Cost Analysis Integrated Model to Enhance Decisions Related to the Selection of Construction Methods at the Conceptual Design Stage of Buildings

Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) provides a systematic approach to assess the total cost associated with owning, operating, and maintaining assets throughout their entire life. BIM empowers architects and designers to perform real-time evaluations to explore various design options. However, when integrated with LCCA, BIM provides a comprehensive economic perspective that helps stakeholders understand the long-term financial implications of design decisions. This study presents a methodology for developing a model that seamlessly integrates BIM and LCCA during the conceptual design stage of buildings. This integration allows for a comprehensive evaluation and analysis of the design process, ensuring that the development aligns with the principles of low carbon emissions by employing modular construction, 3D concrete printing methods, and different building design alternatives. The model considers the initial construction costs in addition to all the long-term operational, maintenance, and salvage values. It combines various tools and data through different modules, including energy analysis, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), and Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) to execute a comprehensive assessment of the financial implications of a specific design option throughout the lifecycle of building projects. The development of the said model and its implementation involves the creation of a new plug-in for the BIM tool (i.e., Autodesk Revit) to enhance its functionalities and capabilities in forecasting the life-cycle costs of buildings in addition to generating associated cash flows, creating scenarios, and sensitivity analyses in an automatic manner. This model empowers designers to evaluate and justify their initial investments while designing and selecting potential construction methods for buildings, and enabling stakeholders to make informed decisions by assessing different design alternatives based on long-term financial considerations during the early stages of design.

Comparative analysis of perpetual pavement structures based on pavement performance and life cycle cost

Pavement performance and economic efficiency are researched on the perpetual test pavement of Yijiang-Suzhou Express Highway in Jiangsu province, China. Test sections were continuously monitored. The conditions and developing laws of deflection, rutting and cracking are compared among the perpetual pavement with the rich binder layer （RBL）, the perpetual pavement without the RBL, and the conventional semi-rigid asphalt pavement in the past eight years after opening for traffic. Economical evaluation is conducted via life cycle cost analysis （LCCA）. Based on the performance comparison and LCCA analysis, sections with the RBL have good crack resistance, but they are not very satisfactory in the aspect of permanent deformation; the conventional semi-rigid asphalt pavement is the least economic one due to requiring more frequent maintenance. Research results show that the perpetual pavement without RBL is a more appropriate structure for the test site.

Life cycle cost analysis of new FRP based solar parabolic trough collector hot water generation system

Parabolic trough collectors （PTCs） are employed for a variety of applications including steam generation and hot water generation. This paper deals with the experimental results and an economic analysis of a new fibre reinforced plastic （FRP） based solar PTC with an embedded electronic controlled tracking system designed and developed for hot water generation in a restaurant in Madurai, India. The new collector performance has been tested according to ASHRAE Standard 93 （1986）. The performance of a new PTC hot water generation system with a well mixed hot water storage tank is investigated by a series of extensive tests over ten months period. The average maximum storage tank water temperature observed was 74.91℃, when no energy is withdrawn from the tank to the load during the collection period. The total cost of the new economic FRP based solar PTC for hot water generation with an embedded electronic controlled tracking system is Rs. 25000 （US$ 573） only. In the present work, life cycle savings （LCS） method is employed for a detailed economic analysis of the PTC system. A computer program is used as a tool for the economic analysis. The present worth of life cycle solar savings is evaluated for the new solar PTC hot water generation system that replaces an existing electric water heating system in the restaurant and attains a value of Rs. 23171.66 after 15 years, which is a significant saving. The LCS method and the MATLAB computer simulation program presented in this paper can be used to estimate the LCS of other renewable energy systems.

Probabilistic Analysis of Life Cycle Cost for Power Transformer

The selection of power transformer is very important to power sector. Most methods are utilized according to the initial cost and don’t consider the synthetical evaluation of economy and technology. Based on previous research, this paper addresses a new practical probabilistic life cycle cost model. Then, in order to demonstrate the practicability of probabilistic life cycle cost for the power transformer, illustrative investment alternatives of actual power transformers are discussed. From the result of the numerical investigation, it may be positively stated that the optimum investment alternative for the power transformer based on the probabilistic life cycle cost model proposed in this study will lead to a more rational, economical and effective procedure compared with the conventional method only considering the initial cost.

Improvement of the Life Cycle Costing Method in DesignStage Using KBIMS Library

With the advent of the fourth industrial revolution,the construction industry has undergone a paradigm shift.The smart construction technology market is expected to grow 12%annually in developed countries due to advanced technology investments.It is expected that businesses requiring highly sophisticated technology,for instance companies that need their old facilities upgraded,will become the main focus of the market.As building information modeling(BIM)design is becoming mandatory,such as in the Korea Public Procurement Service,researches regarding building automation,construction,and operation integration management systems based on BIM are conducted.In addition,for construction projects of over 10 billion won,design value engineering(Design VE)implementation,including life cycle cost(LCC)analysis,is mandatory at the design stage to improve quality and reduce the lifetime costs of buildings.In this study,we propose an improvement plan for LCC analysis at the design stage using the KBIMS library,which is an open BIM library developed by the Korean government and research groups.We analyze the existing LCC method,KBIMS library,and attribute information,and model the process that is applied in the LCC analysis system.This is expected to complement the LCC analysis system and improve work productivity.

Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Cost of Waste Management—Plastic Cable Waste

The main driver for recycling cable wastes is the high value of the conducting metal, while the plastic with its lower value is often neglected. New improved cable plastic recycling routes can provide both economic and environmental incentive to cable producers for moving up the “cable plastic waste ladder”. Cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment, LCA, of the waste management of the cable scrap is suggested and explained as a method to analyze the pros and cons of different cable scrap recycling options at hand. Economic and environmental data about different recycling processes and other relevant processes and materials are given. Cable producers can use this data and method to assess the way they deal with the cable plastic waste today and compare it with available alternatives and thus illuminate the improvement potential of recycling cable plastic waste both in an environmental and in an economic sense. The methodology applied consists of: cradle-to-gate LCA for waste material to a recycled material (recyclate);quantifying the climate impact for each step on the waste ladder for the specific waste material;the use of economic and climate impact data in parallel;climate impact presented as a span to portray the insecurities related to which material the waste will replace;and possibilities for do-it-yourself calculations. Potentially, the methodology can be useful also for other waste materials in the future.

The potential impact of increased whole grain consumption among Chinese adults on reducing healthcare costs and carbon footprint

Excessive consumption of refined grains harms human health and ecosystem viability.Whole grains,as a healthy and sustainable alternative to refined grains,can benefit individual health by providing dietary fiber,B vitamins,and bioactive substances.Additionally,they aid in improving the environment due to their higher extraction rate and lower carbon emission during the processing stage.However,few studies have attempted to evaluate the economic and social benefits of increasing the amount of whole grain in grain intake.This paper estimates the potential savings in healthcare costs and reduced food carbon footprints(CFs)that could result from a shift toward whole grain consumption following the Chinese Dietary Guidelines(CDG).We investigate hypothetical scenarios where a certain proportion(5–100%)of Chinese adults could increase their whole grain intakes as proposed by CDG to meet the average shortfall of 30.2 g.In that case,the healthcare costs for associated diseases(e.g.,type2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),cardiovascular disease(CVD),and colorectal cancer(CRC))are expected to reduce by a substantial amount,from USD 2.82 to 56.37 billion;the carbon emission levels are also projected to decrease by0.24–5.72 million tons.This study provides compelling evidence that advocating for the transition towards greater consumption of whole grain products could benefit individual health,the environment,and society,by reducing both healthcare costs and carbon emissions.

Life-cycle cost analysis of optimal timing of pavement preservation

Optimal application of pavement preservation or preventive maintenance is critical for highway agencies to allocate the limited budget for different treatments. This study developed an integrated life-cycle cost analysis （LCCA） model to quantify the impact of pavement preservation on agency cost and vehicle operation cost （VOC） and analyzed the optimal timing of preservation treatments. The international roughness index （IRI） data were extracted from the long-term pavement performance （LTPP） program specific pavement studies 3 （SPS-3） to determine the long-term effectiveness of preservation treatments on IRI deterioration. The traffic loading and the initial IRI value significantly affects life extension and the benefit of agency cost caused by pavement preservation. The benefit in VOC is one to two orders greater in magnitude as compared to the benefit in agency cost. The optimal timing calculated based on VOC is always earlier than the optimal timing calculated based on agency cost. There are considerable differences among the optimal timing of three preservation treatments.

Economic Analysis of Energy-efficient Buildings in China

Applying energy-saving measures in residential buildings is usually constrained by the increase of initial investment. ＂However, if it is analyzed from the view of energy cost and life-cycle cost, the energy-saving benefit can offset ~he increase of initial investment. An analysis method based on life-cycle concept was developed to calcu- late the energy cost of residential building flats. Several uncertain factors were included into the model, making it more accurate to reflect practical situation. The model was solved using the software DeST and applied to one resi- dential building project in Shanghai. The case study shows that the initial investment （cost） is paid back during the operational phase through less consumption of energy. It further indicates that the investment recovery period is between 10 and 19 years which are acceptable to households and developers in China.

Application of Steel Fiber in Increasing the Strength, Life-Period and Reducing Overall Cost of Road Construction (by Minimizing the Thickness of Pavement)

Recently, the use of steel fiber at high rates has been introduced as the sole method of reinforcement for fully elevated-suspended slabs having long span such as 5 m to 8 m each way, with a span to depth ratio of up to 33 [1]. As a result of long practical experience the total replacement of traditional rebar is a new routine. Now it is also used in the designing of SFRC pavements over conventional concrete pavements. Within the project framework a demonstration of a steel-fiber-reinforced roller-compacted concrete (SFR-RCC) pavement was constructed in a rural as well as urban area. In order to assess the economical condition of the demonstration pavement, life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) studies were undertaken. This is the advancement study of the various papers which is already published in many publications which serve as the main and important source of study for the research. Many applications of steel fiber are listed in the paper but the main output of this paper is that SFR-RCC is more economically sustainable than others and also helps in reducing the thickness of the pavement up to 20 to 25 percent, due to the excessive strength of steel fiber. The roads of the present system required high cost investment. And the life period is almost 20 years theoretically but the actual life of the road is depending on the maintenance and the applied load. The constructions of road have been done since the 3500 BC but the method does not change fully. Also the cost of the construction is increased continuously;as a result, the construction of roads is more and more complicated and time taken. For the better and economical construction of the roads, we use steel fibers in the composite pavement. The theoretical plan of the construction of composite pavement is given in the methodology, which gives the appropriate idea about the construction of road using steel fiber. Here we use the composite pavement in which the steel fiber is mixed in the concrete layer, after which the bitumen layer is laid for the smooth and suitable riding of the vehicles.

Sustainable Design of Turbofan Engine： A Computer-Aided Design and Finite Element Analysis

A compressive design and analysis of a turbofan engine is presented in this paper. The components of jet engine have been analyzed based on mechanical design concept. An attempt has been to select materials based on sustainability and green design considerations. The energy content （e） of the materials has been one of the parameters for material selection. The choice of material has a substantial impact on cost, manuthcturing process, and the life cycle efficiency. All components nose cone, fan blade, inlet shaft, including compressor has been solid modeled using Siemens NX 11.0 CAD software. The finite element analysis of every component was performed and found safe. A tolerance analysis was performed before assembly of the turbofan engine. A numerical analysis was completed on blade and inlet geometries to determine a more efficient turbofan engine. Thermal analysis was executed oi1 the cone and suitable corrections were made. Finally, the cost and the total energy were estimated to show how much energy is needed to manufacture a turbofan jet engine.

变压器全生命周期成本分析及优化

变压器是电网的核心设备,分析并优化变压器全生命周期成本(life cycle cost, LCC)对于电网经济效益改善具有重要意义。依据LCC理论结合变压器的相关费用支出状况,首先构建出变压器LCC模型;然后对变压器LCC进行分析,包括不同电压等级下的成本规律分析及成本比例分析;最后使用MATLAB软件并采用鲸鱼优化算法(whale optimization algorithm, WOA)对目标函数进行优化。算例验证了WOA的科学合理性及优越性,该算法对于工程实际中变压器LCC管控有一定的指导作用,是提高电网资产管理效率的重要手段。

磁悬浮离心式冷水机组节能潜力及其经济性分析

为了有效评估磁悬浮冷水机组在节能与成本方面的优势,本文建立了冷水机组的能耗与全生命周期成本(LCC)模型,研究了磁悬浮机组的节能效果与经济性。研究结果表明,相比于螺杆机组,磁悬浮机组在全生命周期中节能约30%,碳排放量降低了1.7×10^(5)~1.8×10^(5) kg。同时,同一设计方案下磁悬浮机组的LCC更低,单台机组节约100000~140000元。当使用时间达到8年,磁悬浮机组相对于螺杆机组的成本优势开始显现。电价敏感性分析结果表明,电价高于0.7元/(kW·h)时磁悬浮机组才更具有经济性。研究结果可为磁悬浮冷水机组的节能效果与经济性优势提供理论支持,对相关工程项目的决策具有重要的参考价值和意义。

加长管应用全生命周期费用探讨

为了降低长输管道环焊缝失效概率、确保管道全生命周期安全运营以及加快焊接施工进度,提出管道项目建设应采用18 m加长管。通过对建设期费用、运营期费用和潜在损失费用三个方面进行分析,并对18 m加长管与12 m钢管的全生命周期费用进行全面对比。结果表明,18 m加长管在建设期费用、运营期费用成本可以有效控制,总体费用与12 m钢管基本一致;18 m加长管道潜在损失费总费用较12 m钢管降低126.56万元;18 m加长管全生命周期费用较12 m钢管仅增加费用250.44万,整体投资增加0.35%,表明18 m加长管的大规模应用投资成本可以有效控制。

制氢与掺混一体化系统全生命周期碳足迹评价与技术经济性评估

通过构建制氢与掺混一体化系统仿真模型,建立多能流、物料流数据的全生命周期清单,定量评价其技术经济与降碳潜力。基于平准化掺氢天然气成本和净现值分析模型,探讨能量效率、电流密度等关键技术参数及风电价格、原材料价格等经济参数对经济评价指标的影响,并进行技术经济性评估;基于全生命周期碳足迹评价模型,分析系统的降碳潜力。研究表明:原材料价格和电价是影响平准化成本的主要因素,风电交易电价平均每下降0.10元/(kW·h),平准化成本可下降149元/t;年产1.57万t绿色氢气和50.28万t天然气掺混的新改扩建项目净碳排放量为27816 t,与所掺氢气等热值的天然气总CO_(2)排放量为1334175 t/a。故此项目在经济技术和环境友好方面是可行的。

低倍聚光光伏/光热与地源热泵集成系统综合分析及优化

将光伏/光热利用与地源热泵相互耦合,有望利用光伏余热避免热泵性能衰减,还可利用光伏电力部分满足热泵电能需求,前景广阔。构建了低倍聚光光伏/光热与地源热泵的集成系统运行仿真模型,对系统开展了运行性能分析;并进一步研究了系统全生命周期成本的关键影响规律。结果表明:集成系统光伏年均发电效率达17.73%,较单一运行系统提升9.58%,光伏/光热装置的光伏余热可有效减少土壤温度衰减,热泵长时运行性能较参比系统提升16.58%;系统运维成本随光伏/光热装置和地源热泵规模增加而减少,投资成本随之增加,总的全生命周期成本随规模增加先减后增;以全生命周期成本为目标函数,基于粒子群算法开展系统经济性优化,全生命周期成本较最大规模容量设计降低31.52%。相关结论可为光伏/光热与地源热泵集成系统优化设计提供理论参考。

基于模糊聚类分析的高速公路全寿命周期成本预测研究

推行全生命周期成本管理与建管养一体化有利于提升高速公路投资效益和社会效益,成本预测是设计与养护方案优化的基础。在大中修样本数量有限的情形下,应用模糊聚类分析法,结合高速公路专项项目特征指标预测高速公路路基、路面及结构物大中修费用;建立寿命周期成本模型,根据建设成本、养护成本、用户成本、环境成本等寿命周期成本对设计方案进行比选,并进行实例分析,避免根据单纯建设成本最低和定性分析进行方案选择带来的后期维护及运营成本偏高的缺陷,研究成果对设计方案优化和建管养一体化有指导作用。

基于AHP&VE的混凝土耐久性分析

由于耐久性不足造成工程损伤现象日益严重,在设计方案时进行耐久性评估是必要的。以提高混凝土经济性、可持续性为目的,开展了基于AHP&VE的混凝土耐久性分析。首先,结合层次分析法系统分析混凝土耐久性影响因素及其权重值,建立基于AHP&VE混凝土耐久性分析模型,通过一致性检验得到混凝土耐久性影响因素权重向量合集,消除价值工程判断的主观性;其次,针对不同寿命的耐久性方案,构建不同结构可靠度的全生命周期成本分析模型;最后,在耐久性影响因素权重向量集合基础上进一步计算功能系数和价值系数,筛选最优方案,并以案例对模型进行实证。结果表明该模型一致性检验通过,模型可行。

跨临界CO_(2)内部过冷增压制冷系统性能评价

为了改善商超用CO_(2)制冷系统的性能,提出跨临界CO_(2)内部过冷增压制冷(TCISS)系统,对比了该系统与3种不同CO_(2)增压制冷循环的性能,并通过已有试验数据对其仿真模拟结果进行了验证。为详细分析该系统的现实应用性能,进一步建立经济性和环保性模型,并与R134a/CO_(2)复叠制冷(RCOS)系统进行比较,以哈尔滨、北京、南京、广州城市为例,分析2种系统在不同气候区域的性能。结果表明:当高压压力大于10.5 MPa时,环境温度在5~30℃范围内,TCISS循环比其他3种CO_(2)增压制冷循环的COP都要高;TCISS的初始投资成本比RCOS高24.5%,但其年度运行成本更低;TCISS的全生命周期成本(XLCC)普遍低于RCOS,并且在哈尔滨的XLCC最小,在广州的XLCC最大。在4个不同的城市中,TCISS系统的SO_(2),NOx,PM2.5,PM10的4项污染物排放指标均低于RCOS,其总等效变暖效应降低了21.2%~23.9%。研究结果可为推动TCISS系统的发展和应用提供理论指导。

地市级公立医院精细化成本管理路径研究

结合地市级公立医院自身发展特点,探索地市级公立医院可通用的精细化成本管理路径。围绕战略规划、价值链分析、动态管理、过程控制,结合管理会计工具方法,构建成本管理事前、事中、事后全过程路径,形成PDCA管理闭环,在保障最优医疗服务的前提下实现地市级公立医院降本增效,整体提高医疗服务内涵,为地市级公立医院创造高质量发展的竞争优势。