Role of osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand axis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Concomitantly with the increase in the prevalences of overweight/obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) has worldwide become the main cause of chronic liver disease in both adults and children. Patients with fatty liver display features of metabolic syndrome(Met S), like insulin resistance(IR), glucose intolerance, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Recently, epidemiological studies have linked obesity, Met S, and NAFLD to decreased bone mineral density and osteoporosis, highlighting an intricate interplay among bone, adipose tissue, and liver. Osteoprotegerin(OPG), an important symbol of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-B ligand/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B/OPG system activation, typically considered for its role in bone metabolism, may also play critical roles in the initiation and perpetuation of obesityrelated comorbidities. Clinical data have indicated that OPG concentrations are associated with hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, vascular calcification, endothelial dysfunction, and severity of liver damage in chronic hepatitis C. Nonetheless, the relationship between circulating OPG and IR as a key feature of Met S as well as between OPG and NAFLD remains uncertain. Thus, the aims of the present review are to provide the existent knowledge on these associations and to discuss briefly the underlying mechanisms linking OPG and NAFLD.

Increased Expression of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand in Osteoblasts from Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Patients with Low Bone Mineral Density

Persistent generalized low bone mineral density (BMD) has been reported in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).However,the exact mechanisms and causes of the low BMD in AIS patients are largely unknown.The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels in osteoblasts (OBs) from AIS patients with low BMD and with comparison made between the patients and controls.Twenty AIS patients and eight age-matched controls were included in the present study.The BMD of lumbar spine and proximal femur was measured in all subjects.OBs from the cancellous bone of each subject was harvested and primarily cultured.The mRNA and protein expression of RANKL and OPG in OBs was detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting.The results showed BMD was lower in AIS patients than in controls.A significantly higher mRNA and protein expression of RANKL was observed in OBs from AIS patients,while no significant difference was found in the expression of OPG between AIS patients and controls.As a result,RANKL/OPG ratio in patients with AIS was remarkably higher than controls.Our study preliminarily demonstrated expression of RANKL was higher in OBs from AIS patients with low BMD as compared with controls,suggesting the unbalanced RANKL/OPG ratio caused by an over-expression of RANKL in OBs may be responsible for the low BMD in AIS patients.

Receptor activator of nuclear factorκB ligand/osteoprotegerin axis and vascular calcifications in patients with chronic kidney disease

Vascular calcifications are commonly observed in patients with chronic kidney disease （CKD） and contri-bute to the excessive cardiovascular morbidity and mortality rates observed in these patients populations. Although the pathogenetic mechanisms are not yet fully elucidated, recent evidence suggests a link between bone metabolism and the development and progression of vascular calcifications. Moreover, accumulating data indicate that receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand/osteoprotegerin axis which plays essential roles in the regulation of bone metabolism is also involved in extra-osseous bone formation. Further studies are required to establish the prognostic significance of the above biomarkers as predictors of the presence and severity of vascular calcifications in CKD patients and of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Moreover, randomized clinical trials are needed to clarify whether inhibition of osteoclast activity will protect from vascular calcifcations.

Effect of Triptolide on Expression of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand in Rat Adjuvant Induced Arthritis

The effect of triptolide （TP） on the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand （RANKL） and osteoprotegerin （OPG） was explored in rat adjuvant induced arthritis （AA）. AA was induced in Wistar rats. Arthritis rats were treated with TP and methotrexate （MTX） at the onset （day 9） of arthritis. On the peak of arthritis （day 24）, the expression of RANKL and OPG protein in the joints and RANKL mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells （PBMC） was detected. TNF-α and IL-1β levels in peripheral blood were determined. Bone erosion scores were also evaluated. The results showed that bone erosion scores in TP and MTX groups were lower than in AA group （.P〈0.01） ; The expression levels of RANKL in the synovium （P〈0.01） and bone （P〈0.05）, and OPG level in synovium （P〈0.05） were lower in TP group than in AA group （P〈0.05）. In TP group, the expression levels of RANKL mRNA and TNF-α, IL-1β in PBMC were lower than in AA group （all P〈0.01）. It was concluded that TP could inhibit rat adjuvant arthritis bone erosion by suppressing the expression of RANKL.

Influence of baicalin on the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and osteoprotegerin in human periodontal ligament cells

Objective To study the effect of baicalin on the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand(RANKL)and osteoprotegerin(OPG)in cultured human periodontal ligament(HPDL)cells.Methods Small interfering RNA(siRNA)eukaryotic expression vector targeted transforming growth factor βⅡ receptor(TGF-β RⅡ)was constructed and transfected into T cells.HPDL cells with T cells transfected with siRNA or not were placed in the culture medium that had been added with lipopolysaccharide(LPS)and baicalin.The obtained solution was divided into six groups according to the components(group Ⅰ:HPDL cells+LPS+T cells transfected with siRNA1+baicalin;group Ⅱ:HPDL cells+LPS+T cells transfected with siRNA1;group Ⅲ:HPDL cells+LPS+T cells+baicalin;group Ⅳ:HPDL cells+LPS+T cells;group Ⅴ:HPDL cells+baicalin;group Ⅵ:HPDL cells)and was cultured for 48 hours.RT-PCR was used to observe the effect of baicalin on the expression of OPG-RANKL in HPDL cells.Results The ratio of RANKL/OPG in group Ⅰ was lower than that in group Ⅱ(P<0.01)and higher than that in group Ⅲ(P<0.01);The ratio of RANKL/OPG in group Ⅲ was lower than that in group Ⅳ(P<0.01);the ratio of RANKL/OPG in group Ⅳ was higher than that in group Ⅵ(P<0.01);the ratio of RANKL/OPG in group Ⅴ was lower than that in group Ⅵ(P<0.05).Conclusion ① Baicalin could decrease the ratio of RANKL/OPG in HPDL cells.② The TGF-β signaling transduction plays an important role in the effect of baicalin on the RANKL/OPG ratio in HPDL cells.③ Baicalin acts not only through TGF-β to regulate RANKL/OPG in HPDL cells,but also through other pathways.

Potential PET Ligands for Imaging of Cerebral VPAC and PAC Receptors: Are Non-Peptide Small Molecules Superior to Peptide Compounds?

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) have been known for decades to mediate neuroendocrine and vasodilative actions via G-protein-coupled receptors of Class B. These are targets of imaging probes for positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission tomography (SPECT) in tumor diagnostics and tumor grading. However, they play only a subordinate role in the development of tracers for brain imaging. Difficulties in development of non-peptide ligands typical for cerebral receptors of PACAP and VIP are shared by all members of Class B receptor family. Essential landmarks have been confirmed for understanding of structural details of Class B receptor molecular signalling during the last five years. High relevance in the explanation of problems in ligand development for these receptors is admitted to the large N-terminal?ectodomain markedly different from Class A receptor binding sites and poorly suitable as orthosteric binding sites for the most small-molecule compounds. The present study is focused on the recently available receptor ligands for PAC1, VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors as well as potential small-molecule lead structures suitable for use in PET or SPECT. Recently, biaryl, cyanothiophene and pentanamide structures with affinities in nM-range have been proposed as non-peptide ligands at VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors. However, most of these ligands have been classified as non-competitive related to the orthosteric binding site of endogenous peptide ligands of VPAC receptors. For PAC1 receptors have been identified hydrazide compounds for which an inhibitory and potentially competitive mechanism of receptor binding has been postulated based on molecular docking studies.

核因子κB受体活化因子配体抑制剂地舒单抗在肺癌骨转移中的应用

目前,随着基因靶向治疗和免疫治疗在肺癌领域中取得巨大突破,晚期肺癌患者总生存期(OS)显著延长,但发生远处骨转移及骨相关事件(SRE),如骨痛、病理性骨折、脊髓压迫、高钙血症等风险也随之增大,严重影响了患者的生活质量。因此,在全身治疗基础上应积极预防和治疗骨转移及SRE治疗。临床研究表明,核因子κB受体活化因子(RANK)配体(RANKL)/RANK/骨保护素信号通路在肿瘤骨转移中发挥着重要作用,阻断该通路能有效预防和治疗SRE。RANKL抑制剂地舒单抗(商品名:安加维)是一种人免疫球蛋白G2单克隆抗体,可特异性结合RANKL而阻断破骨细胞参与的RANKL/RANK/骨保护素信号通路激活,最终发挥预防骨转移及SRE的作用。与双磷酸盐类药物比较,地舒单抗疗效显著,能明显延长患者OS和SRE的发生时间。同时,地舒单抗还具有抗肿瘤作用。该文就地舒单抗的作用机制、临床研究及安全性等方面的最新研究进行了阐述,以期为临床医生提供参考。

基于骨免疫学论中医药抑制类风湿关节炎骨破坏的研究进展

类风湿关节炎(RA)是一种以滑膜炎、软骨与骨破坏为主要病理表现的自身免疫性疾病,致残率较高。RA免疫及炎症反应与骨细胞代谢互为影响,其核心环节为破坏机体核因子κB受体活化因子配体/核因子κB受体活化因子/骨保护素(RANKL/RANK/OPG)信号通路的平衡,导致成骨细胞减少,以及破骨细胞凋亡减退及异常活化。西药目前以抑制炎症反应及相关细胞因子分泌,减缓疾病进展,但长期使用其不良反应难以忽视。中医药在防治骨破坏中研究逐步深入,但在基础及临床研究方面仍存在一定局限性。

龈沟液RANKL、音猬因子水平对牙缺失Nobel种植体早期稳定性评估价值

目的探讨龈沟液核因子-κB受体活化因子配体(RANKL)、音猬因子水平对牙缺失Nobel种植体早期稳定性评估价值。方法选取2020年6月至2021年12月邯郸市第一医院牙缺失患者128例作为观察组,均为Nobel种植体修复,选取同期体检健康者64例作为对照组。对比两组及观察组术后即刻、术后3个月龈沟液RANKL、音猬因子水平、种植体稳定系数(ISQ)值,多重线性回归模型分析Nobel种植体早期稳定性影响因素,并分析龈沟液RANKL、音猬因子水平对早期稳定性评估价值。结果观察组术后3个月龈沟液RANKL、音猬因子水平低于术后即刻,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组术后3个月ISQ值高于术后即刻,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后即刻龈沟液RANKL、音猬因子水平与术后3个月ISQ值呈负相关(P<0.05)。术后即刻及术后3个月龈沟液RANKL、音猬因子水平对应的线性系数差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);建立多重线性回归模型:术后3个月ISQ值=100.968-4.607×术后咬(牙合)痛-2.886×常食坚果-0.254×术后即刻龈沟液RANKL-0.280×术后即刻龈沟液音猬因子,回归模型具有统计学意义(P<0.05),自变量可解释术后3个月ISQ值74.59%的变异量。结论牙缺失患者进行Nobel种植后龈沟液RANKL、音猬因子呈低表达,术后通过检测二者水平可有效判断种植体早期稳定性。

PTHrP促进RANKL诱导巨噬细胞分化为破骨细胞参与中耳胆脂瘤骨破坏

目的:骨质进行性吸收破坏是中耳胆脂瘤最重要的临床特征之一,可导致一系列颅内外并发症,而目前中耳胆脂瘤骨破坏的机制尚未明确。本研究旨在探究甲状旁腺激素相关蛋白(parathyroid hormone-related protein,PTHrP)参与中耳胆脂瘤骨破坏的机制。方法:收集后天性中耳胆脂瘤患者的25例胆脂瘤标本和13例外耳道正常皮肤组织标本。采用免疫组织化学染色方法检测PTHrP、核因子κB受体活化因子配体(receptor activator for nuclear factor-kappa B ligand,RANKL)和骨保护素(osteoprotegerin,OPG)在中耳胆脂瘤和外耳道正常皮肤组织中的表达,抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase,TRAP)染色法检测中耳胆脂瘤和外耳道正常皮肤组织中是否存在TRAP阳性多核巨噬细胞。选取小鼠单核巨噬细胞RAW264.7细胞进行干预,分为RANKL干预组和PTHrP+RANKL共同干预组,采用TRAP染色法检测2组破骨细胞的生成情况,实时聚合酶链反应(real-time polymerase chain reaction,real-time PCR)检测干预后2组破骨细胞相关基因TRAP、组织蛋白酶K(cathepsin K,CTSK)和活化T细胞核因子1(nuclear factor of activated T cell cytoplasmic 1,NFATc1)的mRNA表达水平,骨吸收陷窝实验检测2组破骨细胞的骨吸收功能。结果:免疫组织化学染色结果显示,PTHrP和RANKL在中耳胆脂瘤组织中的表达均显著增高,OPG表达降低(均P<0.05),且PTHrP的表达与RANKL、RANKL/OPG比值均呈显著正相关,与OPG表达呈显著负相关(分别r=0.385、r=0.417、r=-0.316,均P<0.05)。同时,PTHrP、RANKL的表达水平与中耳胆脂瘤的骨破坏程度均呈显著正相关(分别r=0.413、r=0.505,均P<0.05)。TRAP染色结果显示中耳胆脂瘤上皮周围基质中有大量TRAP阳性细胞,并存在细胞核数量为3个或3个以上的TRAP阳性破骨细胞。RANKL或PTHrP+RANKL联合干预5 d后,与RANKL干预组相比,PTHrP+RANKL联合干预组的破骨细胞数量显著增加(P<0.05),且破骨细胞相关基因TRAP、CTSK和NFATc1的mRNA表达水平均升高(均P<0.05)。骨吸收陷窝扫描电镜结果显示RANKL干预组、PTHrP+RANKL联合干预组的骨片表面均形成骨吸收陷窝;与RANKL干预组相比,PTHrP+RANKL联合干预组的骨片表面骨吸收陷窝数量显著增加(P<0.05),面积也更大。结论:PTHrP可能通过促进RANKL诱导胆脂瘤组织周围基质中的巨噬细胞分化为破骨细胞,参与中耳胆脂瘤骨破坏。

Imbalance of osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and oxidative stress in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome

Background:Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is associated with a higher prevalence of osteoporosis.However,the underlying mechanisms linking OSAHS with bone loss are still unclear.The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL,an osteoclastogenesis-promoting factor) and osteoprotegerin (OPG,the decoy receptor for RANKL),oxidative stress and bone metabolism markers in OSAHS,in order to understand the potential mechanisms underlying bone loss in OSAHS patients.Methods:Forty-eight male patients with OSAHS,confirmed by polysomnography (PSG) study,were enrolled.Twenty male subjects who were confirmed as not having OSAHS served as the controls.The subjects’bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed in lumbar spine and femoral neck using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).Blood samples were collected from all subjects for measurement of RANKL,OPG,the bone formation marker bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP),the bone resorption marker tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP-5b),and total antioxidant capacity (TAOC).Results:The BMD and the T-score of the femoral neck and the lumbar spine were significantly lower in OSAHS patients as compared to the control group (P< 0.05).The serum level of BAP was significantly decreased in the OSAHS group (15.62 ± 5.20 μg/L) as compared to the control group (18.83 ± 5.50 μg/L,t= -2.235,P< 0.05),while the levels of TRAP-5b did not differ between the two groups (t= -1.447,P> 0.05).The serum level of OPG and the OPG/RANKL ratio were lower in the OSAHS group compared to the control group (bothP< 0.05).TAOC level was also decreased significantly in the OSAHS group (P< 0.05).Correlation analysis showed that the TAOC level was positively correlated with BAP in the OSAHS group (r= 0.248,P= 0.04),but there were no correlations between TAOC and the BMD or the T-scores.The correlations between the level of OPG (or the OPG/RANKL ratio) and BMD or TAOC did not reach significance.Conclusion:In OSAHS patients,lower levels of TAOC were associated with decreased bone formation,suggesting a role of oxidative stress in bone loss,while the role of OPG/RANKL imbalance in bone metabolism in OSAHS needs further evaluation .

Cannabinoid receptor-2 selective antagonist negatively regulates receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand mediated osteoclastogenesis

Background The cannabinoid receptor-2 （CB2） is important for bone remodeling. In this study, we investigated the effects of CB2 selective antagonist （AM630） on receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B （RANK） ligand （RANKL）induced osteoclast differentiation and the underlying signaling pathway using a monocyte-macrophage cell line-RAW264.7.Methods RAW264.7 was cultured with RANKL for 6 days and then treated with AM630 for 24 hours. Mature osteoclasts were measured by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase （TRAP） staining using a commercial kit. Total ribonucleic acid （RNA）was isolated and real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） was done to examine the expression of RANK, cathepsin K （CPK） and nuclear factor kappa B （NF-κB）. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase （ERK）,phosphorylation of ERK （P-ERK） and NF-κB production were tested by Western blotting. The effect of AM630 on RAW264.7 viability was determined using the 3-（4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide （MTT） assay.Results AM630 did not affect the viability of RAW264.7. However, this CB2 selective antagonist markedly inhibited osteoclast formation and the inhibition rate was dose-dependent. The dose of 〉100 nmol/L could reduce TRAP positive cells to the levels that were significantly lower than the control. AM630 suppressed the expression of genes associated with osteoclast differentiation and activation, such as RANK and CPK. An analysis of a signaling pathway showed that AM630 inhibited the RANKL-induced activation of ERK, but not NF-κB.Conclusion AM630 could inhibit the osteoclastogenesis from RAW264.7 induced with RANKL.

Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand and osteoprotegerin expression in chronic apical periodontitis：possible association with inflammatory cells

Background Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B （NF-κB） ligand （RANKL） and osteoprotegerin （OPG） have been recently shown to play important roles in bone resorption. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association between the expression of bone resorption regulators （RANKL and OPG） and inflammatory cell infiltration in chronic apical periodontitis.Methods The samples of chronic periapical lesions （n=40） and healthy periapical tissues （n=10） were examined for immunohistochemical analysis of RANKL and OPG. Lesion samples were further analyzed for the inflammatory infiltration condition. The inflammatory cell infiltration was scored in relation to immunohistochemical reactivity for CD3, CD20 and CD68.Results The number of RANKL-positive cells and the ratio of RANKL/OPG in chronic apical periodontitis were significantly higher than those in healthy periapical tissues （P＜0.001）. The number of RANKL-positive cells was higher in lesions with severe inflammatory infiltration than in those with light inflammatory infiltration （P＜0.05）. Significantly increased RANKL expression was found with T lymphocytes （CD3＋）, macrophages （CD68＋） and B lymphocytes （CD20＋）infiltration （P＜0.05）. No association was found between the ratio of RANKL/OPG and inflammatory cell infiltration.Conclusions RANKL expression was increased with T, B lymphocytes and macrophages infiltration, respectively in chronic periapical lesions. RANKL appears to be closely related to periapical inflammatory infiltrates. The relative ratio of RANKL/OPG may be a key determinant of RANKL-mediated bone resorption.

Effect of Wenhua Juanbi Recipe(温化蠲痹方) on Expression of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa B Ligand,Osteoprotegerin,and Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Member 14 in Rats with Collagen-Induced Arthritis

Objective： To study the effect of Wenhua Juanbi Recipe（温化蠲痹方, WJR） on expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand（RANKL）, osteoprotegerin（OPG）, and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14（TNFRSF14, also known as LIGHT） in rats with collagen-induced arthritis（CIA）. Methods： CIA rats were generated by subcutaneous injection of bovine collagen type-Ⅱ at the tail base. Sixty CIA rats were randomly assigned（10 animals/group） to： model, methotrexate（MTX）-treated（0.78 mg/kg body weight）, and WJR-treated（22.9 g/kg） groups. Healthy normal rats（n=10） were used as the normal control. Treatments or saline were administered once daily by oral gavage. Rats were sacrificed at day 28 post-treatment and knee synovium and peripheral blood serum were collected. Toe swelling degree and expression of RANKL, OPG, and LIGHT were determined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Results： Compared with the normal group, toe swelling degree was significantly increased in the model group（P〈0.01）. After treatment, toe swelling degree decreased significantly in the WJR and MTX groups compared with the model group（P〈0.01）. Compared with the normal group, expression of RANKL and LIGHT were significantly increased and OPG significantly decreased in peripheral blood and synovium of the model group（P〈0.01）. Conversely, RANKL and LIGHT expression were significantly reduced and OPG increased in the WJR and MTX groups compared with the model group（P〈0.01）. No statistically significant difference existed between WJR and MTX groups. Conclusion： WJR likely acts by reducing RANKL expression and increasing OPG expression, thus inhibiting RANKL/RANK interaction and reducing LIGHT expression, thereby inhibiting osteoclast formation/activation to block bone erosion.

补骨脂素对成骨细胞核因子-κB受体激活配体和骨保护素表达的影响

目的研究补骨脂素(psoralen,PSO)对体外培养的小鼠成骨细胞(OB)分化及核因子-κB受体激活配体(receptor activator of nuclearfactor-κB ligand,RANKL)和骨保护素(osteoprotegerin,OPG)表达的影响。方法取第1代BALB/c小鼠颅盖骨成骨细胞,将PSO以0.1、1、10μmol/L3种浓度分别加入新生大鼠颅骨成骨细胞培养液中,MTT法观察各组药物对成骨细胞的增殖作用并绘制细胞生长曲线;用PNPP法测定成骨细胞内碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)活性;RT-PCR法检测成骨细胞OPG和RANKL的转录水平。结果细胞生长曲线显示各组成骨细胞数量均随时间延长而增加,中、高浓度PSO能显著提高成骨细胞的ALP活性,促进OPG、RANKL的表达(P<0.05),OPG/RANKL升高(P<0.05)。结论低浓度PSO(0.1μmol/L)对骨更新作用不明显,而中、高浓度PSO(1、10μmol/L)能通过上调OPG、RANKL mRNA表达及OPG/RANKL比例,促进成骨细胞的生成功能,增强骨更新。

温阳补肾方对兔激素性股骨头坏死组织中骨保护素和核因子-κB受体活化因子及其配体mRNA表达的影响

目的观察温阳补肾方对兔激素性股骨头坏死(SANFH)组织中破骨细胞抑制因子(OPG)、核因子-κB受体活化因子(RANK)和核因子-κB受体活化因子配体(RANKL)的mRNA表达的影响。方法普通级健康新西兰大白兔46只,分为正常组(n=10)和造模组(n=36)。应用改进马血清联合甲基强的松龙法制作SANFH模型。造模后随机选取正常组2只、造模组4只处死,用于模型鉴定。再将造模组剩余动物随机分为模型组(n=8),中药低(n=8)、中(n=8)和高(n=8)剂量组。正常组和模型组生理盐水10 ml/d灌胃。中药低、中、高剂量组分别为以6.44 g/(kg·d)、9.66 g/(kg·d)、12.88 g/(kg·d)灌胃温阳补肾方汤剂,连续8周。采用逆转录聚合酶链反应检测OPG、RANK和RANKL的mRNA表达。结果模型组空骨陷窝率显著高于正常组(t=17.085, P <0.001)。与模型组比较,中药各剂量组OPG mRNA表达均明显升高(P <0.01),RANK和RANKL的mRNA表达明显降低(P <0.01);与中药低剂量组比较,中药中、高剂量组OPG mRNA表达明显升高(P <0.01),RANK和RANKL的mRNA表达明显降低(P <0.01);中药中、高剂量组比较均无显著性差异(P> 0.05)。结论温阳补肾方能提高兔SANFH股骨头组织中OPG的mRNA表达,抑制RANK和RANKL的mRNA表达。

白藜芦醇激活细胞外信号调节激酶5信号蛋白促进小鼠MC3T3-E1细胞增殖

背景:细胞外信号调节激酶5信号蛋白对生物体的存活不可或缺,白藜芦醇能通过多种途径促进成骨细胞增殖,但其是否能通过细胞外信号调节激酶5信号蛋白调控成骨细胞功能还需进一步验证。目的:探究细胞外信号调节激酶5对MC3T3-E1细胞增殖以及相关分泌蛋白的调控作用,进一步验证白藜芦醇通过激活细胞外信号调节激酶5完成上述过程。方法:小鼠MC3T3-E1前成骨细胞分别用完全培养基、XMD8-92(细胞外信号调节激酶5抑制剂)、表皮生长因子(细胞外信号调节激酶5激活剂)和白藜芦醇单独干预及XMD8-92+表皮生长因子、白藜芦醇+XMD8-92干预后,通过Western blot检测各组细胞内细胞外信号调节激酶5、磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶5蛋白,增殖相关蛋白Cyclin D1、CDK4、PCNA,以及成骨细胞分泌蛋白骨保护素、核因子κB受体活化因子配体的表达情况,使用细胞免疫荧光染色检测各组细胞外信号调节激酶5、骨保护素和核因子κB受体活化因子配体荧光强度,使用EdU染色检测各组细胞增殖情况。白藜芦醇干预MC3T3-E1细胞的适宜浓度及时间由细胞形态学观察和CCK-8实验确定。结果与结论:①细胞外信号调节激酶5信号蛋白的激活能有效促进MC3T3-E1细胞增殖、上调骨保护素/核因子κB受体活化因子配体比值;②白藜芦醇干预MC3T3-E1细胞的适宜浓度及时间为5μmol/L,24 h;③白藜芦醇可以激活细胞外信号调节激酶5信号蛋白,进而促进成骨细胞增殖,并上调骨保护素/核因子κB受体活化因子配体比值;④研究结果表明,白藜芦醇可以通过激活细胞外信号调节激酶5信号蛋白促进MC3T3-E1细胞增殖,并通过激活细胞外信号调节激酶5信号蛋白上调骨保护素/核因子κB受体活化因子配体比值。

核因子KB受体活化因子配体、护骨素在不同月龄雄性大鼠股骨的表达

目的研究核因子KB受体活化因子(receptor activator of NF-KB,RANK)及核因子KB受体活化因子配体(receptoractivator of NF-KB ligand,RANKL)和骨保护素(osteoprotegrin,OPG),在不同月龄雄性大鼠股骨表达的变化,探讨αD3对老龄大鼠RANK、RANKL、OPG表达的影响。方法将6周龄、6月龄、24月龄、24月龄+αD3组Wistar大鼠分为甲、乙、丙、丁4组,每组15只。其中丁组为24月龄+αD3组,按0.05μg/kg/d-1灌胃,隔天1次,每周3次。连续10周。取左侧股骨远中干骺端1/2,采用RT-PCR测RANKL、RANK及OPG的mRNA的表达。取右侧股骨做免疫组化。结果与6周组相比,6月和24月组RANKLmRNA分别增加6.2倍和7.3倍,(P<0.05),OPGmRNA值随月龄逐步增加(P>0.05)。24月龄+αD3组较24月龄组RANK降低(P<0.05)、RANKL/OPG比值亦降低(P>0.05)。免疫组化结果显示RANKL、OPG表达于软骨和成骨细胞胞浆和胞核。24月龄+αD3干预组OPG表达较24月组增强。结论股骨RANKL/OPG值随月龄增加,有利于骨的吸收和转换;αD3有促进骨形成降低骨吸收的作用,其机制可能与降低RANK、RANKL/OPG比值有关。RANKL、OPG表达于同一类型的细胞,二者共同调节骨的代谢。

姜黄素对佐剂性关节炎大鼠血清骨保护素和核因子κB受体活化因子配体蛋白表达及骨密度的影响

目的观察姜黄素对佐剂性关节炎(adjuvant arthritis,AA)大鼠血清骨保护素(osteoprotegerin,OPG)、核因子κB受体活化因子配体(receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand,RANKL)表达以及骨密度的影响,探讨姜黄素防止类风湿关节炎(rhuematoid arthritis,RA)骨破坏的作用机制。方法取SD大鼠30只,随机分为模型组、姜黄素组及正常组,第28天腹主动脉取血,采用ELISA法来检测血清中RANKL、OPG蛋白的表达,取血后处死大鼠,剥离大鼠右侧胫骨,行骨密度检查。结果 (1)与正常组比较,造模组即模型组与姜黄素组大鼠血清RANKL均显著升高(P<0.01),血清OPG显著降低(P<0.01),RANKL/OPG比值显著升高(P<0.01);(2)与模型组比较,治疗组即姜黄素组血清RANKL显著降低(P<0.01),血清OPG均显著升高(P<0.01),RANKL/OPG比值均显著降低(P<0.01);(3)3组大鼠胫骨整体骨密度无显著性差异(P>0.05),姜黄素组大鼠兴趣区骨密度值显著高于模型组(P<0.01)。结论姜黄素对AA大鼠具有良好的治疗作用,能够通过调节血清RANKL及OPG的表达,来调节OPG/RANKL通路,从而提高AA大鼠骨密度,抑制其骨丢失。

类风湿关节炎患者血清及关节液血管生成素样蛋白4、白细胞介素-17、核因子κB受体活化因子配体的临床意义

目的 探讨类风湿关节炎患者血清及关节液血管生成素样蛋白4(ANGPTL4)、白细胞介素-17(IL-17)、核因子κB受体活化因子配体(RANKL)的表达水平及其临床意义。方法 选取165例类风湿关节炎患者纳入观察组,选取同期165例骨关节炎患者纳入疾病对照组,并选取165名健康体检者纳入正常对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测3组研究对象血清和(或)关节液中ANGPTL4、IL-17、RANKL表达水平,分析观察组患者血清ANGPTL4、IL-17、RANKL水平与疾病活动度的相关性。结果 观察组血清ANGPTL4、IL-17、RANKL水平高于疾病对照组和正常对照组,疾病对照组血清ANGPTL4、IL-17、RANKL水平高于正常对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组关节液ANGPTL4、IL-17、RANKL表达水平与疾病对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组和疾病对照组关节液ANGPTL4、IL-17、RANKL表达水平均低于血清表达水平,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组不同疾病活动度患者中,高度活动者血清ANGPTL4、IL-17、RANKL水平高于低度活动者、中度活动者,且中度活动者高于低度活动者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Pearson相关分析显示,类风湿关节炎患者血清ANGPTL4、IL-17、RANKL水平均与疾病活动度指标28个关节疾病活动度(DAS28)评分、红细胞沉降率(ESR)、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平呈正相关(P<0.001)。受试者工作特征曲线显示,血清ANGPTL4、IL-17、RANKL联合预测类风湿关节炎患者1年关节影像学进展的曲线下面积为0.910。结论 类风湿关节炎患者血清ANGPTL4、IL-17、RANKL与疾病活动度均呈正相关,三者联合预测1年关节影像学进展的效能较好,为监测类风湿关节炎病情变化提供了新途径。