Basal internode elongation of rice as affected by light intensity and leaf area

Short basal internodes are important for lodging resistance of rice(Oryza sativa L.).Several canopy indices affect the elongation of basal internodes,but uncertainty as to the key factors determining elongation of basal internodes persists.The objectives of this study were(1)to identify key factors affecting the elongation of basal internodes and(2)to establish a quantitative relationship between basal internode length and canopy indices.An inbred rice cultivar,Yinjingruanzhan,was grown in two split-plot field experiments with three N rates(0,75,and 150 kg N ha−1 in early season and 0,90,and 180 kg N ha−1 in late season)as main plots,three seedling densities(16.7,75.0,and 187.5 seedlings m−2)as subplots,and three replications in the 2015 early and late seasons in Guangzhou,China.Light intensity at base of canopy(Lb),light quality as determined from red/far-red light ratio(R/FR),light transmission ratio(LTR),leaf area index(LAI),leaf N concentration(NLV)and final length of second internode(counted from soil surface upward)(FIL)were recorded.Higher N rate and seedling density resulted in significantly longer FIL.FIL was negatively correlated with Lb,LTR,and R/FR(P<0.01)and positively correlated with LAI(P<0.01),but not correlated with NLV(P>0.05).Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that FIL was strongly associated with Lb and LAI(R2=0.82).Heavy N application to pot-grown rice at the beginning of first internode elongation did not change FIL.We conclude that FIL is determined mainly by Lb and LAI at jointing stage.NLV has no direct effect on the elongation of basal internodes.N application indirectly affects FIL by changing LAI and light conditions in the rice canopy.Reducing LAI and improving canopy light transmission at jointing stage can shorten the basal internodes and increase the lodging resistance of rice.

Characteristics of Light Transmission in Summer and Winter and Its Relation to Sediment Transport in the East China Sea

Light transmission data collected from June to July 1987 and from February to March 1997 by the R/V Kexue 1 in the East China Sea were used to analyze its distribution characteristics and its relation to the sediment transport in this sea. Some results obtained were: (1) The Taiwan Warm Current flowing northwards seemed to be a barrier preventing suspended matter discharged from the Changjiang River Estuary from continuously moving southeastward and causing the suspended matter to flow along a path near 123°30′E in summer and 123°00′E in winter. (2) Suspended matter in the area adjacent to the Changjiang River Estuary could not be transported southward along the coast in summer due to opposing offshore currents including the Taiwan Warm Current flowing northward and the Changjiang Diluted Water turning northeastward. (3) The thermocline and temperature front bar suspended matter from crossing through.

Experimental studies of extraordinary light transmission through periodic arrays of subwavelength square and rectangular holes in metal films

We fabricate a series of periodic arrays of subwavelength square and rectangular air holes on gold films, and measure the transmission spectra of these metallic nanostructures. By changing some geometrical and physical parameters, such as array period, air hole size and shape, and the incident light polarization, we verify that both global surface plasmon resonance and localized waveguide mode resonance are influential on enhancing the transmission of light through nanostructured metal films. These two resonances induce different behaviours of transmission peak shift. The transmission through the rectangular air-hole structures exhibits an obvious polarization effect dependent on the morphology. Numerical simulations are also made by a plane-wave transfer-matrix method and in good consistency with the experimental results.

Separate Dimming Controlling and Data Transmission for an Indoor Visible Light Communication System

Simultaneous dimming controlling and data transmission are usually required in a white LED based indoor visible light communication system.However,the diming controlling of LED normally interferes the data transmission due to the modulation nonlinearity of LED.In order to solve this problem,a scheme by separating the LEDs for the functions of dimming control and data transmission respectively is proposed in this paper.In the scheme,the LEDs used for dimming control function are driven by a dc amplified circuit,and the LEDs for data transmission are driven by a digital modulation circuit respectively.In this way,the modulation distortion to the data signal caused by the modulation nonlinearity can be avoided even if the dimming is at high level dc driven current.The proof-of-concept experiment of a 2.5Mbit/s visible light communication system demonstrates that the dimming controlling and data transmission can be realized simultaneously in a simple way,and the data transmission is not affected by the dimming controlling function.Compared to previous methods,the scheme in this paper is simpler and cost effective,and makes sense when high rate data is transmitted in a visible light communication system.

Effect of Ambient Humidity on the Transmission of UV/Visible Light through Model Human Epidermis

Transmission of light through model human epidermal samples is investigated at four different wavelengths and at varying ambient humidity. Light from light emitting diodes (LEDs) is used for transmission measurements through the samples at a UVA wavelength of 365 nm, and visible wavelengths of 460 nm, 500 nm, and 595 nm. Ambient air-humidity is varied between 20% and 100%. Results show that for high ambient humidity, near 100%, transmission of light through the epidermis is higher than at low ambient humidity, 60% or lower. These results are explained with a simple model of epidermis as a turbid medium and the effect of adsorbed water in reducing light-scattering by refractive-index-matching. Biological implications of increased light-transmission through epidermis at high ambient humidity are discussed.

The Role of Periodicity in Enhanced Transmission through Subwavelength Hole Arrays

Two kinds of subwavelength hole arrays in metallic films are designed to verify the import, ant role of the periodicity in enhanced transmission of light. The measured optical spectra show that the quasiperiodic hole arrays exhibit an enhanced transmission peak centred at 707nm with a transmission intensity of about 20%, while no plasmon resonance peak is found for the amorphous hole arrays. When the hole diameter decreases in the quasiperiodic structure, the position of the transmission peak shifts slightly, and the transmittance drops, These phenomena indicate the important role of the long-range structural order （particularly the periodicity） in assisting the coupling of incident light wave with the surface plasmon modes of the metallic structures.

SYNTHESIS AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF POLY (THIENYLACETYLENES)

3-Ethynyl-4-(trimethylsilyl)thiophene (1a) and 3-ethynyl-4-bromothiophene (1b) selectively undergo acetylene polymerizations in the presence of the MoCl5- and WCl6-Ph3SiH catalysts to give soluble, high-molecular-weight poly(thienylacetylenes) (2) (M-w up to 602000) in high yields (up to 100%). Light transmission spectra of THF solutions of 2 continuously red-shift with increasing concentration. The concentratochromism shows a logarithmic concentration dependence; that is, the optical transitions of 2 are predictably tunable by simply changing their concentrations.

Studies of Process and Mechanism for Preparing Nano-Sized CeO_2 Powders via Homogeneous Precipitation in Alcohol-Water Solvent

Nano-sized CeO_2 powders were synthesized by homogeneous precipitation method in alcohol-water solution with HMT as precipitator and the nano-particles were characterized by TEM and BET. The process parameters which influenced the sizes and agglomeration of nanometer CeO_2 powders were studied and the influence mechanism was discussed. The results show that the average size of the particles prepared by the above method with the best process parameters is about 8 nm, and the particles are of smaller size and better dispersion than those obtained from the ordinary powders synthesized by homogeneous precipitation in water solution.

Experimental Study of Shrinkage Displacements of Points on Injection Molded Parts

The existing research on shrinkage of the injection molded plastic part mainly focuses on various shrinkage ratios of the part dimensions,and the relevant experimental studies belong to mere dimension measurement after demoulding.Obviously,measuring after the plastic part is demoulded from the cavity can not offer shrinkage displacements of points on the plastic part.However,shrinkage displacements of points on an injection molded plastic part are essential for exposing the inner relation among shrinkage ratios of various dimensions of the part.So visualization of the in-mold plastic part which can indicate the location relationship between the part and the cavity is needed.In this paper,a visual injection mold was fabricated by adopting the half mold structure and light transmission manner.With the visual mold,in-mold shrinkage images of injection molded plastic parts were photographed after the plastic part stayed in the injection mold for 24 h.By means of digital image processing of the in-mold shrinkage images,the experimental data of shrinkage displacements of points on injection molded parts were researched.From the experimental data,it is found that shrinkage directions of points on an injection molded part are related with both positions of the gate and of the part centroid,and either the gate or the centroid will exert more influence on the shrinkage direction of some point which is closer.Furthermore,some point at the later filled area has more shrinkage distance than the point at the earlier filled area.Combination of shrinkage directions and shrinkage distances of points on an injection molded part determine shrinkage ratios for various dimensions of the part,and shrinkage directions are more influential to shrinkage ratios of dimensions.This experimental research of shrinkage displacements offers a unique approach to understand the shrinkage principles of injection molded parts.

FULLERENE POLYMERS WITH TUNABLE OPTICAL PROPERTIES

Light transmission spectra of THF solutions of poly (C-60-co-methyl methacrylate)s and poly(C-60-co-styrene)s continuously red-shift with increasing concentration. Formation of fullerene nanoclusters may be responsible for the unusual spectral shift, with concentration. It has long been scientists' dream to ''tune'' material's properties by simple means, and the C-60-containing polymers represent such a group of novel materials whose optical properties are predictably and reversibly tunable by a simple change in concentration.

Light field information transmission through scattering media with high fidelity

Realizing high-fidelity optical information transmission through a scattering medium is of vital importance in both science and applications,such as short-range fiber communication and optical encryption.Theoretically,an input wavefront can be reconstructed by inverting the transmission matrix of the scattering medium.However,this deterministic method for retrieving light field information encoded in the wavefront has not yet been experimentally demonstrated.Herein,we demonstrate light field information transmission through different scattering media with near-unity fidelity.Multi-dimensional optical information can be delivered through either a multimode fiber or a ground glass without relying on any averaging or approximation,where their Pearson correlation coefficients can be up to 99%.

The correlation and consistency of light transmission aggregometry and thrombelastography in identifying high clopidogrel on-treatment platelet reactivity in patients with acute coronary syndrome

Various platelet function tests are currently used to identify responsiveness to antiplatelet therapy. 176 ACS patients were enrolled and Linear regression and Kappa consistency analysis showed there was a significant but moderate correlation between platelet inhibition rate and a significant but fair agreement between high clopidogrel on-treatment platelet reactivity tested by light transmission aggregometry and thrombelastography.

Optimization of top polymer gratings to improve GaN LEDs light transmission

We present a grating model of two-dimensional （2D） rigorous coupled wave analysis （RCWA） to study top diffraction gratings on light-emitting diodes （LEDs）. We compare the integrated-transmission of the non-grating, rectangular-grating, and triangular-grating cases for the same grating period of 6 μm, and show that the triangular grating has the best performance. For the triangular grating with 6-μm period, the LED achieves the highest light transmission at 6-μm grating bottom width and 2.9-μm grating depth. Compared with the non-grating case, the optimized light transmission improvement is about 74.6%. The simulation agrees with the experimental data of the thin polymer grating encapsulated flip-chip （FC） GaN-based LEDs for the light extraction improvement.

Reusing of transmitted light by localized surface plasmon enhancing of Ag nanoparticles in organic solar cells

Silver nanoparticles(Ag NPs)are synthesized with chemical method,which are introduced into the traditional organic photovoltaic(OPV)structure.The experimental results show that both the optical and photoelectric properties are en-hanced because of localized surface plasmon(LSP)effects of Ag NPs.The advantage of adding Ag NPs behind active layer in incident direction is discussed.We believe this route can avoid absorption shadow and enhance the reusing of transmitted light of active layer.The average short-circuit current(J SC)of the optimum device can be raised from 9.23mA/cm2 to 10.84mA/cm2,and the energy converting efficiency(PCE)can be raised from 3.22% to 3.85%.

Pulse re-shaping by using a liquid crystal spatial light modulator and deflector for producing a specific waveform

A new shaping method for producing nanosecond pulses with specific shape is introduced. When a Gaussian laser pulse passes through an electro-optic deflector, it. has been scanned as a line on the focal plane according to time precedence. Through controlling the intensity of transmitted light on each pixol of the liquid crystal spatial light modulator （LCSLM）, various complicated pulses can be easily produced. Using this method, various specific shaped pulses with pulse duration varying from 750 ps to 5 ns are achieved.

Location-adaptive transmission for indoor visible light communication

A location-adaptive transmission scheme for indoor visible light communication(VLC) system is proposed in this paper.In this scheme,the symbol error rate(SER) of less than 10-3 should be guaranteed.And the scheme is realized by the variable multilevel pulse-position modulation(MPPM),where the transmitters adaptively adjust the number of time slots n in the MPPM symbol according to the position of the receiver.The purpose of our scheme is to achieve the best data rate in the indoor different locations.The results show that the location-adaptive transmission scheme based on the variable MPPM is superior in the indoor VLC system.

Light extraction of GaN LEDs with 2-D photonic crystal structure

Ultraviolet photo-lithography is employed to introduce two-dimensional （2D） photonic crystal （PC） structure on the top surface of GaN-based light emitting diode （LED）. PC patterns are transferred to 460-rimthick transparent indium tin oxide （ITO） electrode by inductively coupled plasma （ICP） etching. Light intensity of PC-LED can be enhanced by 38% comparing with the one without PC structure. Rigorous coupled wave analysis method is performed to calculate the light transmission spectrum of PC slab. Simulation results indicate that total internal reflect angle which modulated by PC structure has been increased by 7°, which means that the light extraction efficiency is enhanced outstandingly.

Capuli cherry-mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles under white solar and blue LED light

In this article, the Capuli （Prunus serotina Ehrh. var. Capuli） cherry extract was used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles （AgNPs） in the presence of white/visible solar and blue light-emitting diode （LED） light. For the characterization of the extract and the AgNPs, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy were employed, along with hydrodynamic particle size analysis, trans- mission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The Ag nanospheres obtained using white light were 40-100 nm in diameter and exhibited an absorption peak at λmax= 445 nm, whereas those obtained using blue LED light were 20-80 nm in diameter with an absorption peak at λmax= 425 nm. Thermal analysis revealed that the content of biomolecules surrounding the AgNPs was about 55-65%, and it was also found that blue LED light AgNPs （56.28%, 0.05 mM） had a higher antioxidant efficacy than the white solar light AgNPs （33.42%, 0.05 mM） against l,l-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. The results indicate that obtaining AgNPs using a blue LED light may prove to be a simple, cost-effective and easily reproducible method for creating future nanopharmaceuticals.

Route-asymmetrical light transmission of a fiber-chip-fiber optomechanical system

In this paper, we proposed and experimentally demonstrated a route-asymmetrical light transmission scheme based on the thermal radiative effect, which means that forward and backward propagations of an optical device have different transmittances provided they are not present simultaneously. Employing a fiber-chipfiber optomechanical system, our scheme has successfully achieved a broad operation bandwidth of at least 24 nm and an ultra-high route-asymmetrical transmission ratio （RATR） up to 63 dB. The route-asymmetrical device has been demonstrated effectively with not only the continuous-wave （CW） light but also 10 Gbit/s on-off-keying （OOK） digital signals. Above mentioned unique features can be mostly attributed to the significant characteristics of the thermal radiative effect, which could cause a fiber displacement up to tens of microns. The powerful and significant thermal radiative effect opens up a new opportunity and method for route-asymmetrical light transmission. Moreover, this research may have important applications in all-optical systems, such as the optical limiters and ultra-low loss switches.

Study on the structural,electrical and optical properties of Al-F co-doped ZnO thin films prepared by RF magnetron sputtering

Al and F co-doped ZnO(ZnO:(Al,F)) thin films on glass substrates are prepared by the RF magnetron sputtering with different F doping contents.The structural,electrical and optical properties of the deposited films are sensitive to the F doping content.The X-ray analysis shows that the films are c-axis orientated along the(002) plane with the grain size ranging from 9 nm to 13 nm.Micrographs obtained by the scanning electron microscope(SEM) show a uniform surface.The best films obtained have a resistivity of 2.16×10-3Ω·cm,while the high optical transmission is 92.0% at the F content of 2.46 wt.%.