Test and Analysis of the Sound Insulation Performance of Four Types of Timber Structure Floors under Jumping Excitation

To improve the impact sound insulation performance of building floors and meet the objective requirements for living comfort of residents,in this article,three kinds of elastic cushion materials,Portuguese cork board,BGL insulation sound insulation foam board,and EPP polypropylene plastic foam board,are applied to the sound insulation of a light frame wood floor structure of the same bedroom and compared to the ordinary floor.This study uses the transfer function method and transient excitation method to measure the sound insulation,damping ratio,and elastic modulus of materials,as well as the sound insulation of the floor under the jumping excitation method of daily behavior.Through comparative analysis,the results and factors of improving the sound insulation performance of the floor are obtained,according to which three types of elastic cushion materials and the floor covering composed of them have higher vibration and noise reduction performance.Among them,the overall sound insulation performance of BGL board floor is the highest,followed by EPP board and cork board floor,and ordinary OSB floor is the lowest.Under the jumping excitation method,three floating floors can improve the impact sound insulation performance of the middle and low-frequency bands.

Use of Irregular Wood Components to Design Non-Standard Structures

This project deals with architecture and engineering involved in the process of architectural design.Based on native irregular components,it aims at developing an innovative approach in the conception and rationalization of non-standard structures.Contemporary architecture and its non-classical structures require the design of customized pieces.This process which is highly energy and resources consumptive does not always take into account the inherent material properties.This project develops a way of optimizing,in architectural structures,the use of native wood pieces that are not industrially transformed(e.g.boughs)or of reused pieces of carpentry.As a consequence,the ecological footprint of the structures would be reduced.

The Use of Glued-in Rods for the Reinfororcement of Timber Structures in European Countries

The woody structural elements represent a significant portion of old works and historical buildings,and the need for retrofit and strengthening them increases.Glued-in rods are an efficient way of providing stiff,high-capacity connections in timber structures.Those flexible joint systems have the advantages of high load transition,appropriate behavior in case of fire,easy application combined with a high level of prefabrication for fast installation.Besides,the aesthetic appearance of the finished joint also plays an important role.Many experiments were undertaken on this subject in Europe,but a common database about the designing instructions of glued-in rods was never encouraged.This paper aims at summarizing the different factors that can affect repairs made with glued-in rods and their influence on said repairs.

Structural Carpentry in Qing Dynasty-A Framework for the Hierarchically Modularized Chinese Timber Structural Design

This article, by using mathematical expressions, offers a scientific framework for understanding how the grading system of Qing′s structural carpentry determines the design and construction in the grand style timber architecture.The Qing′s grand style timber structure, which is ready for prefabrication and assembly, is extremely hierarchical oriented and significantly standardized. The general procedure in designing a grand style timber structure is to start with the grade that defines the basic module (dou kou); next comes with the number of bracket set (cuan), the number of longitudinal bays and the number of purlins which affect its plan and cross section; thirdly choose a roof type that determines its longitudinal section and the facade as well. A series of formulae are conducted to help depict the layout, cross sectional roof curvature and special longitudinal treatments in 4 sloped and 9 spined roofs respectively.

Comparison of the hygrothermal performance of two light-framed timber structure buildings under different operation modes

Light-framed timber structure(LTS)buildings have been highly valued in recent years due to their low-carbon characteristics.However,the applicability of the building envelope is closely related to indoor and outdoor conditions.The hot summer and cold winter(HSCW)climate zone in China has high humidity and great temperature variation throughout the year,resulting in distinct outdoor environments in different seasons.The indoor environment is greatly affected by energy-consumption patterns and window-opening habits,which largely depend upon the regulation operations of occupants.All these interrelated factors lead to extremely complex boundary conditions on each side of the building envelope.Whether the structures of LTS buildings are applicable in this climate zone,therefore,needs to be carefully considered.In this study,two LTS buildings with different envelopes were established in Haining,China,situated in the HSCW climate zone,and selected as the study objects.Different operation modes were adopted to create a variety of indoor environments.Under each condition,the processes of heat and moisture transfer within the building envelopes and the indoor environment were monitored and compared.The comparison indicated that the building envelope with high moisture storage and insulation ability maintained a relatively stable indoor environment,especially when the environment changed abruptly.Conversely,if the outdoor environment was equable(e.g.,relative humidity within the range of 30%–60%)or intermittent energy consumption modes were adopted,the building envelope with a low thermal inertia index and weak moisture-buffering ability performed better because it enabled a faster response of the indoor environment to air conditioning.Moreover,a high risk of moisture accumulation between the thermal insulation layer and other materials with a large water vapour transfer resistance factor was also identified,suggesting a higher requirement for the vapour insulation of the envelopes of LTS buildings.

Seismic damage to structures in the Ms6.5 Ludian earthquake

On 3 August 2014, the Ludian earthquake struck northwest Yunnan Province with a surface wave magnitude of 6.5. This moderate earthquake unexpectedly caused high fatalities and great economic loss. Four strong motion stations were located in the areas with intensity V, VI, VII and IX, near the epicentre. The characteristics of the ground motion are discussed herein, including 1） ground motion was strong at a period of less than 1.4 s, which covered the natural vibration period of a large number of structures; and 2） the release energy was concentrated geographically. Based on materials collected during emergency building inspections, the damage patterns of adobe, masonry, timber frame and reinforced concrete （RC） frame structures in areas with different intensities are summarised. Earthquake damage matrices of local buildings are also given for fragility evaluation and earthquake damage prediction. It is found that the collapse ratios of RC frame and confined masonry structures based on the new design code are significantly lower than non-seismic buildings. However, the RC frame structures still failed to achieve the ＇strong column, weak beam＇ design target. Traditional timber frame structures with a light infill wall showed good aseismic performance.

Application of Modern Wood Product Glulam in Timber Frame With Tenon- Mortise Joints and Its Structural Behavior

Tenon-mortise joint is widely used in traditional timber structures around the world.This paper summarizes the results of an experimental study of the structural behavior of tenon-mortise joints made with glulam and CNC technology instead of traditional material and manual work.30 full-scale tenonmortise joints were manufactured and tested under monotonic loading,and the effects of dimension,shape,processing error and adhesive were evaluated.It was found that the round rectangular shaped tenon-mortise joints were comparable with traditional joints in terms of structural performance,but were time and labor saving.The variability of the proposed tenon-mortise joints was lower,which would benefit the design value.Applying adhesive between tenon and mortise increased the average stiffness by 4.3 times and average moment capacity by 27.4%,respectively.The gaps between wood members had little effect on the capacity and stiffness in monotonic bending but may influence the energy dissipation ability in cyclic bending.This study showed the feasibility of combining the traditional joinery method with modern wood products and manufacturing technology,which may promote the application of tenon-mortise joints in modern timber structures.

Joinery and Structure:Cultural and Technical Comparison between Traditional Wooden Framing Systems in East Asia and Western Europe

Traditional wooden joinery is the craft of connecting wood pieces for buildings or producing utensils by utilizing only the geometry of the components and material properties of the wood,without other materials such as glue or metal connectors.In its thousands of years of tradition,this construction technique has achieved high accomplishment in both East Asian and European architectural civilizations.Although sharing the same basic principles,joinery techniques vary between regions and cultures,rooted in the geographical environment,available wood species and their material properties,characteristics of craftsmanship,tools,and structural systems.Wood framing systems from China,Japan,and Western Europe are selected for comparison to assess the relationship between wood joinery and other aspects of building technology.The main conclusions include:in East Asia,the building tradition pays great attention to the design and execution of joinery(sunmao榫卯),making it responsible for multiple functions including architectural mechanics and the stability of the entire frame,which leads to a broader role meant by the term“joint”itself,while in Europe joinery is treated as the“node”or literally“joint”of the structure.Although in both East Asia and Europe wooden joinery serves as an aesthetic factor of the structure,its expression in East Asia is subtle,veiled,and restrained,while in Europe it is explicit and direct.The most important lesson we learn from the study of traditional joinery technology is that it should be seen in the context of the building process as a whole,taking into account geographical environment,material resources,craftsmanship,tools,construction methods,structural form,and the structural system.

Tree-Shaped Timber Structural System

This paper lbcuses on the main characteristics of a tree-shaped timber structural system or simply tree-shaped. One of them is the complexity of its steel connections, responsible for the joint of bar elements, compounding a complex structural system, which requires the application of the CYPECAD software version 2007 to solve the calculations problems. Its efficiency was confirmed by a variety of laboratory tests carried out with the whole structure. The tree-shaped is a timber structure that can be used in a large number of destinations, including residences, malls, sheds, hangars, etc.. Originally, it was conceived based on the well-known masterpiece ＂Sagrada Familia＂, whose author was Architect Antoni Gaudi I Cornet （1852-1926） in Barcelona/Spain. It was designed at the end of 19th century and its construction is still not finished. Gaudi inverted the logical order of the gothic concepts, i.e., light weights below and heavy weights above. Based on this concept, he always had in mind the figure of a tree in nature. The tree-shaped follows the same idea, using timber pieces connected by steel plates. Theoretical and numerical analyses have shown its efficiency and lightness for use in timber structures.

Experimental Investigation on the Strength and Ductility Performance of Steel-Timber-Steel Joints with Screw and Steel-Tube Fasteners

This article presents experimental results of steel-timber-steel(STS)joints loaded parallel to grain.Eight groups of specimens were designed,and tensile tests were performed.The fastener types and fastener numbers were considered to evaluate the tensile strengths and ductility performances of the STS joints.The screws with 6 mm diameter and the innovative steel-tubes with 18 mm diameter were adopted as connecting fasteners.The experimental results were discussed in terms of yielding and ultimate strengths,slip stiffness,and ductility factors.The ductility classification and failure mechanisms of each group of specimens were analyzed.It was demonstrated that the STS joint with large diameter steel-tubes showed acceptable ductility,which was close to the ductility of the STS joint with small diameter screws,thanks to the hollow structure of the steel-tube.The theoretical strengths of various failure modes for the joints with small diameter screws or large diameter steel-tubes were calculated and compared with the experimental results.The ductile performance of the STS joint was discussed by comparing the theoretical strengths of various failure modes.The effective number of the STS joint with multifasteners was also analyzed by considering the failure mechanisms in aspects of tensile strength and slip stiffness.

Novel Proposal of Bio-based Sewing Timber Joint:Learning from Diatoms

The twenty-first century is one of the most complex in the history of humanity,mainly due to the ecological crisis it is going through.The construction sector generates about 40%of CO2 emissions into the environment;the foregoing should motivate this sector to seek new alternatives to develop new building practices.Taking these current needs into account,this document classifies and presents a multidisciplinary solution that integrates biology,engineering and architecture to develop a new and innovative lightweight timber structure;it divides with a main structure made of timber and an innovative joint system made of bio-polymers connecting all the panels.Through the study of diatoms,it was able to analyze the bio-morphology of the structure,joints and in particular the geometry since they were the inspiration for the design of this structure that presents an innovative and novel design of structural optimization.Through parametric design and digital fabrication,it was able to create a complex geometry that obtains excellent structural behavior.This research discusses and explores how materials,geometry led to the optimization of a structure and how new structures can arise,thanks to biology new solutions can be obtained that are completely sustainable,being a clear example of how to combat the effects of the climate change and in a precise way it highlights the advantages of the bio-design in the architectural design.

高立地指数下杉木生长量及材种结构的立地及密度效应

[目的]探讨立地质量和林分密度对杉木人工林生长量及材种结构的影响,为杉木大径材培育提供理论依据。[方法]以林龄28~36年生的杉木人工林为研究对象,按上、中、下不同坡位以及不同坡向设置63块标准样地,调查林分生长量及林分基本情况,通过相关性分析和回归拟合分析进行数据处理和分析。[结果]当林分密度相近时,立地指数越高,培育相同年限所获得的单株材积、蓄积量和大径材出材率越高;同一立地条件下,在一定的密度范围内林分树高、胸径、单株材积和大径材出材率随密度增加而减小,蓄积量随密度增加而增大;立地指数相同时,密度对胸径生长分化的影响大于树高,立地指数不同时林分密度对树高和胸径生长分化的影响程度也不同。[结论]在立地指数达22及以上的立地条件下培育杉木大径材,可通过3次间伐进行密度控制,林分最终保留密度宜为650~1000株·hm^(−2)。

增设角部阻尼器箍头榫木节点的抗震性能

为了给广府木结构的修复提供理论依据,采用菠萝格木材设计制作了5个箍头榫节点试件。考虑到榫卯构造尺寸的影响,首先进行了未加固无损节点的拟静力试验。然后,采用对原有外观影响较小的雀替型阻尼器对上述节点损坏试件进行加固,以尽可能保留建筑的原始风貌。最后,对加固节点进行拟静力试验,以研究节点的抗震性能变化以及阻尼器的加固效果。结果表明:采用阻尼器加固后的节点试件在加载至破坏时,榫卯处压痕明显,梁外榫外侧劈裂、脱榫现象明显,阻尼器脚部的橡胶与钢板有一定的脱离现象;对节点增设阻尼器能够弥补节点初期损伤导致的受力性能下降,为残损榫卯节点提供较好的后期刚度,提高节点的承载能力和耗能能力;与未加固试件相比,增设阻尼器后,试件的后期刚度、极限承载力、总滞回耗能均有所增加,分别提高18%、19%、20%以上。文中还在已有简化力学模型的基础上,结合OpenSees,提出了一种应用于箍头榫木结构的宏观模型建模方法。采用该方法得到的节点滞回曲线与试验结果吻合良好,可以有效模拟阻尼器加固的箍头榫木节点的滞回耗能特性。

某高层木混合结构抗震分析与性能测试

木混凝土混合结构在多高层木结构建筑中应用广泛,但此类结构的整体抗震性能以及楼盖动力特性有待研究。本文以江苏省康复医院医技楼为例,应用反应谱法与弹性时程分析法分别开展木混合结构的抗震性能分析,并对局部正交胶合木(CLT)楼盖通过原位测试,开展力学性能、动力特性以及人致振动研究。结果表明:结构抗震指标符合规范要求;CLT楼盖荷载位移关系呈双折线,挠度、应力理论计算时,建议板两端按简支考虑;CLT楼盖竖向自振频率均值约15.49 Hz,满足建筑楼盖限值要求,但在单人快走、单人小跑以及多人随机人致振动工况下,楼盖的峰值加速度偏大,应考虑增加现浇建筑面层,改善纯CLT楼盖舒适度不足的问题。可见,木混合结构通过设计可满足抗震要求,但轻质楼盖应注意舒适度构造措施。

木结构墙体空气声隔声性能

【目的】研究全频段范围内木结构墙体空气声隔声性能,明确限制常规构造木骨架墙体隔声性能的瓶颈,揭示设置隔声垫层、改变骨架类型、设置窗体等设计参数对墙体隔声性能的影响规律,提出高空气声隔声等级的木结构墙体体系,为木结构墙体在装配式建筑中的高效应用提供技术支撑。【方法】通过小尺寸材料层面的阻抗管法试验,比较分析60~6300 Hz频率范围内工业级弹性橡胶板(橡胶板)、聚氨酯橡胶隔音减震板(聚氨酯板)和聚苯乙烯挤塑板(XPS板)等隔声垫层的隔声性能;基于实验室法开展全尺寸墙体在100~5000 Hz频率范围内的隔声试验,通过1/3倍频程频段18个中心频率对应的单值隔声量,得到墙体计权隔声量(R_(w))、频谱修正量和隔声等级,并与装配式建筑中广泛应用的蒸压加气混凝土(ALC)墙体和正交胶合木(CLT)墙体进行比较。【结果】相较同一厚度的聚氨酯板和XPS板,全频段范围内橡胶板的隔声量较高,且其隔声性能随板厚增加而提高,试验范围内,10 mm厚橡胶板隔声效率最高。常规构造木骨架墙体的隔声量整体上随声波频率增加而提高,该墙体体系在125和3150 Hz处分别出现明显的共振隔声低谷和吻合隔声低谷,其R_(w)为43 dB,用作隔墙或围护构件时的空气声隔声等级分别为4和3级;在墙骨架和定向刨花板(OSB)间设置10 mm厚橡胶板后,受制于木龙骨的声桥作用,墙体隔声性能提升有限,R_(w)增至45 dB,隔声等级未发生改变,常规构造和设置橡胶板的木骨架墙体体系均不满足现行国家标准对普通住宅墙体的隔声要求。当墙骨架采用轻钢骨架且轻钢骨架两侧均覆面双层石膏板(GB)时,该墙体体系的R_(w)增至50 dB,用作隔墙或围护构件时的空气声隔声等级分别升至6和5级;在石膏板和轻钢骨架间设置10 mm压缩玻璃棉条后,R_(w)增至51 dB,隔声等级未发生改变,该轻钢骨架墙体体系满足现行国家标准对普通住宅墙体的隔声要求。与200 mm厚单层和复合ALC墙体相比,试验范围内轻钢骨架墙体的厚度和面密度分别降低35%和70%,但空气声隔声性能更高;针对道路交通、企业生产经营和日常生活等噪音对应的频率范围(160~630 Hz),该轻钢骨架墙体体系的隔声性能增加明显。在常规构造木骨架墙体基础上开洞安装R_(w)为33 dB的窗体,墙体在全频段范围内的隔声频谱特性曲线未发生明显变化,其R_(w)达44 dB,用作隔墙或围护构件时的空气声隔声等级分别为5和4级;常规构造木骨架墙体一侧的GB由单层增至双层、木骨架和OSB间设置10 mm厚橡胶板、木骨架和GB间设置金属减震龙骨制成复合墙体,在复合墙体上安装窗体,该墙体的R_(w)增至48 dB,且在低频段下的共振隔声低谷和高频段下的吻合效应低谷消除或明显变浅,用作隔墙或围护构件时的空气声隔声等级分别升至6和5级,满足现行国家标准对普通住宅墙体的隔声要求。【结果】与木骨架墙体相比,CLT墙体的空气声隔声性能较低;共振隔声低谷、吻合隔声低谷和声桥效应是限制常规构造木骨架墙体隔声性能的瓶颈因素,导致该墙体体系不能满足现行国家标准对普通住宅墙体的隔声要求。将木骨架替换为轻钢骨架,并设置隔声垫层、增加墙面板数量,能够有效提高墙体的空气声隔声性能。

木材老化对古建筑木梁抗弯性能的影响分析

为研究木材老化对古建筑木梁抗弯性能的影响,分析了木材的老化机理,采用等效截面法并结合国内木梁老化深度经验公式,提出了老化木梁抗弯承载力退化模型,并对某古建筑的木梁进行了承载力退化评估。对未老化与老化木梁进行了单调加载数值模拟,并通过试验验证了模型的合理性;在此基础上,进一步分析了老化均匀度与老化深度对木梁抗弯性能的影响。结合《木结构设计标准》(GB 50005—2017)中受弯构件的承载力计算公式,提出了考虑老化影响的木梁抗弯承载力折减系数计算公式。结果表明:老化对木梁抗弯承载力的影响与老化均匀度呈线性相关,与老化深度呈一元二次多项式关系。老化深度越深且老化均匀度越大,木梁承载力越低。

木构架古建筑基本周期的分析方法

针对现行规范近似公式存在的不足,结合单层、两层砖围护墙木构架古建筑的构造特征,构建了设有集中质量和连续分布质量的悬臂杆分析模型,以考虑屋顶、楼盖的质量和位置,以及围护墙、木构架的质量和刚度分布规律。依据结构动力学原理,采用等效质量法将分析模型等效为单质点悬臂杆模型,推导了中部集中质量和连续分布质量的等效公式,以及基本自振周期的计算公式。所研制的分析模型较好地反映了古建筑的大屋顶、楼盖及围护墙对结构自振周期的影响,相应的计算公式可以得出结构的横向和纵向基本周期。结合3座典型古建筑的动力特性试验研究,介绍了计算公式的运用方法,并将基本周期的计算值与实测值进行了对比,表明提供的分析方法适用于围护墙在横向、纵向不同布置的木构架古建筑的基本周期分析。

开裂残损柱头科斗栱抗震性能及退化规律研究

为研究构件开裂对斗栱抗震性能的影响,以沈阳故宫颐和殿柱头科斗栱为原型,建立了大斗、正心瓜栱、单翘及散斗分别开裂的斗栱有限元模型,通过体积损失率表征构件的开裂程度,对开裂斗栱开展抗震性能模拟分析.结果表明:不同开裂程度下,斗栱的滞回曲线及骨架曲线变化规律相似.大斗、单翘和散斗体积损失率达到3%时,加载后期滞回曲线发散明显,且散斗开裂斗栱的正向峰值位移小于其他开裂斗栱.散斗开裂斗栱的正向刚度、大斗开裂斗栱的负向刚度随体积损失率变化较为明显.当构件体积损失率为3%时,散斗开裂斗栱的正向承载力和大斗开裂斗栱的负向承载力退化最严重,退化率分别为16.90%和18.61%;构件开裂尽管降低了斗栱的承载力及刚度,但其变形和耗能能力较好.

足尺宋式摇摆木构架恢复性拟静力试验研究

摇摆木构架是中国传统木结构的主要承载体系。对足尺单跨木构架模型施加3级竖向荷载进行拟静力试验,观察试验时木构架的位移和变形特点,得到木构架在低周水平循环加载下的滞回曲线和骨架曲线,探究其在不同竖向荷载和低周水平循环加载下的结构特性。加载过程中,木柱刚体转动行为明显、柱架层变形集中,卸载阶段木构架能自主回到初始位置。试验结果表明:各级滞回环狭长且重叠,结构构件呈现出刚体运动的特征,结构整体具有一定位移恢复能力;残余位移介于0.28~2.53 mm间,两组位移恢复系数均大于87.1%,随控制位移的增加未出现显著降低,木构架的位移恢复能力良好;初始刚度在控制位移超过屈服位移后趋于稳定;柱架层变形是斗拱层变形的2.95~86.47倍,层间位移集中系数介于1.22~2.03间,且随控制位移的增加先增后降。

基于无损检测的残损古建筑木结构受力性能研究

硬山式是中国古建筑中最常见的形式。古建筑木结构在历经上百年之后存在不同程度的残损,为了建立更接近实际残损现状的有限元模型,并研究残损对古建筑木结构整体受力性能的影响,选取了北京某四合院民居中的硬山式古建筑木结构为研究对象。通过无损检测,确定了结构的残损类型和残损状况。基于无损检测结果,分别建立了结构的完好和残损有限元模型,对其进行了模态分析、静力计算和地震响应计算。最后,对影响结构频率的各残损参数进行了敏感性分析。研究结果表明:材料的老化、构件和节点的残损降低了结构的刚度和自振频率;在静力作用下,残损结构中构件的最大应力大于完好结构;在地震作用下,残损结构的最大加速度、最大位移和最大位移角均大于完好结构;各残损参数中材料弹性模量对结构频率的影响最大,榫卯拉压刚度的影响最小。