Effect of leaf removal on photosynthetically active radiation distribution in maize canopy and stalk strength

The objectives of this study were to determine how the distribution of photosynthetically active radiation （PAR） in a maize canopy affected basal internode strength and stalk lodging. The distributions of PAR within the canopies of two maize cultivars （Zhongdan 909 and Xinyu 41） were altered by removing whole leaves or half leaves in different canopy layers. The results showed that removing whole leaves or half leaves above the three-ear-leaves （RAE and RAE/2） at flowering sig- nificantly increased. PAR at the ear and interception of PAR （IPAR） from the ear to middle of the ear and soil surface. These changes increased the structural carbohydrate content and rind penetration strength （RPS） of the third basal internode by 5.4-11.6% and reduced lodging by 4.2-7.8%. Removal of the first three leaves below the three-ear-leaves （RBE） before flowering significantly reduced IPAR from the ear to half way below the ear. This reduced the structural carbohydrate con- tent and the RPS of the third basal internode by 9.1-17.4% and increased lodging by 7.0-11.2%. Removal of the three lowest green leaves （RB） in the canopy before flowering increased PAR at the bottom of the canopy, but had no effect on the structural carbohydrate content of the basal internode, the RPS, and the lodging rate. Overall, the results indicated that the key factors affecting the basal internode strength formation and lodging were PAR at the ear and IPAR from the ear to halfway below the ear. Increasing PAR at the ear and IPAR from the ear to halfway below the ear could enhance lodging resistance by increasing the structural carbohydrate content and mechanical strength of the basal internode.

Flumetralin and dimethyl piperidinium chloride alter light distribution in cotton canopies by optimizing the spatial configuration of leaves and bolls

Plant growth regulators(PGRs)are frequently used to adjust cotton growth and development.The objectives of this study were to determine how PGRs affect plant morphology,light distribution and the spatial distribution of leaves and bolls within the cotton canopy.The field experiments were carried out at Shihezi(Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region,China)in 2014 and 2015.The experiment included two PGR treatments:(i)flumetralin(active ingredient(a.i),N-N-ethy)-2,6-dinitro-4-aniline and(i)mepiquat chloride(ai,1-dimethyl-piperidiniuchloride)plus flumetralin.No PGR(manual topping)was applied in the control treatment.The chemically-topped plants were taller and had more main stem internodes than the manually-topped plants.Furthermore,the PGRs significantly reduced the length of fruiting branches in the upper canopy,resulting in a more compact canopy.The maximum leaf area index was signifcantly greater in the chemically-topped treatments than that in the control.In particular,the PGRs increased leaf area index by 25%in the upper canopy.The leaf area duration was also longer in the chemically-topped treatments than in the control.Compared with the control,the chemically-topped treatments increased canopy diffuse non-interceptance by 35.75%in the upper canopy layer,while reducing the fraction of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation by 14.45%in the upper canopy layer.Light transmittance in the upper and middle canopy layers was greater in the chemically-topped treatments than in the control,which increased boll numbers in both the upper canopy and the middle canopy.However,the chemically-topped treatments resulted in less light-leakage through the lower canopy layer during the late growth stages,which had a tendency to increase boll numbers in the whole canopy.In summary,the PGRs optimized canopy shape,light distribution and the spatial distribution of bolls and leaves.

Theoretical and experimental study of the intensity distribution in biological tissues

Based on the diffusion approximate theory （DA）, a theoretical model about the distribution of the intensity of a narrow collimation beam illuminating on a semi-lnfinite biological tissue is developed. In order to verify the correctness of the model, a novel method of measuring the distributions of the intensity of light in Intralipid-10% suspension at 650 nm is presented and ts of the distributions of the distance-dependent intensity of scattering light in different directions are made. The investigations show that the results from our diffusion model are in good agreement with the experimental results beyond and in the areas around the light source, and the distance-dependent intensity in the incident direction attenuates approximately in the exponential form. Furthermore, our theoretic results indicate the anisotropic characteristics of the intensity in different directions of scattering light inside the biological tissue.

Effect of Low Content Chlorophyll on Distribution Properties of Absorbed Light Energy in Leaves of Mutant Rice

This paper reported the diurnal variations of photochemical efficiency of PSII, thermaldissipation rate and other physiology process in the low content chlorophyll mutant rice andits wild type under field conditions, and analyzed the difference of absorbed light distributionbetween the two rice varieties in a day. The results showed that the mutant had poor absorbedlight because of its little light absorption coefficient, but higher electron transportg ratecould partly reduce the disadvantageous effect of deficient absorbed light in mutant. Comparedwith wild-type rice, the mutant had less excess excitation energy and the fraction of absorbedlight allocated to photochemical process was more.

HAZARD FUNCTION AND CHARACTERIZATIONS ON DISTRIBUTION TAILS OF NONNEGATIVE RANDOM VARIABLES

Some equivalent conditions on the classes of lighted-tailed and heavily heavy-tailed and lightly heavy-tailed d.f.s are introduced.The limit behavior of xα(x) and e λx(x) are discussed.Some properties of the subclass DKc and subclass DK 1 are obtained.

Study on Segmented Reflector Lamp Design Based on Error Analysis

This paper discusses the basic principle and design m ethod for light distribution of car lamp, introduces an important development: h igh efficient and flexible car lamp with reflecting light distribution-segmente d reflector (multi-patch) car lamp, and puts out a design method for segmented reflector based on error analysis. Unlike classical car lamp with refractive lig ht distribution, the method of reflecting light distribution gives car lamp desi gn more flexibility. In the case of guarantying the lightness of car lamp and sa tisfying the standard demand for the light distribution, the design of the exter ior of the car lamp has more freedom. The high gradient of car lamp is more suit able for the demand of streamline of the car exterior. The shape of segmented re flector obtained by theory calculating of car lamp reflecting light distribution is only an ideal shape, which usually has considerable differences with the fin al shape and will influences light distribution. There exist difference between the calculated reflector and manufactured reflector. Owing to light reflecting c haracter, the small diversification of the reflector will reduce the big diver sification of the light distribution shape on light distribution screen in 25 -meter place, so light distribution quality can’t be ensured. To ensure the re flector by light distribution calculation accordance to reflector by practical m anufacture, the error effect of surface shape must be reasonably considered name ly the error effect of manufacture tache. The paper establishes error-analyzing model for segmented reflector according to the analysis of error of making proc ess for segmented reflector. Based on this error-analyzing model and by use of the analyzing software developed for segmented reflector light distribution, it could reasonably consider reflector errors made by manufacturing, such as reflec tor surface spray-painting and plating aluminum, which could give out shapes of reflector patches for segmented reflector well and truly, and direct the plan o f making process efficiently. The method put by the paper has successfully appli ed to develop segmented reflector lamp for several type cars and obtained good e ffect for the factory.

Light propagation characteristics in quantum well structures of photonic crystals

Two-dimensional （2D） closed-cavity single quantum well （SQW） and multiple quantum well （MQW） structures are proposed based on the traditional 2D open-cavity SQW structures of photonic crystals. The numerical calculation results show that the proposed structures can greatly improve the optical characteristics compared with the traditional structures. It is found that the barrier thickness has a great impact on the optical characteristics of the closed-cavity MQW structures： when the barrier thickness is narrower, each resonant peak which appears in the SQW would split, the number of split times is just equal to the number of wells, and each well in the MQW structures is a travelling-wave-well, similar to the well in the open-cavity SQW structures; when the barrier thickness is wider, there is no effect of spectral splitting, and each well in the MQW structures is a standing-wave-well, just like the well in the closed-cavity SQW. The physical origin of different field distributions and the effect of the spectral splitting are provided.

Reconstruction of 3D light distribution produced by cylindrical diffuser in deep tissues based on photoacoustic imaging

Measurement of light distribution in biological tissue contributes to selecting strategy and optimizing dose for biomedical application. In this letter, a photoacoustic method combined with Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate the three-dimensional light distribution in biological tissue. The light distribution was produced by a cylindrical diffuser which interposed into tissues. The light profiles obtained by the method were compared to those detected by photo diodes. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of this method. The approach can play a significant role for photo-dosimetry in biomedical phototherapy.

Similarities and differences of city-size distributions in three main urban agglomerations of China from 1992 to 2015： A comparative study based on nighttime light data

Comparing the city-size distribution at the urban agglomeration（UA） scale is important for understanding the processes of urban development. However, comparative studies of city-size distribution among China＇s three largest UAs, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei agglomeration（BTHA）, the Yangtze River Delta agglomeration（YRDA）, and the Pearl River Delta agglomeration（PRDA）, remain inadequate due to the limitation of data availability. Therefore, using urban data derived from time-series nighttime light data, the common characteristics and distinctive features of city-size distribution among the three UAs from 1992 to 2015 were compared by the Pareto regression and the rank clock method. We identified two common features. First, the city-size distribution became more even. The Pareto exponents increased by 0.17, 0.12, and 0.01 in the YRDA, BTHA, and PRDA, respectively. Second, the average ranks of small cities ascended, being 0.55, 0.08 and 0.04 in the three UAs, respectively. However, the average ranks of large and medium cities in the three UAs experienced different trajectories, which are closely related to the similarities and differences in the driving forces for the development of UAs. Place-based measures are encouraged to promote a coordinated development among cities of differing sizes in the three UAs.

Light intensity distribution of a new type of contact laser scalpel

The emergent light distribution of a new type of contact laser scalpel is measured in three different states using a light sensor. The relationship between the angle and the light intensity is analyzed. The results show that the strongest light is emitted from two sides and the front of the scalpel. The light from the front mainly plays a role of cutting. The light from two sides contributes to stanch the wound so as to remain a clear visual field during the surgery. It also helps to increase the cutting efficiency.

THE PIGMENT-PROTEIN COMPLEXES OF HIGHER PLANTS MIGRATION IN THYLAKOID AND THE REGULATION OF LIGHT ENERGY DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN PHOTOSYSTEMS

Appressed and non-appressed lamella membranes of Castor bean leaf chloroplasts were separated by non-ionic detergent Triton-X 100.Appressed membranes showed a high oxygen-evolving activity and low chl a/b ratio. Examining with SDS-PTGE and liquid nitrogen temperature fluorescence measurement showed that they contained only PSII and light-harvesting pigment-protein complexes （LHCP）,and there was no detectable amount of PSI. Freeze-fracture electromicroscopic observation confirmed that this part was really an appressed lamella membrane. Through divalent cation Mg++, the thylakoid membranes were induced to unstack and restack.With the addition of Mg++, the fluorescence intensity was changed instantly. We realized that there existed two processes:One was a rapid process which was accomplished within 30 s. The other was a slow process of which the time duration was about 60 min. This dual effects of Mg++ had not been reported before.We had analyzed the change of F685/F730 and discussed the

Unevenly distributed LED light produces distinct behavioral preferences and production performance of broilers

LED has shown great advantages in poultry husbandry.This study focused on the behavioral preferences and production performance of chicken broilers reared under unevenly distributed yellow LED light.Four pens were divided into two groups adopting respective maximum light intensities(MLIs,60 lx and 30 lx).Because of different distances from the installation position of the LED pipe,each pen was distributed with unevenly distributed light.Each pen consisted of four subzones indicated by their light intensities-high intensity(HI),medium intensity(MI),low intensity(LI)and weak intensity(WI).Four subzones were the same size and provided with a feeder and a drinker,respectively.The broilers moved freely across the four subzones.No significant differences in body weight(BW),uniformity of final BW and feed conversion ratio(FCR)were observed between the two experimental groups.However,greater feed intake and water intake were found in HI than those in other subzones.The drinking preference changed with age for four subzones and was more likely to appear at the later stage,despite substantial fluctuations within the replicates.The feeding preference was more constant than the drinking preference and appeared mainly at the early and middle stages of this study.These findings could provide implications for broiler production reared under unevenly distributed LED light condition.