Duplicated chalcone synthase(CHS)genes modulate flavonoid production in tea plants in response to light stress

In tea plants,the abundant flavonoid compounds are responsible for the health benefits for the human body and define the astringent flavor profile.While the downstream mechanisms of flavonoid biosynthesis have been extensively studied,the role of chalcone synthase(CHS)in this secondary metabolic process in tea plants remains less clear.In this study,we compared the evolutionary profile of the flavonoid metabolism pathway and discovered that gene duplication of CHS occurred in tea plants.We identified three CsCHS genes,along with a CsCHS-like gene,as potential candidates for further functional investigation.Unlike the CsCHS-like gene,the CsCHS genes effectively restored flavonoid production in Arabidopsis chs-mutants.Additionally,CsCHS transgenic tobacco plants exhibited higher flavonoid compound accumulation compared to their wild-type counterparts.Most notably,our examination of promoter and gene expression levels for the selected CHS genes revealed distinct responses to UV-B stress in tea plants.Our findings suggest that environmental factors such as UV-B exposure could have been the key drivers behind the gene duplication events in CHS.

人LIGHT和HSV-TK-EGFP基因共转染的MSCs抗肿瘤免疫的体内研究

目的研究与单纯疱疹病毒的糖蛋白D竞争结合单纯疱疹病毒进入介导物(herpes virus entry mediator,HVEM)的淋巴毒素类似物(homologous to lymphotoxins,exhibits inducible expression,and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for HVEM,a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes,LIGHT)基因和单纯疱疹病毒胸苷激酶(herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase,HSV-TK)基因共转染的骨髓间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)在体内的抗肿瘤免疫功能。方法将pIRES2-LIGHT基因和HSV-TK-EGFP基因共转染小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs/LT组),以转染空载体和转染HSV-TK-EGFP基因的骨髓间充质干细胞作对照。流式细胞仪检测LIGHT分子和HSV-TK-EGFP分子在稳定转染的骨髓间充质干细胞上的表达。体内迁移实验观察MSCs/LT在小鼠体内迁移情况。观察更昔洛韦注射前后MSCs/LT对荷瘤小鼠体内肿瘤的治疗作用。ELISA法检测小鼠肿瘤组织中IFN-γ,IL-2和IL-10的水平。结果流式细胞仪检测发现,MSCs/LT能稳定高表达LIGHT分子。MSCs/LT有特异地向肿瘤组织趋化的特性。MSCs/LT和MSCs/T有较好的抑制肿瘤生长的能力,但在更昔洛韦诱导后,MSCs/LT的抗肿瘤效应下降甚至消失。同时,MSCs/LT可促使T细胞进入肿瘤组织,并促进T细胞分泌IL-2、IFN-γ,抑制IL-10分泌(P<0.05)。结论共转染人LIGHT和HSV-TK-EGFP基因的骨髓间充质干细胞能稳定高表达LIGHT分子,能特异性地向荷瘤小鼠体内肿瘤组织趋化并抑制肿瘤的生长,这种体内抗肿瘤功能可能与促进T淋巴细胞IL-2、IFN-γ等细胞因子的分泌,改善局部免疫抑制环境有关。

雷公藤多苷片对IgA肾病大鼠LIGHT-HVEM/LTβR通路的影响

目的 基于炎症相关通路探讨雷公藤多苷片对IgA肾病大鼠肾脏的作用机制。方法 雄性SPF级SD大鼠,随机分为空白组、造模组。造模组采用联合“牛血清白蛋白+四氯化碳+脂多糖”建立IgA肾病大鼠模型。造模成功的大鼠随机分为模型组、泼尼松组、雷公藤多苷片组,于第13周开始治疗组灌胃给药,给药4周后留取大鼠24 h尿液、血液、肾组织并检测尿红细胞数、24 h-UTP、BUN、Scr;ELISA检测血清IL-1β、TNF-α水平;HE染色观察各组大鼠肾组织病理学变化;Western blot及RT-PCR检测大鼠肾组织LIGHT、HVEM、LTβR蛋白及其mRNA的表达。结果 雷公藤多苷片明显降低IgA肾病大鼠尿红细胞数、24 h-UTP、BUN、Scr水平,改善肾组织病理,降低血清炎症因子IL-1β、TNF-α水平,降低肾组织中LIGHT、HVEM、LTβR蛋白及其mRNA表达水平。结论 雷公藤多苷片可能通过下调LIGHT-HVEM/LTβR信号通路,抑制免疫反应,减少炎症因子释放,从而减轻炎症反应,降低尿红细胞及尿蛋白,改善肾脏病理损伤,保护肾功能。

基于改进GWO-LightGBM的磨煤机故障预警方法研究

为提高燃煤电厂磨煤机运维效率、降低运维成本,对磨煤机故障预警进行了研究。创新性地提出一种基于改进灰狼优化(GWO)算法的轻量级梯度提升机(LightGBM)故障预警方法。通过建立LightGBM轴承温度预测模型获取磨煤机轴承温度阈值,并引入改进GWO算法优化模型超参数,以提高算法效率和性能。试验结果表明,改进GWO-LightGBM算法相比支持向量机(SVM)等传统算法具有更高的精度和更优的泛化能力。通过实际故障案例证明,该方法能够提前2 h对磨煤机进行早期故障预警。该方法对燃煤电厂磨煤机安全运维具有指导意义。

Metabolomics of astaxanthin hyperaccumulation in Haematococcus pluvialis under high light stress

Variation in metabolite profiles of Haematococcus pluvialis(a type of unicellular green algal)under light stress is a key issue of study at the present.To investigate the effect of light intensity on accumulation of astaxanthin in H.pluvialis,a 26-day batch culture experiment of H.pluvialis under the light intensity levels at 73,127,182,236,and 291μmol/(m^(2)·s)was conducted.Therefore,the optimal light intensity and the corresponding metabolic pathways of accumulation in H.pluvialis were determined.Results show that 236μmol/(m^(2)·s)was the optimum light intensity to induce astaxanthin accumulation,at which a maximum content of 9.01 mg/L was achieved on Day 24.A total of 132 metabolites were identified and quantified,of which 38 differential metabolites were highlighted and classified,including 3 fatty acids or intermediates,5 amino acids or derivatives,5 carbohydrates or intermediates,16nucleoside derivatives,and 9 other metabolites using LC-MS/MS technique.Subsequently,16 statistically significant differential metabolic pathways were enriched and annotated based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway analysis between the control and the 236μmol/(m^(2)·s)treatment group(P<0.05).In addition,the bioprocesses included cellular basal metabolism and signaling systems,such as carbohydrate metabolism,amino acid metabolism,glycerol and derivatives metabolism,nucleotide and derivative metabolism,and inositol phosphate metabolism were activated and regulated under strong light stress conditions.Moreover,4 hub metabolites containing D-glucose-6-phosphate,L-tyrosine,glycerol-3-phosphate,and L-glutamine were identified,based on which the associated metabolic network was constructed.The study provided a metabolomic view of astaxanthin accumulation in H.pluvialis under strong light stress.

基于CEEMDAN-VMD-TCN-lightGBM模型的水质预测研究

针对目前水质预测模型中因为数据本身的复杂性、在信号处理过程中存在的噪声干扰以及分解深度不够导致单一分解难以全面捕捉信号非线性特征的问题,提出了一种基于二次分解的水质预测模型。该模型采用完全自适应噪声集合经验模态分解(CEEMDAN)对原始数据进行分解,再利用变分模态分解(VMD)对熵值最高的模态分量进行二次分解,最终将处理后的时间序列输入到TCN-lightGBM多特征预测模型中。同时,采用麻雀算法(SSA)对预测模型进行优化。以山东省玉符河水质为例,本模型的均方根误差(RMSE)是0.1053,平均绝对误差(MAE)是0.0815,决定系数(R2)是0.9471,与GRU、LSTM、LightGBM、TCN等当下较为流行的模型的预测指标进行比较。结果显示,在R2上本模型提升了53.04%、70.41%、66.07%、65.20%等,在RMSE上减少了62.76%、65.50%、64.93%、64.80%等,在MAE上降低了62.76%、66.24%、63.80%、65.24%等。由此可知,基于CEEMDAN-VMD-TCN-lightGBM的模型具有更好的预测性能、泛化能力和捕捉信号非线性特征的能力。

Ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in ischemic stroke

Ferroptosis is a form of non-apoptotic programmed cell death,and its mechanisms mainly involve the accumulation of lipid peroxides,imbalance in the amino acid antioxidant system,and disordered iron metabolism.The primary organelle responsible for coordinating external challenges and internal cell demands is the endoplasmic reticulum,and the progression of inflammatory diseases can trigger endoplasmic reticulum stress.Evidence has suggested that ferroptosis may share pathways or interact with endoplasmic reticulum stress in many diseases and plays a role in cell survival.Ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress may occur after ischemic stroke.However,there are few reports on the interactions of ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress with ischemic stroke.This review summarized the recent research on the relationships between ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress and ischemic stroke,aiming to provide a reference for developing treatments for ischemic stroke.

Grain Yield,Biomass Accumulation,and Leaf Photosynthetic Characteristics of Rice under Combined Salinity-Drought Stress

Simultaneous stresses of salinity and drought often coincide during rice-growing seasons in saline lands,primarily due to insufficient water resources and inadequate irrigation facilities.Consequently,combined salinity-drought stress poses a major threat to rice production.In this study,two salinity levels(NS,non-salinity;HS,high salinity)along with three drought treatments(CC,control condition;DJ,drought stress imposed at jointing;DH,drought stress imposed at heading)were performed to investigate their combined influences on leaf photosynthetic characteristics,biomass accumulation,and rice yield formation.Salinity,drought,and their combination led to a shortened growth period from heading to maturity,resulting in a reduced overall growth duration.Grain yield was reduced under both salinity and drought stress,with a more substantial reduction under the combined salinity-drought stress.The combined stress imposed at heading caused greater yield losses in rice compared with the stress imposed at jointing.Additionally,the combined salinity-drought stress induced greater decreases in shoot biomass accumulation from heading to maturity,as well as in shoot biomass and nonstructural carbohydrate(NSC)content in the stem at heading and maturity.However,it increased the harvest index and NSC remobilization reserve.Salinity and drought reduced the leaf area index and SPAD value of flag leaves and weakened the leaf photosynthetic characteristics as indicated by lower photosynthetic rates,transpiration rates,and stomatal conductance.These reductions were more pronounced under the combined stress.Salinity,drought,and especially their combination,decreased the activities of ascorbate peroxidase,catalase,and superoxide dismutase,while increasing the contents of malondialdehyde,hydrogen peroxide,and superoxide radical.Our results indicated a more significant yield loss in rice when subjected to combined salinity-drought stress.The individual and combined stresses of salinity and drought diminished antioxidant enzyme activities,inhibited leaf photosynthetic functions,accelerated leaf senescence,and subsequently lowered assimilate accumulation and grain yield.

Piezo1 channel exaggerates ferroptosis of nucleus pulposus cells by mediating mechanical stress-induced iron influx

To date,several molecules have been found to facilitate iron influx,while the types of iron influx channels remain to be elucidated.Here,Piezo1 channel was identified as a key iron transporter in response to mechanical stress.Piezo1-mediated iron overload disturbed iron metabolism and exaggerated ferroptosis in nucleus pulposus cells(NPCs).Importantly,Piezo1-induced iron influx was independent of the transferrin receptor(TFRC),a well-recognized iron gatekeeper.Furthermore,pharmacological inactivation of Piezo1 profoundly reduced iron accumulation,alleviated mitochondrial ROS,and suppressed ferroptotic alterations in stimulation of mechanical stress.Moreover,conditional knockout of Piezo1(Col2a1-CreERT Piezo1^(flox/flox))attenuated the mechanical injury-induced intervertebral disc degeneration(IVDD).Notably,the protective effect of Piezo1 deficiency in IVDD was dampened in Piezo1/Gpx4 conditional double knockout(cDKO)mice(Col2a1-CreERT Piezo1^(flox/flox)/Gpx4^(flox/flox)).These findings suggest that Piezo1 is a potential determinant of iron influx,indicating that the Piezo1-iron-ferroptosis axis might shed light on the treatment of mechanical stress-induced diseases.

Public health importance of light intensity physical activity

1.Light intensity physical activity(PA)benefits health PA guidelines worldwide recommend that adults accumulate 150 min of moderate intensity or 75 min of vigorous intensity PA(moderate-to-vigorous PA(MVPA))weekly to achieve health benefits.1-3 Absent from these guidelines are recommendations for light intensity PA(LPA,e.g.,walking at a leisurely pace of 3 km/h or less,equivalent to 1.5-2.9 metabolic equivalents).

Impact of effective stress on permeability for carbonate fractured-vuggy rocks

To gain insight into the flow mechanisms and stress sensitivity for fractured-vuggy reservoirs,several core models with different structural characteristics were designed and fabricated to investigate the impact of effective stress on permeability for carbonate fractured-vuggy rocks(CFVR).It shows that the permeability performance curves under different pore and confining pressures(i.e.altered stress conditions)for the fractured core models and the vuggy core models have similar change patterns.The ranges of permeability variation are significantly wider at high pore pressures,indicating that permeability reduction is the most significant during the early stage of development for fractured-vuggy reservoirs.Since each obtained effective stress coefficient for permeability(ESCP)varies with the changes in confining pressure and pore pressure,the effective stresses for permeability of four representative CFVR show obvious nonlinear characteristics,and the variation ranges of ESCP are all between 0 and 1.Meanwhile,a comprehensive ESCP mathematical model considering triple media,including matrix pores,fractures,and dissolved vugs,was proposed.It is proved theoretically that the ESCP of CFVR generally varies between 0 and 1.Additionally,the regression results showed that the power model ranked highest among the four empirical models mainly applied in stress sensitivity characterization,followed by the logarithmic model,exponential model,and binomial model.The concept of“permeability decline rate”was introduced to better evaluate the stress sensitivity performance for CFVR,in which the one-fracture rock is the strongest,followed by the fracture-vug rock and two-horizontalfracture rock;the through-hole rock is the weakest.In general,this study provides a theoretical basis to guide the design of development and adjustment programs for carbonate fractured-vuggy reservoirs.

Overexpression of the transcription factor MdWRKY115 improves drought and osmotic stress tolerance by directly binding to the MdRD22 promoter in apple

Abiotic stress reduces plant yield and quality.WRKY transcription factors play key roles in abiotic stress responses in plants,but the molecular mechanisms by which WRKY transcription factors mediate responses to drought and osmotic stresses in apple(Malus×domestica Borkh.)remain unclear.Here,we functionally characterized the apple GroupⅢWRKY gene MdWRKY115.qRT-PCR analysis showed that MdWRKY115 expression was up-regulated by drought and osmotic stresses.GUS activity analysis revealed that the promoter activity of MdWRKY115 was enhanced under osmotic stress.Subcellular localization and transactivation assays indicated that MdWRKY115 was localized to the nucleus and had a transcriptional activity domain at the N-terminal region.Transgenic analysis revealed that the overexpression of MdWRKY115 in Arabidopsis plants and in apple callus markedly enhanced their tolerance to drought and osmotic stresses.DNA affinity purification sequencing showed that MdWRKY115 binds to the promoter of the stress-related gene MdRD22.This binding was further verified by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay.Collectively,these findings suggest that MdWRKY115 is an important regulator of osmotic and drought stress tolerance in apple.

Brain region-specific roles of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in social stress-induced depressive-like behavior

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is a key factor in stress adaptation and avoidance of a social stress behavioral response.Recent studies have shown that brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in stressed mice is brain region–specific,particularly involving the corticolimbic system,including the ventral tegmental area,nucleus accumbens,prefrontal cortex,amygdala,and hippocampus.Determining how brain-derived neurotrophic factor participates in stress processing in different brain regions will deepen our understanding of social stress psychopathology.In this review,we discuss the expression and regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in stress-sensitive brain regions closely related to the pathophysiology of depression.We focused on associated molecular pathways and neural circuits,with special attention to the brain-derived neurotrophic factor–tropomyosin receptor kinase B signaling pathway and the ventral tegmental area–nucleus accumbens dopamine circuit.We determined that stress-induced alterations in brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels are likely related to the nature,severity,and duration of stress,especially in the above-mentioned brain regions of the corticolimbic system.Therefore,BDNF might be a biological indicator regulating stress-related processes in various brain regions.

Effects of thinning on the understory light environment of different stands and the photosynthetic performance and growth of the reforestation species Phoebe bournei

Light levels determine regeneration in stands and a key concern is how to regulate the light environment of different stand types to the requirements of the understory.In this study,we selected three stands typical in south China(a Cryptomeria japonica plantation,a Quercus acutissima plantation,and a mixed stand of both)and three thinning intensities to determine the best understory light environ-ment for 3-year-old Phoebe bournei seedlings.The canopy structure,understory light environment,and photosynthe-sis and growth indicators were assessed following thin-ning.Thinning improved canopy structure and understory light availability of each stand;species composition was the reason for differences in the understory light environ-ment.Under the same thinning intensity,the mixed stand had the greatest light radiation and most balanced spectral composition.P.bournei photosynthesis and growth were closely related to the light environment;all three stands required heavy thinning to create an effective and sustained understory light environment.In a suitable understory light environment,the efficiency of light interception,absorption,and use by seedlings was enhanced,resulting in a higher carbon assimilation the main limiting factor was stomatal conductance.As a shade-avoidance signal,red/far-red radia-tion is a critical factor driving changes in photosynthesis and growth of P.bournei seedlings,and a reduction increased light absorption and use capacity and height:diameter ratios.The growth advantage transformed from diameter to height,enabling seedlings to access more light.Our findings suggest that the regeneration of shade-tolerant species such as P.bournei could be enhanced if a targeted approach to thinning based on stand type was adopted.

Adverse effects of early-life stress:focus on the rodent neuroendocrine system

Early-life stress is associated with a high prevalence of mental illnesses such as post-traumatic stress disorders,attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,schizophrenia,and anxiety or depressive behavior,which constitute major public health problems.In the early stages of brain development after birth,events such as synaptogenesis,neuron maturation,and glial differentiation occur in a highly orchestrated manner,and external stress can cause adverse long-term effects throughout life.Our body utilizes multifaceted mechanisms,including neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter signaling pathways,to appropriately process external stress.Newborn individuals first exposed to early-life stress deploy neurogenesis as a stress-defense mechanism;however,in adulthood,early-life stress induces apoptosis of mature neurons,activation of immune responses,and reduction of neurotrophic factors,leading to anxiety,depression,and cognitive and memory dysfunction.This process involves the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and neurotransmitters secreted by the central nervous system,including norepinephrine,dopamine,and serotonin.The rodent early-life stress model is generally used to experimentally assess the effects of stress during neurodevelopment.This paper reviews the use of the early-life stress model and stress response mechanisms of the body and discusses the experimental results regarding how early-life stress mediates stress-related pathways at a high vulnerability of psychiatric disorder in adulthood.

Chromosome-scale genome sequence of Suaeda glauca sheds light on salt stress tolerance in halophytes

Soil salinity is a growing concern for global crop production and the sustainable development of humanity.Therefore,it is crucial to comprehend salt tolerance mechanisms and identify salt-tolerance genes to enhance crop tolerance to salt stress.Suaeda glauca,a halophyte species well adapted to the seawater environment,possesses a unique ability to absorb and retain high salt concentrations within its cells,particularly in its leaves,suggesting the presence of a distinct mechanism for salt tolerance.In this study,we performed de novo sequencing of the S.glauca genome.The genome has a size of 1.02 Gb(consisting of two sets of haplotypes)and contains 54761 annotated genes,including alleles and repeats.Comparative genomic analysis revealed a strong synteny between the genomes of S.glauca and Beta vulgaris.Of the S.glauca genome,70.56%comprises repeat sequences,with retroelements being the most abundant.Leveraging the allele-aware assembly of the S.glauca genome,we investigated genome-wide allele-specific expression in the analyzed samples.The results indicated that the diversity in promoter sequences might contribute to consistent allele-specific expression.Moreover,a systematic analysis of the ABCE gene families shed light on the formation of S.glauca’s flower morphology,suggesting that dysfunction of A-class genes is responsible for the absence of petals in S.glauca.Gene family expansion analysis demonstrated significant enrichment of Gene Ontology(GO)terms associated with DNA repair,chromosome stability,DNA demethylation,cation binding,and red/far-red light signaling pathways in the co-expanded gene families of S.glauca and S.aralocaspica,in comparison with glycophytic species within the chenopodium family.Time-course transcriptome analysis under salt treatments revealed detailed responses of S.glauca to salt tolerance,and the enrichment of the transition-upregulated genes in the leaves associated with DNA repair and chromosome stability,lipid biosynthetic process,and isoprenoid metabolic process.Additionally,genome-wide analysis of transcription factors indicated a significant expansion of FAR1 gene family.However,further investigation is needed to determine the exact role of the FAR1 gene family in salt tolerance in S.glauca.

A semi-analytical model for coupled flow in stress-sensitive multi-scale shale reservoirs with fractal characteristics

A large number of nanopores and complex fracture structures in shale reservoirs results in multi-scale flow of oil. With the development of shale oil reservoirs, the permeability of multi-scale media undergoes changes due to stress sensitivity, which plays a crucial role in controlling pressure propagation and oil flow. This paper proposes a multi-scale coupled flow mathematical model of matrix nanopores, induced fractures, and hydraulic fractures. In this model, the micro-scale effects of shale oil flow in fractal nanopores, fractal induced fracture network, and stress sensitivity of multi-scale media are considered. We solved the model iteratively using Pedrosa transform, semi-analytic Segmented Bessel function, Laplace transform. The results of this model exhibit good agreement with the numerical solution and field production data, confirming the high accuracy of the model. As well, the influence of stress sensitivity on permeability, pressure and production is analyzed. It is shown that the permeability and production decrease significantly when induced fractures are weakly supported. Closed induced fractures can inhibit interporosity flow in the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV). It has been shown in sensitivity analysis that hydraulic fractures are beneficial to early production, and induced fractures in SRV are beneficial to middle production. The model can characterize multi-scale flow characteristics of shale oil, providing theoretical guidance for rapid productivity evaluation.

Model prediction of inactivation of Aeromonas salmonicida grown on poultry in situ by intense pulsed light

The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors influencing the inactivation effect of intense pulsed light(IPL)on Aeromonas salmonicida grown on chicken meat and skin,and to further develop prediction models of inactivation.In this work,chicken meat and skin inoculated with meat-borne A.salmonicida isolates were subjected to IPL treatments under different conditions.The results showed that IPL had obvious bactericidal effect in the chicken skin and thickness groups when the treatment voltage and time were 7 V combined with 5 s.In addition,the lethality curves of A.salmonicida were fitted under IPL conditions of 3.5-7.5 V.The comparison of statistical parameters revealed that the Weibull model could best fit the mortality curves and could accurately predict the mortality dynamic of A.salmonicida grown on chicken skin.And further a secondary model between the scale factor b and the treatment voltage in Weibull model was established using linear equations,which determined that the secondary model could accurately predict the inactivation of A.salmonicida.This study provides a theoretical basis for future prediction models of Aeromonas,and also provides new ideas for sterilization approaches of meat-borne Aeromonas.

基于LightGBM的智能可穿戴设备用户行为预测

智能可穿戴设备产生的大量数据是人类宝贵的数字资源。使用开放数据集和主流数据分析工具,如可进行快速模型开发的PyCaret模块,有助于人们进行数据挖掘工作,且不被细节所困扰。作为Kaggle竞赛爱好者的常用工具,LightGBM分类器对用户行为的预测表现优异,对此文中的研究结果也得到验证。

Genome-Wide Exploration of the Grape GLR Gene Family and Differential Responses of VvGLR3.1 and VvGLR3.2 to Low Temperature and Salt Stress

Grapes,one of the oldest tree species globally,are rich in vitamins.However,environmental conditions such as low temperature and soil salinization significantly affect grape yield and quality.The glutamate receptor(GLR)family,comprising highly conserved ligand-gated ion channels,regulates plant growth and development in response to stress.In this study,11 members of the VvGLR gene family in grapes were identified using whole-genome sequence analysis.Bioinformatic methods were employed to analyze the basic physical and chemical properties,phylogenetic trees,conserved domains,motifs,expression patterns,and evolutionary relationships.Phylogenetic and collinear analyses revealed that the VvGLRs were divided into three subgroups,showing the high conservation of the grape GLR family.These members exhibited 2 glutamate receptor binding regions(GABAb and GluR)and 3-4 transmembrane regions(M1,M2,M3,and M4).Real-time quantitative PCR analysis demonstrated the sensitivity of all VvGLRs to low temperature and salt stress.Subsequent localization studies in Nicotiana tabacum verified that VvGLR3.1 and VvGLR3.2 proteins were located on the cell membrane and cell nucleus.Additionally,yeast transformation experiments confirmed the functionality of VvGLR3.1 and VvGLR3.2 in response to low temperature and salt stress.Thesefindings highlight the significant role of the GLR family,a highly conserved group of ion channels,in enhancing grape stress resistance.This study offers new insights into the grape GLR gene family,providing fundamental knowledge for further functional analysis and breeding of stress-resistant grapevines.