Photocatalytic Nanocomposite Films Fabricated by Layer-by-Layer Self-assembly of TiO2 Nanoparticles and Lignosulfonates

Photocatalytic multilayer nanocomposite films composed of anatase TiO2 nanoparticles and lignosulfonates （LS） were fabricated on quartz slides by the layer-by-layer （LBL） self-assembly technique. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, UV-vis spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy （AFM） were used to characterize the TiO2/LS multilayer nanocomposite films. Moreover, the photocatalytic properties （decomposition of methyl orange and bacteria） of multilayer nanocomposite films were investigated. XPS results indicated that the intensities of titanium and sulfur peaks increased with the LBL deposition process. A linear increase in absorbance at 280 nm was found by UV-Vis spectroscopy, suggesting that stepwise multilayer growth occurs on the substrate and this deposition process is highly reproducible. AFM images showed that quartz slide was completely covered by TiO2 nanoparticles when a 10-bilayer multilayer film was formed. The decomposition efficiency of methyl orange by TiOz/LS multilayer films under the same UV irradiation time increased linearly with the number of TiO2 layers, and the results of decomposition of bacteria under UV irradiation showed that TiO2/LS multilayer nanocomposite films exhibited excellent decomposition activity of bacteria （Escherichia coil）.

Study on the catalytic degradation of sodium lignosulfonate to aromatic aldehydes over nano-CuO:Process optimization and reaction kinetics

As one of the few renewable aromatic resources,the research of depolymerization of lignin into highvalue chemicals has attracted extensive attention in recent years.Catalytic wet aerobic oxidation(CWAO)is an effective technology to convert lignin like sodium lignosulfonate(SL),a lignin derivative,into aromatic aldehydes such as vanillin and syringaldehyde.However,how to improve the yield of aromatic aldehyde and conversion efficiency is still a challenge,and many operating conditions that significantly affect the yield of these aromatic compounds have rarely been investigated systematically.In this work,we adopted the stirred tank reactor(STR)for the CWAO process with nano-CuO as catalyst to achieve the conversion of SL into vanillin and syringaldehyde.The effect of operating conditions including reaction time,oxygen partial pressure,reaction temperature,SL concentration,rotational speed,catalyst amount,and NaOH concentration on the yield of single phenolic compound was systematically investigated.The results revealed that all these operating conditions exhibit a significant effect on the aromatic aldehyde yield.Therefore,they should be regulated in an optimal value to obtain high yield of these aldehydes.More importantly,the reaction kinetics of the lignin oxidation was explored.This work could provide basic data for the optimization and design of industrial operation of lignin oxidation.

Valuation of Laterite in Low-cost Building in West Africa

The study of the performance of raw clay bricks has made it possible to develop laterite in Eco village construction projects.Identification tests(particle size analysis,Atterberg limits,Proctor,shrinkage limit,and sand equivalent)made it possible to characterize the laterite,the sand,and the E1 mixture(70%laterite and 30%sand).By adding binders to E1,three other types of mixtures E2,E3,and E4 have been proposed.The improved E1 sample:(1)At 2.5%of cement gives E2;(2)At 10%of lime gives E3;(3)with 0.8%lignosulfonates.After making the bricks using the samples E1,E2,E3,and E4,we perform uniform compression test at 3,7,and 21 days.All samples have simple compressive strengths greater than 0.5 MPa(in accordance with standard NF EN 771-1)after 3 days.Their evolution from 0.5 to 2.5 MPa,between 3 and 7 days,shows a jump of 1.5.From 7 to 21 days the evolution curve of the Rc shows a slight ascension then a plateau pace(2.5,2.51,2.56 MPa).From these results,we concluded that they were used according to the area and the type of climate.The use of the sample E1 is proposed in arid zones or with low rainfall,the sample E2,and E3 in the rainy zones without risk of capillary rise and the sample E4 in the rainy zones with the risk of capillary rise.

Catalytic depolymerization of calcium lignosulfonate by NiMgFeO_x derived from sub-micron sized NiMgFe hydrotalcite prepared by introducing hydroxyl compounds

A new method for regulating the synthesis of Ni Mg Fe hydrotalcites(NMF LDHs) with the addition of hydroxyl compounds was proposed. A series of NMF LDHs were prepared by the above method, and then were calcined to obtain the Ni Mg FeOx(NMFOx) samples. The NMFOxsamples were characterized by XRD,SEM, TG-DTG, XPS and CO2-TPD, respectively. The catalytic performance of NMFOxfor depolymerizing calcium lignosulfonate(CLS) was evaluated by hydrothermal reaction. The results showed that the addition of hydroxyl compounds favored reducing the particle sizes of NMF LDHs. For the depolymerization of CSL, the yield of liquid product increased from 45% to 75.8% with the addition of NMFOx-ethanol(NMFOxET). The liquid products were mainly phenolics, aromatics, ketones and esters. The total selectivity of oxy-containing compounds was over 90.6%, among them, the phenolics were approximately 35.2%. The valence of Ni and Fe, crystalline phase and basicity almost remained unchanged. The NMFOx-ET samples were recycled for the depolymerization of CLS, moreover, the NMFOx-ET samples had high activity and stability after 4 cycles.

Mechanism of calcium lignosulfonate in apatite and dolomite flotation system

Since the physical and chemical properties of apatite and dolomite can be similar,the separation of these two minerals is difficult.Therefore,when performing this separation using the flotation method,it is necessary to search for selective depressants.An experimental research was performed on the separation behavior of apatite and dolomite using calcium lignosulfonate as a depressant,and the mechanism by which this occurs was analyzed.The results show that calcium lignosulfonate has a depressant effect on both apatite and dolomite,but the depressant effect on dolomite is stronger at the same dosage.Mechanism analysis shows that the adsorptive capacity of calcium lignosulfonate on dolomite is higher than that of apatite,which is due to the strong reaction between calcium lignosulfonate and the Ca sites on dolomite.In addition,there is a hydrogen bond between calcium lignosulfonate and dolomite,which further prevents the adsorption of sodium oleate to dolomite,thus greatly inhibiting the flotation of dolomite.

Study of sodium lignosulfonate prepare low-rank coal-water slurry:Experiments and simulations

The effect of sodium lignosulfonate(SL)as additive on the preparation of low-rank coal-water slurry(LCWS)was studied by experiments and molecular dynamics(MD)simulation s.The experimental results show that the appropriate amount of additives is beneficial to reduce the viscosity of LCWS and increase the slurry concentration.Adsorption isotherm studies showed that SL conforms to single-layer adsorption on the coal surface,andΔG_(ads)^(0) was negative,proving that the reaction was spontaneous.Zeta potential measurements showed that SL increased the negative charge on coal.FTIR scanning and XPS wide-range scanning were performed on the coal before and after adsorption,and it was found that the content of oxygen functional groups on coal increased after adsorption.Simulation results show that when a large number of SL molecules exist in the solution,some SL molecules will bind to hydrophobic hydrocarbon groups on coal.The rest of the SL molecule s,their hydrophobic alkyl tails,come into contact with each other and aggregate in solution.The agglomeration of SL molecules and the surface of coal with static electricity will also produce electrostatic interaction,which is conducive to the even dispersion of coal particles.The results of mean square displacement(MSD)and self-diffusion coefficient(D)show that the addition of SL reduces the diffusion rate of water molecules.Simulation results correspond to experimental results,indicating that MD simulation is accurate and feasible.

Hemoglobin-biocatalyzed Synthesis of Conducting Molecular Complex of Polyaniline and Lignosulfonate

A new biocatalyst route for the synthesis of a conducting polyaniline （PANI）/ lignosulfonate （LGS） complex was presented.Four different catalysts such as hemoglobin （Hb）,5,10,15,20-tetrakis （meso-hydroxyphenyl） porphyrin,iron （II） tetrasulfophthalocyanine and ferric chloride were used to polymerize aniline in the presence of a natural polyelectrolytes template LGS.The experimental results show that Hb is an effective catalyst in this case and the synthesis is simple,and the conditions are mild in that the polymerization may be carried out in lower pH （1.0-4.0） buffered solution and optimal pH of 2.0.Varying concentrations of aniline,LGS and H2O2 in feed the favorable conditions for the production of PANI were determined.UV-vis absorption,FTIR,elemental analysis,conductivity,cyclic voltammetry and thermogravimetric analyses confirm the formation of thermally stable and electroactive PANI.

Isolation of lignosulfonate with low polydispersity index

Lignosulfonate with low polydispersity index of 1.178-1.210 was isolated by gel column chromatography of Sephacryl S-100 eluted with 0.2 mol/L of NaNO3 aqueous solution,whereas nearly monodisperse ligosulfonate fraction with polydispersity of 1.0(57 can be obtained after chromatographic separation twice.This method provides an available approach to investigate the structure and characteristics of lignosulfonate.

Preparation and Characterization of Lignosulfonate Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxides and Their Application in Improving Ultraviolet Aging Resistance for Bitumen

In order to develop economically anti-ultraviolet(UV) aging additives to bitumen and extend the comprehensive utilization of lignin materials, lignosulfonate(LS) was selected to intercalate into layered double hydroxides(LDHs), then the LS intercalated LDHs(LS-LDHs) were applied to improve UV aging resistance of bitumen. With the characterization of X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy, chemical analysis and scanning electron microscopy(SEM), LS was successfully intercalated into the galleries of LDHs. The ultraviolet and visible(UV-vis) absorbance curves showed LS-LDHs had excellent UV absorptive ability from 200 to 400 nm. Thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry(TG-DSC) indicated LS-LDHs could have a good thermal stability during the processing of bitumen. Compared with the LDHs, the LS-LDHs exhibited better performance in UV aging resistance of bitumen.

DEVELOPMENT OF LIGNIN EPOXIDE-A POTENTIAL MATRIX OF RESIN MATRIX COMPOSITE

To develop new kinds of matrix resin of composite and utilize lignosulfonate in large scale and high value, a Kind of lignosulfonate was modified into epoxide in this paper. Two kinds of phenolized lignosulfonic acid and two kinds of lignin epoxides were prepared. The lignin epoxides and a kind of bisphenol - A epoxy resin were mixed respectively with a kind of liquid anhydride (MNA) to be measured by DSC technology. Both of these two kinds of epoxides can be cured by MNA, and curing exotherm of the liquid one is more than that of the solid one. Samples of the phenolized lignosulfonic acid and the epoxides were all analyzed by IR spectroscopy to find relations between them. It is suggested that the phenolation decide the type and the yield of the lignin epoxides.

Freeze–thaw resistance of eco–material stabilized loess

In the Loess Plateau in Northern China,repeated freeze–thaw(FT)cycles deteriorate the strength and structure of loess as a foundation soil,resulting in the instability or failure of supporting structure.Lignosulfonate is an eco–material,utilized as an effective and nontraditional stabilizer to improve the engineering properties of metastable soils.A series of laboratory tests,including unconfined compression tests,cyclic loading–unloading tests and scanning electron microscopy,on calcium lignosulfonate(CL)-and sodium lignosulfonate(SL)-stabilized loess were performed to investigate the stabilization effect,deterioration mechanisms of the FT cycles,and the resistance to FT cycles.Two traditional stabilizers,quicklime(QL)and sodium silicate(SS),were selected,and the engineering properties of QL-and SS-stabilized loess were compared with those of CL-and SLstabilized loess.The results showed that the strength values of CL-and SL-stabilized loess specimens decreased by 34.2%and 50%respectively,after 20 FT cycles,whereas those of the traditionally SS-and QL-stabilized specimens decreased by 85.3%and 82.87%,respectively.The elastic moduli of SL-and QL-stabilized loess specimens decreased by 22.1%and 92.0%,respectively.The mean energy dissipations of nontraditionally treated specimens also decreased significantly less than those of traditionally treated specimens.Overall,the results showed CL and SL had better stabilization effects on engineering properties of loess than QL and SS,and their stabilized loess specimens exhibited stronger resistance to FT cycles.The study findings demonstrated the significant potential of lignosulfonate for extensive application in cold loess areas.

Effects of Calcium Lignosulfonate(CaLS)on Growth Performance,Slaughter Performance and Antioxidant Function of Meat Duck

[Objective]The paper was to study the effects of calcium lignosulfonate(CaLS)on feed processing performance,growth performance,slaughter performance and antioxidant function of cherry valley duck.[Method]A total of 48010-day-old cherry valley ducks were selected and randomly divided into four treatments,10 replicates each treatment and 12 meat ducks each replicate(half male and half female).The ducks in control group were fed with basal diet,and those in experimental groups were fed with the basal diet adding 0.2%,0.4%and 0.6%CaLS,respetively.The trial lasted 28 d.[Result](1)CaLS significantly reduced feed pulverization rate of meat duck(F<0.05),and significantly increased PDI and starch gelatinization degree(F<0.05);adding CaLS had no significant impact on the processing cost(F>0.05),but the granulation electric charge per ton feed could be reduced by 1.06 yuan.(2)CaLS had no significant effect on growth performance,slaughter performance and organ index of meat duck(Q0.05).(3)Compared with the control group,there were no significant differences in serum GSH-Px,T-SOD,T-AOC activities and MDA content of three CaLS groups(F>0.05).[Conclusion]CaLS could improve the processing quality of meat duck feed and reduce the processing cost,hut could not improve the growth performance,slaughter performance and antioxidant function of meat duck.

Conductivity Method as a New Monitoring Technique for Corrosion and Corrosion Inhibition Processes of Zinc Metal

The electrical conductivity method was successfully applied as a new monitoring technique to monitor the corrosion and corrosion inhibition processes of zinc metal. Measurements of electrical conductivity at 20.0°C of three different corrosive solutions (HCl, NaOH, and NaCl) were performed with two different concentrations (0.10 and 1.00 M) containing zinc sheets in the absence and presence of four different concentrations of sodium lignosulfonate (1.0, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 mM). The analysis of curves that illustrates the changes in electrical conductivity of these solutions provides qualitative information about the strength of corrosion as well as the extent of corrosion inhibition behavior. The results obtained from electrical conductivity measurements revealed that sodium lignosulfonate was an effective corrosion inhibitor in acidic medium (for both 0.10 and 1.00 M HCl) in which it converted into lignosulfonic acid, but was less effective in salt and alkaline media.

Lignosulfonate and Its Derivatives for Oil-well Drilling:A Concise Review

Lignosulfonate,a byproduct of the pulp and paper industry,has been used in the oil-well drilling industry for a significant amount of time.Lignosulfonate and its derivatives serve different roles in the oil-well drilling industry because of their unique structures and properties.This review summarizes lignosulfonate and its derivatives,including lignosulfonate complexed with metal ions,lignosulfonate graft copolymers,lignosulfonatetannin complexes,and other lignosulfonate-containing composites,in terms of their preparation,properties,and potential applications in oil-well drilling industry.It provides readers with a quick review of existing studies in this area and some inspirations for future studies pertaining to the utilization of lignosulfonate-based materials in the oil-well drilling industry.

Carbon steel anticorrosion performance and mechanism of sodium lignosulfonate

Lignin is a typical biological macromolecule with a three-dimensional network structure and abundant functional groups. It has excellent ionic complexation ability and amphiphilic molecular structure characteristics.In this study, the carbon steel anticorrosion performance of sodium lignosulfonate(SLS) in an acid solution was evaluated using the weight loss method, electrochemical measurements, scanning vibration electrode technique(SVET), and surface characterization methods. SLS exhibited excellent corrosion inhibition efficiency for Q235carbon steel in 1 mol·L^(-1) HCl, reaching a maximum value of 98%. A low SLS concentration of 20 mg·L^(-1) resulted in the maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency, which remained nearly constant at higher SLS concentrations.The SVET test demonstrated that the formation of an SLS adsorption film can impede corrosion. This study confirms the significance of the application of green biomass resources in the field of metal corrosion protection and green functional materials.

Lignin-based polymer with high phenolic hydroxyl group content prepared by the alkyl chain bridging method and applied as a dopant of PEDOT

Inspired by the importance of the phenolic group to the electron transporting property of hole transport materials,phenolic hydroxyl groups were introduced in lignosulfonate(LS)via the alkyl chain bridging method to prepare phenolated-lignosulfonate(PLS).The results showed that the phenolic group was boosted from 0.81 mmol∙g^(–1) of LS to 1.19 mmol∙g^(–1) of PLS.The electrochemical property results showed two oxidation peaks in the cyclic voltammogram(CV)curve of PLS,and the oxidation potential of the PLS-modified electrode decreased by 0.5 eV compared with that of LS.This result indicates that PLS is more easily oxidized than LS.Based on the excellent electron transporting property of PLS,PLS was applied as a dopant in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)(PEDOT,called PEDOT:PLSs).PLS showed excellent dispersion properties for PEDOT.Moreover,the transmittance measurement results showed that the transmittance of PEDOT:PLSs exceeded 85%in the range of 300–800 nm.The CV results showed that the energy levels of PEDOT:PLSs could be flexibly adjusted by PLS amounts.The results indicate that the phenolic hydroxyl group of lignin can be easily boosted by the alkyl chain bridging method,and phenolated lignin-based polymers may have promising potential as dopants of PEDOT to produce hole transporting materials for different organic photovoltaic devices.

A pseudocapacitive molecule-induced strategy to construct flexible high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors

The combination of high-voltage windows and bending stability remains a challenge for supercapacitors.Here,we present an“advantage-complementary strategy”using sodium lignosulfonate as a pseudocapacitive molecule to regulate the spatial stacking pattern of graphene oxide and the interfacial architectures of graphene oxide and polyaniline.Flexible and sustainable sodium lignosulfonate-based electrodes are successfully developed,showing perfect bending stability and high electronic conductivity and specific capacitance(521 F·g^(−1)at 0.5 A·g^(−1)).Due to the resulting rational interfacial structure and stable ion-electron transport,the asymmetric supercapacitors provide a wide voltage window reaching 1.7 V,outstanding bending stability and high energy-power density of 83.87 Wh·kg^(−1)at 3.4 kW·kg^(−1).These properties are superior to other reported cases of asymmetric energy enrichment.The synergistic strategy of sodium lignosulfonate on graphene oxide and polyaniline is undoubtedly beneficial to advance the process for the construction of green flexible supercapacitors with remarkably wide voltage windows and excellent bending stability.

Nanofiltration Membranes via Layer-by-layer Assembly and Cross-linking of Polyethyleneimine/Sodium Lignosulfonate for Heavy Metal Removal

Layer-by-layer(LbL)assembly technology is a facile method for constructing thin film composite membrane.Herein,a novel nanofiltration(NF)membrane was prepared by LbL assembly of polyethyleneimine(PEI)and sodium lignosulfonate(LS)followed by cross-linking.The surface composition,morphology,and property of PEI/LS bilayer were detailedly investigated by FTIR/ATR,XPS,SEM,AFM,and water contact angle test.The PEI/LS bilayer full of amino and hydroxyl groups presents increased roughness and improved hydrophilicity.Moreover,the NF performance of PEI/LS LbL assembly membranes can be modulated by bilayer number,polyelectrolyte concentration,and salt content.The water flux reduced while the salt rejection greatly improved as increasing the bilayer numbers,PEI concentration,or NaCl content.More than 95%MgSO4 and MgCl2,as well as 80%NaCl can be rejected by a NF membrane prepared by 6 PEI/LS bilayers,1 wt%PEI,0.5 wt%LS,and 1 mol/L NaCl.Furthermore,this NF membrane can be used to remove more than 95%heavy metal ions(Cd2+,Zn2+,Mn2+,Cr2+,Cu2+,and Ni2+).This work proposed a promising NF membrane by using PEI/LS as low cost polyelectrolytes and facile LbL assembly method,which should receive much attention in water purification.

Synthetic and lignin-based surfactants:Challenges and opportunities

Surface active agents(surfactants)are chemicals that can accumulate at the surface of a liquid,or interface between two phases with the role of changing the surface tension of the interface.Depending on their structures,they have many applications in industries,such as the petroleum,mining,pulping and textiles,wherein they are utilized as detergents,wetting agents,emulsifiers,foaming agents and dispersants.Most of commonly used surfactants are oil-based chemicals.However,using environmentally friendly feedstocks to produce surfactant is desirable to lessen the environmental impact of surfactant production and use in industry.Lignin is an attractive candidate for this purpose as it is inexpensive and readily available.Lignin and lignin derivatives,such as lignosulfonates,can be chemically modified to produce surfactants with different chemical and physical properties,which makes them suitable for a wide variety of applications.The lignin types and the processes performed for lignin production affect the properties of generated lignin significantly,which in turn influence the reactivity and the efficiency of the reaction for surfactant generation.In this review,the characteristics and applications of oil-based surfactants,and the efforts to produce lignin-based surfactants are reviewed.As oil-based surfactants with altered properties are available in the market,several different pathways can be followed for producing lignin-based surfactants.The advantages and disadvantages of using lignin-based surfactants are also discussed.

Crushed rocks stabilized with organosilane and lignosulfonate in pavement unbound layers:Repeated load triaxial tests

The creation of the new“Ferry-Free Coastal Highway Route E39”in southwest Norway entails the production of a remarkable quantity of crushed rocks.These resources could be beneficially employed as aggregates in the unbound courses of the highway itself or other road pavements present nearby.Two innovative stabilizing agents,organosilane and lignosulfonate,can significantly enhance the key properties,namely,resilient modulus and resistance against permanent deformation,of the aggregates that are excessively weak in their natural state.The beneficial effect offered by the additives was thoroughly evaluated by performing repeated load triaxial tests.The study adopted the most common numerical models to describe these two key mechanical properties.The increase in the resilient modulus and reduction in the accumulated vertical permanent deformation show the beneficial impact of the additives.Furthermore,a finite element model was created to simulate the repeated load triaxial test by implementing nonlinear elastic and plastic constitutive relationships.