Comparison of capacitive behavior of activated carbons with different pore structures in aqueous and nonaqueous systems

The pore structures of two activated carbons from sawdust with KOH activation and coconut-shell with steam activation for supercapacitor were analyzed by N2 adsorption method. The electrochemical properties of both activated carbons in 6 mol/L KOH solution and 1 mol/L EtgNPF4/PC were compared, and the effect of pore structure on the capacitance was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, AC impedance and charge-discharge measurements. The results indicate that the capacitance mainly depends on effective surface area, but the power property mainly depends on mesoporosity. At low specific current （1 A/g）, the maximum specific Capacitances of 276.3 F/g in aqueous system and 123.9 F/g in nonaqueous system can be obtained from sawdust activated carbon with a larger surface area of 1 808 m^2/g, butat a high specific current, the specific capacitance of coconut-shell activated carbon with a higher mesoporosity of 75.1% is more excellent. Activated carbon by KOH activation is fitter for aqueous system and that by steam activation is fitter for nonaqueous system.

Characterization of Microporous Activated Carbon Electrodes for Electric Double-layer Capacitors

Activated carbons(ACs) with a wide range of surface areas were made from petroleum coke by means of KOH activation. The electrochemical characterization was carried out for several activated carbons used as polarizable electrodes of electric double-layer capacitors(EDLCs) in an aqueous electrolytic solution. The porous structures and electrochemical double-layer capacitance of the activated carbons were investigated by virtue of nitrogen gas adsorption and constant current cycling(CCC) methods. The relationship among the surface area, pore volume of the activated carbons and specific double-layer capacitance was discussed. It was found that the specific capacitance of ACs increased linearly with the increase of surface area. The presence of mesopores in the activated carbons with very high surface area(>2000 m\+2/g) was not very effective for them to be used as EDLCs. The influence of chemical characteristics of the activated carbons on the double layer formation could be considered to be negligible.

Characterization of porous cobalt hexacyanoferrate and activated carbon electrodes under dynamic polarization conditions in a sodium-ion pseudocapacitor

We report here the activated carbon and cobalt hexacyanoferrate composite,which is applied as the electrode materials in symmetric supercapacitors containing a 1.0 M Na_(2)SO_(4) aqueous electrolyte.This novel material combines high specific surface area and electrochemical stability of activated carbon with the redox properties of cobalt hexacyanoferrate,resulting in maximum specific capacitance of 329 F g^(-1) with large voltage working window of 2.0 V.Electrochemical studies indicated that cobalt hexacyanoferrate introduces important pseudocapacitive properties accounting for the overall charge-storage process,especially when I<0.5 A g^(-1).At lower gravimetric currents(e.g.,0.05 A g^(-1))and up to 1.0 V,the presence of cobalt hexacyanoferrate improves the specific energy for more than 300%.In addition,to better understanding the energy storage process we also provided a careful investigation of the electrode materials under dynamic polarization conditions using the in situ Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron light Xray diffraction techniques.Interesting complementary findings were obtained in these studies.We believe that this novel electrode material is promising for applications regarding the energy-storage process in pseudocapacitors with long lifespan properties.

Optimal Electrochemical Performances of CO_2 Activated Carbon Aerogels for Supercapacitors

Activated carbon aerogels（ACAs） derived from sol-gel polycondensation of resorcinol （R） and formaldehyde （F） were pyrolyzed under Ar flow and activated in CO2 atmosphere. The morphology of ACAs was characterized by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and the structural properties were determined by N2 adsorption at 77 K. The results show that ACAs have a typical three-dimensional nanonetwork structure composing of cross-linking of carbon nanoparticles. The specific surface area and the total pore volume remarkably increase with increasing activation time while the previous porous structure still remains. The specific capacitance of the 950-10-ACA electrode can reach up to 212.3 F/g in 6 mol/L KOH electrolyte. The results of constant-current charge-discharge testing indicate that the ACAs electrodes present fast charge- discharge rate and long cycle life （about 98% capacitance retained after 3000 charge-discharge cycles at 1.25 mA/cm2）. Lower internal resistances can be achieved for 950-10-ACA electrode in KOH electrolyte. Our investigations are very important to improve the wettability and electrochemical performance of electrode for supercapacitors.

Effect of activation temperature on the properties of double layer capacitance of diatomite-templated carbon

1 Introduction In recent years porous carbons have been widely used in many fields such as energy storage(Mc Creery,2008;Liu et al,2009;Ho et al,2014;Yang et al,2015),adsorption,wastewater treatment,air purification

Electrochemical performance of nickel oxide/KOH/active carbon super-capacitor

The fabrication and characterization of new type Nickel oxide/KOH/Activecarbon super-capacitor have been described. Porous nickel oxide was prepared by hydrolysis of nickelacetate and heated in air at 300 deg C. The resulting nickel oxide behaved as an electrochemicalcapacitor electrode with a specific capacitance (50-70 F/g) superior to most active carbonelectrodes. This kind of nickel oxide maintained high utilization at high rate of discharge (i.e.,high power density) and had excellent cycle life more than 1000 times, while the capacitance of thecell composed of two identical nickel oxide electrodes was poor at high discharge current densityand the maximum operational voltage of this type capacitor was limited to 0.5 V. A new typesuper-capacitor was designed in which the nickel oxide and the active carbon were applied to thepositive and negative electrodes respectively. The breakdown voltage of this type super-capacitorwas improved effectively to 0.8 V and excellent characteristic of high power discharge was attainedin this way. The Nickel oxide/KOH/Active carbon super-capacitor has promising potentials in portabletelecommunications, uninterruptable power supplies and battery load leveling applications.

Influence of KOH activation techniques on pore structure and electrochemical property of carbon electrode materials

Taking the selection of coal-tar pitch as precursor and KOH as activated agent, the activated carbon electrode material was fabricated for supercapacitor.The surface area and the pore structure of activated carbon were analyzed by Nitro adsorption method. The electrochemical properties of the activated carbons were determined using two-electrode capacitors in 6 mol/L KOH aqueous electrolytes. The influences of activated temperature and mass ratio of KOH to C on the pore structure and electrochemical property of porous activated carbon were investigated in detail. The reasons for the changes of pore structure and electrochemical performance of activated carbon prepared under different conditions were also discussed theoretically. The results indicate that the maximum specific capacitance of 240 F/g can be obtained in alkaline medium, and the surface area, the pore structure and the specific capacitance of activated carbon depend on the treatment methods; the capacitance variation of activated carbon cannot be interpreted only by the change of surface area and pore structure, the lattice order and the electrolyte wetting effect of the activated carbon should also be taken into account.

Preparation and properties of pitch carbon based supercapacitor

Using the mesophase pitch as precursor, KOH and CO2 as activated agents, the activated carbon electrode material was fabricated by physical-chemical combined activated technique for supercapacitor. The influence of activated process on the pore structure of activated carbon was analyzed and 14 F supercapacitor with working voltage of 2.5 V was prepared. The charge and discharge behaviors, the properties of cyclic voltammetry, specific capacitance, equivalent serials resistance （ESR）, cycle properties, and temperature properties of prepared supercapacitor were examined. The cyclic voltammetry curve results indicate that the carbon based supercapacitor using the self-made activated carbon as electrode materials shows the desired capacitance properties. In 1 mol/L Et4NBF4/AN electrolyte, the capacitance and ESR of the supercapacitor are 14.7 F and 60 mΩ respectively, The specific capacitance of activated carbon electrode materials is 99.6 F/g; its energy density can reach 2,96 W.h/kg under the large current discharge condition, There is no obvious capacitance decay that can be observed after 5000 cycles, The leakage current is below 0,2 mA after keeping the voltage at 2.5 V for l h, Meanwhile, the supercapacitor shows desired temperature property; it can be operated normally in the temperature ranging from -40 ℃to 70 ℃,

Improvement in electrochemical capacitance of activated carbon from scrap tires by nitric acid treatment

Activated carbon （AC） obtained from the industrial pyrolytic tire char is treated by concentrated nitric acid （AC-HNO3） and then used as the electrode material for supercapacitors. Surface properties and electrochemical capacitances of AC and AC- HNO3 are studied. It is found that the morphology and the porous texture for AC and AC- HNO3 have little difference, while the oxygen content increases and functional groups change after the acid treatment. Electrochemical results demonstrate that the AC-HNO3 electrode displays higher specific capacitance, better stability and cycling performance, and lower equivalent series resistance, indicating that AC obtained from the industrial pyrolytic tire char treated by concentrated nitric acid is applicable for supercapacitors.

低阶煤基炭材料研究进展

低阶煤因其储量丰富、富含多环芳烃有机物、含碳量高、成本低等特点,被认为是炭材料的优质前驱体。然而,由于不同低阶煤的灰分、微观结构、界面的差异,导致了煤基炭材料结构、性能难以有效调控的问题。近年来,研究人员提出了低阶煤基炭材料微观结构、表界面调控的有效方法。本文重点总结了低阶煤制备吸附活性炭、电容炭、硬炭、石墨和纳米炭材料的差异化策略,进一步讨论了煤种和工艺对煤基炭材料的微观结构、界面特性和官能团种类等的影响。同时介绍了煤基炭材料在吸附、超级电容器和碱金属电池中的应用。最后,展望了低级煤基炭材料未来研究的方向和挑战。

电容去离子水处理技术的研究和应用进展

随着水资源短缺、能源紧张等问题的日益加剧,高效低耗的电容去离子(CDI)脱盐技术逐渐得到广泛重视。然而,CDI技术现在仍处于研究和发展的初期阶段,并未在工业界广泛应用。本文结合CDI技术现有的应用进展,首先介绍了CDI技术的电极材料和装置构型,并指出各类电极材料和装置构型在应用中面临的挑战。然后,综述了全球现有CDI公司的发展现状及CDI技术的应用领域,对CDI技术在循环冷却水处理、市政生活废水回用等领域的应用进行了具体分析,并对应用中浓盐水排放问题进行了进一步分析讨论。最后,对CDI技术在水处理应用中的挑战进行归纳并对发展趋势进行了展望。

神东低阶煤基电容炭材料的制备及其电化学性能

为研究材料的比表面积和微孔孔体积对低阶煤基电容炭电化学性能的影响,通过调控氢氧化钾(KOH)和超低灰分神东低阶煤(SLC)的质量比,以固相活化法制备了系列不同微孔比例的煤基电容炭。利用电感耦合等离子体质谱、元素分析和氮气吸附/脱附技术对所制备的煤基电容炭进行组分分析和孔结构表征,采用恒流充放电(GCD)、循环伏安(CV)和交流阻抗(EIS)等测试手段评价煤基电容炭的电化学性能。结果表明:随着KOH和SLC质量比增大,制备的煤基电容炭的比表面积和总孔体积均呈现增加趋势(最高值分别为2736.20 m^(2)/g和1.2968 cm^(3)/g);当KOH和SLC质量比为2.0:1时,煤基电容炭的比表面积为2517.80 m^(2)/g,微孔比表面积为2485.59 m^(2)/g(占比高达98.72%),此时,微孔孔体积最大(0.0648 cm^(3)/g);煤基电容炭在有机电解液两电极体系中表现出高质量比电容特性,在0.05 A/g的电流密度下质量比电容达到173.8 F/g,在10 A/g下仍保留有159.4 F/g的质量比电容,保留率为91.72%;煤基电容炭的充放电可逆性良好,具有典型的双电层电容特性。

γ-Al_(2)O_(3)/CuO-ACF电吸附除盐的影响因素及反应动力学

开发脱盐率高、寿命长的电极材料是电容去离子(CDI)水处理技术的研究热点之一。通过一锅水热法将层状CuAl双金属氧化物与活性碳纤维复合,成功制备了CDI电极(γ-Al_(2)O_(3)/CuO-ACF)。采用SEM、XRD、FTIR和CV测试对样品的形貌、结构和电极性能进行了表征。当初始NaCl浓度为500mg/L时,随着电压从0.8V逐渐增加到1.6V,两种电极的比吸附量、脱盐效率、电流效率和电耗均有所增加,γ-Al_(2)O_(3)/CuO-ACF的四项参数依次比ACF提高23.4%~55.3%、44.8%~82.0%、65.5%~90.0%和降低15.0%~21.4%。当腐殖酸浓度为5~10mg/L时,ACF脱盐效率下降明显,而γ-Al_(2)O_(3)/CuO-ACF脱盐效率仅在腐殖酸浓度10mg/L时略有下降。在15次循环后,NaCl溶液体系的脱盐效率保留率为96%;但由于腐殖酸的存在,该值下降为92%。两种电极的电吸附除盐过程遵循Langmuir等温吸附方程,表示盐离子在电极表面为单分子层物理吸附。与传统ACF电极相比,γ-Al_(2)O_(3)/CuO-ACF电极具有优异的可回收性、稳定性和增强的电化学特性。

基于超级电容活性炭电极的板式与卷式电容去离子装置的性能研究

电容去离子是一种节能环保的新兴盐水淡化技术,电极材料与装置是影响电容去离子性能的两大重要因素。分别对3种市售超级电容活性炭AC1、AC2、AC3进行表征并择优开展后续实验,结果表明,AC2活性炭的比表面积与比电容最大,分别为1908.4 m^(2)·g^(−1)和67.8 F·g^(−1),内部孔隙电阻最小。因此,以AC2为电极材料研究板式与卷式电容去离子装置在不同实验条件下的运行情况,发现2种装置的最佳工作电压均为1.6 V、温度均为25℃,最佳流速,板式装置为60 mL·min^(−1),卷式装置为360 mL·min^(−1)。在最佳工作条件下,卷式装置的单位面积脱盐量与电荷效率分别为1569.7 mg·m^(−2)和46.7%,远大于板式装置的696.5 mg·m^(−2)和11.3%,卷式装置具有更强的脱盐性能与能量利用率。

(NH_(4))_(2)S_(2)O_(8)/AC氧化改性电极材料的制备及性能表征

以煤质活性炭(AC)为研究对象,通过(NH_(4))_(2)S_(2)O_(8)氧化改性提高其电吸附性能。将活性炭材料制备成电极并在电容去离子技术(EST)下进行实验,对改性前后活性炭的表面形貌、表面官能团、孔结构变化进行对比分析。结果表明,活性炭经过1.5 mol/L的(NH_(4))_(2)S_(2)O_(8)改性后比电容最大;改性后的活性炭电极比电容增大,改性后相比改性前孔容、平均孔径均下降;改性后的材料表面光滑、杂质较少、孔隙结构发达、含氧官能团增多;利用单因素和Box-Behnken响应面法得到改性后材料制备的最佳工艺为:1.59 g的AC在54.22℃下氧化改性4.93 h,电极比电容为259.850 F/g,改性后电极的CV曲线证明由于其含有赝电容从而使电化学性能得到提高。

荷叶基活性炭-氧化铋纳米复合材料的制备及其在环保储能器件中的应用

本文用干枯的荷叶为原料,通过低温脱水、高温碳化及活化等工艺获得化学稳定高、导电性好、高比表面积的荷叶基生物质活性炭,然后通过水热法制备出一系列新型荷叶基活性炭-氧化铋纳米复合材料。采用电化学方法研究了荷叶基活性炭的活化温度和溶剂热反应温度对新型荷叶基活性炭-氧化铋纳米复合材料构筑的超级电容器赝电容行为的影响规律。研究结果表明新型荷叶基活性炭-氧化铋纳米复合材料的质量比电容随着荷叶基活性炭的活化温度的增加而先快速增大而后略微减小,在荷叶基活性炭的活化温度为600摄氏度时制备的荷叶基活性炭-氧化铋纳米复合材料的赝电容性能最优,其质量比电容为340.6 F·g^(-1)(电压扫描速率为5 mV·s^(-1));新型荷叶基活性炭-氧化铋纳米复合材料的质量比电容随着溶剂热反应温度的增加而先增大而后减小,在溶剂热反应温度为170摄氏度时制备的荷叶基活性炭-氧化铋纳米复合材料的赝电容性能最优,其质量比电容为536.3 F·g^(-1)(电流密度为1 A·g^(-1))。

Performance of activated carbon coated graphite bipolar electrodes on capacitive deionization method for salinity reduction

This research investigates a capacitive deionization method for salinity reduction in a batch reactor as a new approach for desalination.Reductions of cost and energy compared with conventional desalination methods are the significant advantages of this approach.In this research,experiments were performed with a pair of graphite bipolar electrodes that were coated with a one-gram activated carbon solution.After completing preliminary tests,the impacts of four parameters on electrical conductivity reduction,including(1)the initial concentration of feed solution,(2)the duration of the tests,(3)the applied voltage,and(4)the pH of the solution,were examined.The results show that the maximum efficiency of electrical conductivity reduction in this laboratory-scale reactor is about 55%.Furthermore,the effects of the initial concentration of feed solution are more significant than the other parameters.Thus,using the capacitive deionization method for water desalination with low and moderate salt concentrations(i.e.,brackish water)is proposed as an affordable method.Compared with conventional desalination methods,capacitive deionization is not only more efficient but also potentially more environmentally friendly.

堆叠碳纤维电极在膜电容去离子脱盐中的应用

为了提高电化学脱盐装置中电极总吸附容量及脱盐性能,提出一种将堆叠碳纤维作为电极,且在电极之间加入钛网提升电极片层间导电性的方法。采用控制变量法设计脱盐实验,考察进水盐质量浓度、堆叠碳纤维电极厚度、增加钛网导体对脱盐性能的影响,并从吸附热力学和动力学角度分析吸附过程。结果表明:堆叠碳纤维电极会导致脱盐效率有所下降,其每层吸附容量由9.74 mg/g下降到2.86 mg/g。但通过增加多层钛网作为导电体可以有效提升脱盐速度,当增加至3层时,装置的脱盐速度较单层提高了2.1倍。堆叠碳纤维电极可解决单层电极吸附容量有限和无法长时间处理高浓度含盐水的问题,加入钛网可有效提升多层电极的导电性,从而提升脱盐性能。所提方法可为多层电极的设计及提升电极导电性提供新思路,对于电容去离子的工程化应用具有指导意义。

基于活性炭电极的电容去离子技术制备纯水应用研究

电容去离子技术(CDI)是新型高效低耗的苦咸水淡化技术,本研究探讨了基于活性炭电极的CDI生产纯水的可行性。采用活性炭电极、石墨集流体、有机玻璃隔板等自行设计组装的CDI脱盐系统,以城市自来水为水源,研究了该脱盐系统的脱盐量、能耗、脱盐率、离子截留率、回收率和循环稳定性等。结果表明:活性炭BET比表面积为1586 m^(2)/g,平均孔径为2.08 nm,孔容积为0.82 cm^(3)/g,XPS分析表明该活性炭含碳、氧、氮的量分别为94.81%、4.10%和1.09%,表面含有少量的含氧官能团和含氮官能团;电容去离子技术可以制备出离子浓度0.06 mmol/L、溶解性总固体量低于5 mg/L的纯水,产水能耗仅为0.1155 kWh/m^(3),脱盐率为98.1%,对各离子截留率为78.6%~99.8%,水回收率达到80%,且脱盐系统经过吸附-脱附循环42次后,电极的脱盐性能保持稳定,循环性能良好。

活性炭电极数量对电容去离子系统脱盐性能的影响

在不使用离子交换膜的前提下,以活性炭为电极材料,通过构筑不同堆叠单元数量的电容去离子(CDI)系统,以12 mmol/L的NaCl溶液为模拟盐水,考察堆叠单元数量、进水流速对CDI系统产水规模、脱盐容量和能量效率等参数的影响。结果表明:流速4 mL/min下并联1、2、4对电极单元,CDI系统脱盐总量显著增加,分别为10.11、23.41和34.22 mg,且系统的平均脱盐浓度(ΔC)和热力学能量效率(ηTEE)随电极单元数量增加而显著增加,ΔC由2.16 mmol/L增加到7.31 mmol/L,ηTEE由0.66%增加到2.17%。在2对电极单元的CDI系统中,随着进水流速的增加,充电效率和脱盐容量(Q SAC)基本保持不变,系统的ΔC、ηTEE和产水能耗均显著降低。此外,当同比增加电极单元数量和进水流速时,1、2、4对电极单元的CDI系统的流速分别为4、8、16 mL/min,此时对应的脱盐总量分别为10.11、22.25和32.89 mg,且在80 W·h/m^(3)的产水能耗下,这3个CDI系统均能实现约2 mmol/L的平均脱盐浓度。因此,增加电极单元数量可以有效扩大CDI系统产水规模。