Triaxial tension and compression tests on saturated lime-treated plastic clay upon consolidated undrained conditions

Lime-treatment of clayey soil significantly increases its shear and tensile strengths.Consequently,the tensile strength of lime-treated soils deserves careful investigation because it may provide an appreciable benefit for the stability of earth structures.This study investigates the tensile and shear strengths of an untreated and lime-treated(3%of lime)plastic clay at different curing times(7 d,56 d and 300 d),through triaxial tension and compression tests.Triaxial tension tests are performed using“diabolo-shaped”soil samples with reduced central section,such that the central part of the specimen can be under axial tension while both end-sections remain in axial compression.Consolidated undrained(CU)conditions with measurement of pore water pressure allow analyzing the failure conditions through effective stress and total stress approaches.The results of triaxial tension tests reveal that the failure occurs under tensile mode at low confining pressure while extensional shear failure mode is observed under higher confining pressure.Consequently,a classical Mohr-Coulomb shear failure criterion must be combined with a cut-off tensile strength criterion that is not affected by the confining pressure.When comparing shear failure under compression and tension,a slight anisotropy is observed.

Microstructure Features and the Macroscopic Acoustic Behavior of Gassy Silt in the Yellow River Delta

The morphological changes in isolated bubbles in gassy silt play a critical role in the microscopic structures between soil particles and bubbles and macroscopic physical properties.Based on X-ray CT scanning experiments under various vertical loads(four levels),self-designed acoustic macro experiments,and a series of formula revisions to the macro-air-bearing silt sound-velocity prediction model,this paper discusses the macro-and micro-scale features of gassy silts from the Yellow River Delta.The samples consisted of different proportions of silt from the Yellow River Delta and porous media,and they were used to form two types of aerosol silts with initial gas contents of 4.23%and 7.67%.The results show that the air bubble content and external load considerably affect the microstructural parameters and acoustic behavior of gassy silt in the Yellow River Delta.The macroscopic sound velocity showed a linear positive correlation with vertical load and relation to microstructural parameters in varying manners and degrees.Based on the traditional Biot-Stoll acoustic model,the gas-phase medium coefficient was introduced for the proper calculation and prediction of the sound velocity of air-bearing silt.The errors of the overall prediction varied between 5.6%and 9.6%.

Dynamic characteristics of lime-treated expansive soil under cyclic loading

To better understand the dynamic properties of expansive clay treated with lime, a series of laboratory tests were conducted using a dynamic triaxial test system. The influential factors, including moisture content, confining pressure, vibration frequency, consolidation ratio, and cycle number on the dynamic characteristics were discussed. Experimental results indicate that specimens at low moisture contents tend to damage along the 30~ shear plane and they present brittle failure, while saturated specimens show swelling phenomenon and plastic failure. A redtiction in cohesion has been observed for unsaturated samples at large number of cycles, while it is opposite for the internal friction angle. For the saturated specimens, both the cohesion and internal friction angle decrease with increasing number of cycles.

Sensitivity Analysis of Multi-phase Seepage Parameters Affecting the Clayey Silt Hydrate Reservoir Productivity in the Shenhu Area,South China Sea

Natural gas hydrate(NGH)is an important future resource for the 21st century and a strategic resource with potential for commercial development in the third energy transition.It is of great significance to accurately predict the productivity of hydrate-bearing sediments(HBS).The multi-phase seepage parameters of HBS include permeability,porosity,which is closely related to permeability,and hydrate saturation,which has a direct impact on hydrate content.Existing research has shown that these multi-phase seepage parameters have a great impact on HBS productivity.Permeability directly affects the transmission of pressure-drop and discharge of methane gas,porosity and initial hydrate saturation affect the amount of hydrate decomposition and transmission process of pressure-drop,and also indirectly affect temperature variation of the reservoir.Considering the spatial heterogeneity of multi-phase seepage parameters,a depressurization production model with layered heterogeneity is established based on the clayey silt hydrate reservoir at W11 station in the Shenhu Sea area of the South China Sea.Tough+Hydrate software was used to calculate the production model;the process of gas production and seepage parameter evolution under different multi-phase seepage conditions were obtained.A sensitivity analysis of the parameters affecting the reservoir productivity was conducted so that:(a)a HBS model with layered heterogeneity can better describe the transmission process of pressure and thermal compensation mechanism of hydrate reservoir;(b)considering the multi-phase seepage parameter heterogeneity,the influence degrees of the parameters on HBS productivity were permeability,porosity and initial hydrate saturation,in order from large to small,and the influence of permeability was significantly greater than that of other parameters;(c)the production potential of the clayey silt reservoir should not only be determined by hydrate content or seepage capacity,but also by the comprehensive effect of the two;and(d)time scales need to be considered when studying the effects of changes in multi-phase seepage parameters on HBS productivity.

Strength and deformation behavior of the Yellow River silt under triaxial drained condition considering characteristic states

Currently,the application of the Yellow River silt in subgrade,especially in expressway subgrade,has not been widely promoted.The main reason is that the research on the mechanical characteristics of the Yellow River silt used for subgrade filling is extremely limited.In this study,the static shear test of the Yellow River silt under drained condition was carried out using Global Digital Systems(GDS)triaxial apparatus,and the effects of confining pressure,relative density and shear rate on the strength and deformation behavior of the Yellow River silt were investigated.The cohesive force of the Yellow River silt is low,and the friction angle is the main factor determining the shear strength.Friction angle at phase transformation stateφpt,friction angle at peak stateφps,friction angle at critical stateφcs,were obtained via the observation on the evolution law of mobilized friction angle during the whole shearing process.The friction angles corresponding to three different characteristic states have the following magnitude relationship,namelyφps>φcs>φpt.The strength parameters for low-grade subgrade and highgrade subgrade were chosen to be 29.33°and 33.75°.The critical state line(CSL),envelop of phase transformation(EOP),and envelop of dilatancy(EOD)for three different characteristic states were determined.The critical stress ratio M,the phase transformation stress ratio Mptand the dilatancy stress ratio Mdof the Yellow River silt are 1.199,1.235,1.152,respectively.These results provide a basis for the mechanical analysis of the Yellow River silt subgrades and the subsequent establishment of dynamic constitutive model of the Yellow River silt.

Factors Influencing the Thermal Conductivity of Silt in the Yellow River Delta

The thermal conductivity of marine sediments is an important thermophysical parameter in the study of seafloor heat flow and marine engineering construction.Understanding the effect of thermal conductivity of marine sediments in the environment has a major engineering value and theoretical significance.In this work,a modified test method was used to measure the thermal conductivity of silt in the Yellow River Delta under different void ratios,moisture contents,temperatures,and salinities.Results showed that the thermal conductivity of silt in the Yellow River Delta decreased with the increase in the void ratio and increased with the water content.Compared with sand and clay,silt in the Yellow River Delta was the least affected by the void ratio and moisture content.Under low temperatures,the heat transfer of soil was controlled by the average velocity of the phonons;therefore,the thermal conductivity of silt in the Yellow River Estuary increased with temperature.The thermal conductivity of pore water decreased with increasing salinity.Moreover,certain salinity levels resulted in a phenomenon known as the‘compressing twin electrical layer’,which led to an increase in the contact area between soil particles.With the increase in salinity,the thermal conductivity of silt in the Yellow River Delta experiences an initial decline and a subsequent increase.The proposed thermal conductivity test method is more accurate than the existing technique,and the findings provide a basis for further study on the thermal characteristics of submarine sediments.

Study on Mechanical Properties of High Fine Silty Basalt Fiber Shotcrete Based on Orthogonal Design

In order to improve the comprehensive utilization rate of highfines sand(HFS)produced by the mine,full solid waste shotcrete(HFS-BFRS)was prepared with HFS asfine aggregate in cooperation with basaltfiber(BF).The strength growth characteristics of HFS-BFRS were analyzed.And thefitting equation of compressive strength growth characteristics of HFS-BFRS under the synergistic effect of multiple factors was given.And based on the orthogonal experimental method,the effects on the compressive strength,splitting tensile strength andflex-ural strength of HFS-BFRS under the action of different levels of influencing factors were investigated.The effect of three factors on the mechanical properties of HFS-BFRS,3,and 28 d,respectively,was revealed by choosing the colloidal sand ratio(C/H),basaltfiber volume fraction(BF Vol)and naphthalene high-efficiency water reducing agent(FDN)as the design variables,combined with indoor tests and theoretical analysis.The results show that the sensitivity of the three factors on compressive strength andflexural strength is C/H>FDN>BF Vol,and split-ting tensile strength is BF Vol>FDN>C/H.Finally,thefitting ratio of HFS-BFRS was optimized by the factor index method,and the rationality was verified by thefield test.For thefluidity of HFS-BFRS,the slump can be improved by 139%under the action of 1.2%FDN,which guarantees the pump-ability of HFS-BFRS.

EICP与木质素联合改性粉土边坡抗雨蚀试验研究

通过设置6组试样,采用降雨试验,通过试样的表面侵蚀状况与冲蚀量、表面强度、碳酸钙含量的变化分析了改性后粉土边坡的抗雨蚀性能。试验结果表明:植物源酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀(EICP)与木质素联合改性试样并在表面喷洒EICP溶液后,试样表面完整度更好,表面强度及碳酸钙含量更高,质量损失更小,抗雨蚀能力明显提高,与其他试样的平均值相比,边坡土体侵蚀量降低了75.0%,表面强度提高了33.8%,碳酸钙含量提高了235.2%;坡面喷洒EICP溶液可形成硬壳层,有效避免坡面侵蚀;木质素可为碳酸钙提供成核位点,使分布散乱的碳酸钙附着在木质素上,添加木质素后试样碳酸钙含量提高,且表面强度随碳酸钙含量提高而增大。

河湖库淤积治理中底泥清淤的内涵与发展方向

淤积问题对我国的水利事业影响深远,而底泥清淤是近些年淤积治理中经常采用的措施。针对底泥清淤的现状和存在问题,系统梳理了底泥清淤这一学科交叉领域的相关理论、技术和方法;阐述了对底泥清淤的概念、内涵、类型及基本问题的科学理解;提出了淤积治理中底泥清淤必须明确的四大问题:为什么治理、治理什么、用什么方法治理以及对后续产物如何处置。依据淤积对河湖库产生的危害,可分为物理性淤积、化学性污染和生态性损害三种类型。分别讨论了工程清淤、环保清淤和生态清淤间的共性和差异。对底泥清淤工程在目的、目标、手段及后续处理处置方面的现状及存在问题进行了评述。未来底泥清淤势必成为一个长期存在的工程和管理行为,因此更加高效、低投入、绿色、可持续的底泥清淤技术,是行业必然的发展方向。

探地雷达在白洋淀湖底地层结构探测中的技术攻关与实践

白洋淀湖底地层调查对于白洋淀生态地质调查、湖底生态清淤及湿地生态保护具有非常重要的现实意义。为系统探明白洋淀湖底地层结构,从区域尺度对湖底地层实现完整刻画,为钻探调查提供精确的靶区数据支撑,创新了探地雷达应用范围,采用船载方式,透过水体开展了湖底地层勘查。剖析白洋淀湖底结构探地雷达勘探技术难点,分析了含底泥和不含底泥2种情形下水上勘探电磁波的传播特征和湖底原生地层的地球物理响应条件,建立了淀水+淤泥层+湖底原生地层的湖底简化结构模型。通过对比国内外主流探地雷达系统不同硬件设备的勘探能力与适应条件,优选出双皮划艇搭载50 MHz低频组合天线的工作模式,结合适用于水下电磁波弱信号提取的数据处理技术,获得了白洋淀湖底15 m深度范围的地层结构数据。结果表明,此种工作模式适用于湖区水深小于5 m的水域,原生地层电磁波整体呈现弱反射特征,湖底15 m深度范围内存在2~3组砂层反射界面。淤泥层会大大削弱湖底原生地层的电磁波反射强度。存在厚砂层的水域,电磁波会形成强反射波组,砂层展布形态刻画清晰,砂层厚度变化在0~3 m之间。本项研究实现了湖底地层结构建模分析、天线勘探模式优选、数据处理过程优化等技术集成。该技术成果为白洋淀淀区地下水与地表水三维地质建模提供了基础依据,为湖底地层钻探勘查提供了靶区支撑,有力推动了白洋淀湿地水-陆一体化探测技术方法体系的构建。

隧道施工引发粉土地面沉降模拟与分析

为研究黄泛区粉土地层内开挖双线地铁隧道对地上及其周边地面沉降的影响,以某双线地铁隧道开挖工程为例,考虑地下水、隧道间距对地面沉降的影响,采用流固耦合数值方法和理论分析方法对隧道施工引起的地面沉降规律进行分析。将数值模拟数据与Peck公式进行反演计算,并考虑隧道间隔和埋深的影响提出修正Peck公式,再结合叠加原理建立适用于双线隧道开挖引起地面沉降的修正叠加公式。结果表明:隧道开挖扰动地层将引起超静孔隙水压力现象;数值模拟与理论计算得到隧道间隔为4 m时,地面沉降曲线呈现“V”型,隧道间隔为8 m、12 m时,则沉降曲线呈现“U”形;粉土内开挖双线地铁隧道,地面容易受到扰动且沉降量大,随着隧道间距的增加,隧道上方土体沉降量逐渐减小;基于修正Peck公式计算结果与数值模拟结果基本一致,相对误差在3%左右,表明该公式具有很好的实用性。研究可为粉土地区隧道及地下工程建设提供理论依据和技术支撑。

冻融循环下低液限盐渍化粉土力学特性研究

为了研究冻融作用对低液限盐渍化粉土强度的影响,对不同初始含水率低液限盐渍化粉土进行冻融循环试验后,开展不固结不排水(UU)剪切和扫描电镜(SEM)试验,从宏微观角度揭示低液限盐渍化粉土强度的劣化机理。结果表明:未冻融时,含水率的改变不会引起低液限盐渍化粉土应力-应变曲线形态发生变化,均表现为软化型;在冻融作用下,含水率小于14%时试件的曲线形态不会发生改变,呈现软化型,高含水率的试件其应力-应变曲线形态会向着硬化性转变;通过分析冻融和含水率与破坏强度的关系,发现低液限盐渍化粉土破坏强度随含水率的提高呈现线性衰减,破坏强度随冻融循环次数的增加呈现指数型衰减,前3次冻融过程中破坏强度的衰减速率和幅度最大,随后趋于稳定;随着围压的增大,试件的应力-应变曲线会由软化型向硬化型过渡;在微观结构方面,冻融作用会改变土颗粒之间的接触形式,造成孔隙和裂隙的发育,冻融过程中微观结构的变异规律和宏观力学指标的劣化具有一致性。结合土体损伤力学,构建了冻融作用下的低液限盐渍化粉土黏聚力损伤劣化模型,冻融过程中的劣化度符合双曲线关系,最终劣化度A_(c)与含水率呈指数型关系,劣化速率B_(c)与含水率呈线性关系。

基于PFC模拟的饱和粉砂强度折减范围研究

为验证基于颗粒流程序(particle flow code,PFC)模拟的饱和粉砂土体变形和破坏状态下土力学参数与孔隙度的关系,以呼和浩特市地铁2号线公主府站至呼和浩特站盾构区间前期钻探土样为研究基础,对饱和粉砂进行一系列密度梯度的三轴不固结不排水室内试验,根据换算公式将密度指标转化为孔隙度指标,对孔隙度与内摩擦角之间的关系式以及孔隙度、围压与变形模量之间的定量关系式进行拟合。通过离散元法进行三轴数值模拟试验,监测试件在压剪过程中孔隙度随试件变形的变化规律,从而确定饱和粉砂在弹塑性变形阶段和破坏阶段土体孔隙度与变形模量及内摩擦角之间的关系。结果表明,土体强度随密度的增加而增加,基本呈现线性增加的规律。将孔隙度随土体应变变化的曲线对应到内摩擦角随孔隙度变化的拟合曲线中,可以得到饱和粉砂不同阶段土力学参数的取值范围,明确土体强度折减范围。通过PFC模拟曲线确定不同阶段对应的区段,为完善饱和粉砂强度折减规律分析提供了新的方法。

淤泥固化土动力特性及在直立护岸抗震分析中的应用

以大连临空产业园填海造地项目为背景,开展淤泥固化土动力特性试验研究。运用FLAC^(3D)有限元软件对不同地基处理方案的直立沉箱护岸在地震作用下进行动力响应模拟。从加速度响应、孔压与有效应力、残余变形等方面定量评价直立沉箱护岸结构的抗震安全性。动力特性试验结果表明:阻尼比与剪切应变和固化剂掺量呈正相关,且围压越高,阻尼越小。数值分析结果表明:在地震作用下,不同的地基条件下加速度放大系数呈现出不同的峰值;沉箱下方砂土层不液化;淤泥固化土地基上沉箱的残余变形小于原状淤泥地基且高水位能减小残余变形,提高沉箱的安全性。研究成果可为类似港口工程抗震设计提供参考。

固化和固结耦合作用下淤泥强度及浸出特性

板框压滤脱水已成为处理河湖清淤淤泥的常用手段.淤泥在进行板框压滤之前往往加入固化材料进行调理,因此,受到固化和固结的耦合作用.为了研究固化和固结耦合作用对淤泥力学性质和污染物浸出特性的影响,对添加水泥的淤泥进行固结试验,并分别从含水率、无侧限抗压强度和浸出浓度的角度与仅固化和仅固结的淤泥进行对比.试验结果发现,在固化和固结耦合作用下,淤泥含水率可降至60%以下,比仅固化和仅固结淤泥分别降低约22%和4%;固结作用加速了淤泥固化过程中的水化反应,淤泥的无侧限抗压强度在养护初期迅速增加,比仅固化淤泥提高30%~150%;固化和固结耦合作用对重金属镍和铬浸出浓度的影响最为显著,其浸出浓度比仅固化和仅固结淤泥可分别降低60%以上和90%以上.

超细地聚合物对河湖疏浚淤泥固化和重金属固结效果的影响

我国每年河湖疏浚产生大量废弃淤泥,这些淤泥固结周期长、固化强度低且含有大量重金属,难以进行资源化利用。采用超细偏高岭土地聚合物,研究其对淤泥固化强度、水稳系数和重金属固结效果的影响。结果表明:随着超细地聚合物掺量增加,淤泥固化土的强度逐渐增大,7 d无侧限抗压强度可达1.68 MPa,具有优异的淤泥固化效果;水稳系数先增大后减小,掺入超细偏高岭土的淤泥固化土水稳系数均达到了90%以上,是纯淤泥土的两倍以上。超细地聚合物对镉、铅等6种重金属离子均具有良好的固结效果,尤其是对镉和汞的固结作用最为显著,且各组淤泥固化土中6种重金属元素浸出量均未超过相关标准的要求。超细地聚合物对淤泥具有良好的固化和重金属固结效果,与普通硅酸盐水泥固化材料有较大区别。

长期循环荷载下黄泛区黄河泥沙的变形特性及安定性分析

随着国家“黄河高质量发展”战略的提出,沿黄工程建设飞速发展,填筑土体材料需求量剧增,建筑资源短缺的问题突显。黄河泥沙作为一种新型工程填料,其资源利用前景被相关部门和研究人员重视。为研究长期循环荷载作用下的黄河泥沙的动力服役特性,选取黄河泥沙典型试样,基于GDS三轴试验系统进行了排水条件下的大周次(10000次)循环三轴试验,结合安定理论系统分析围压、循环应力比、加载频率和密实度对黄河泥沙变形特性的影响,并对黄河泥沙的长期动力稳定性进行研究。研究结果表明:累积应变和回弹应变随着围压的增大而增大,随着频率的升高和密实度的增大而减小,循环应力比较小时,应变累积在加载初期几百次循环内就迅速稳定;随着循环应力比增大,应变的发展逐渐具有蠕变的性质,在5000次循环后仍不断累积;随着循环应力比继续增大,轴向应变将在加载初期迅速增大,泥沙试样在很少的周次内达到破坏状态。通过与代表性的相似土体进行对比,发现黄河泥沙的蠕变性介于粉土和砂砾土之间。基于黄河泥沙的安定性分析,提出了黄河泥沙容许循环应力比的表达式,用以初步判断排水状态下黄河泥沙的长期动力稳定状态。研究结果为泥沙土在实际工程中的进一步应用和推广提供了参数支撑。

南京长江漫滩废弃粉土改良用作路基填料的室内试验研究

为实现基坑开挖废弃粉土的资源化利用,研究了水泥、石灰改良长江漫滩粉土路基的工程力学特征及稳定性。通过击实试验、无侧限抗压强度试验、水稳性试验和微观试验,分析改良粉土的强度特性及耐久性变化规律,论证长江漫滩粉土作为路基填料的可行性。结果表明:掺加水泥、石灰后,土体力学性能得到大幅改善;不同掺量下浸水5 d,改良土的水稳系数均大于0.6,水稳系数随水泥掺量的增加而增加,随石灰掺量的增加先增大后减小。微观试验表明,水泥、石灰在土体中生成的胶凝物质对土颗粒具有包裹和联结作用。综合考虑改良土的强度和水稳性,经过改良后,长江漫滩粉土可以作为路基填料,建议水泥、石灰改良土的最佳组合配比为6%水泥+6%石灰,在此掺量下,改良土体的28 d无侧限抗压强度为2.05 MPa,浸水5 d后的水稳系数为0.76,具有较好的路用力学性能。

细粒砂矿物成分及粒径配比对CO_(2)水合物合成特性影响的实验研究

在冻土层中用水合物法封存CO_(2)是一种具有潜力和前景的CO_(2)封存技术。为探究地层性质对CO_(2)封存的影响,在初始压力5.5 MPa、温度1.27℃的条件下,在不同细粒砂矿物成分及粒径配比的影响下进行了CO_(2)水合物合成实验,对实验过程中CO_(2)水合物生成过程的压力-温度变化、CO_(2)水合物平均生成速率、CO_(2)耗气量和相饱和度等进行了分析。结果表明,细粒砂与粗粒砂粒径配比(各组分质量比,下同)为1.0:2.0时的CO_(2)水合物平均生成速率最小(12.60 mmol/min),随着粗粒砂比例的增大,比表面积减少,CO_(2)水合物平均生成速率变慢。蒙脱石黏土不利于CO_(2)水合物生成,粉砂组(含细粒砂与粗粒砂)CO_(2)水合物平均生成速率高于粉砂质黏土组(含细粒砂和蒙脱石黏土),且粉砂组实验更容易实现高的水合物饱和度和CO_(2)耗气量,因此在矿物成分含细粒砂与粗粒砂的区域更适合进行CO_(2)封存。细粒砂与粗粒砂或黏土矿物粒径配比为1.0:0.5时的CO_(2)耗气量分别为0.86 mol、0.77 mol,随着粗粒砂和黏土矿物比例的增大,水合物相饱和度和CO_(2)耗气量均逐渐减小,细粒砂与粗粒砂或黏土矿物粒径配比为1.0:0.5时是适合水合物法封存CO_(2)的比例。

三沙湾潮滩涨落潮和大小潮冲淤特征及其动力机制

潮滩不同尺度的变化规律一直是地表过程研究的核心之一。利用声学多普勒流速仪(ADV)、温盐深(CTD)、光学后向散射浊度计(OBS)对三沙湾潮滩涨落潮和大小潮冲淤及动力变化进行了高精度的观测。结果发现,潮周期内,潮滩冲淤呈现涨潮初期冲刷-落潮末期淤积-中间时段稳定的特征,涨潮初期水深<1 m的30 min内平均冲刷4.05 mm,落潮末期水深<1 m的30 min内平均淤积3.72 mm,中间时段动态稳定;大小潮周期内,呈现中潮到小潮平均淤积3.4 mm,小潮到大潮平均冲刷8.2 mm的特征。通过流速、紊动能、水深、悬沙浓度等因子与冲淤的相关性分析发现,潮周期内,流速和紊动能的增减决定涨潮初期冲刷和落潮末期淤积的变化;大小潮周期内,涨潮冲刷大于落潮淤积的特性决定了大潮到小潮阶段的冲刷,涨潮冲刷小于落潮淤积决定了小潮到大潮阶段的淤积。涨落潮周期和大小潮潮周期的冲淤机制为潮滩动力地貌和动力沉积学研究提供了一定的参考。