We think we should use basic return rate of industry to measure the opportunity cost of capital and use the rule of Maximum NPV （Net Present Value） to modify the wrong solution in the book.
A scheme based on treating uniform singlet-pair and triplet-pair interactions is suggested to extrapolate electron correlation energy of ammonia, calculated at two basis-set levels of ab initio theory in the infinite ...A scheme based on treating uniform singlet-pair and triplet-pair interactions is suggested to extrapolate electron correlation energy of ammonia, calculated at two basis-set levels of ab initio theory in the infinite one-electron basis-set limit. The dual-level method is tested on the extrapolation of the full correlation in coupled-cluster singles and doubles and in the case also a noniterative perturbative correction for connected triple energies for the C3v and D3h structures of ammonia, with correlation-consistent basis sets of the type cc-pVXZ （X = D, T, Q, 5, 6） and aug-cc-pVXZ （X = D, T, Q, 5）. For testing and comparison purposes, the energies reported by Klopper [J. Comput. Chem. 22 1306 （2001）] have been taken. From a corresponding extrapolation of CCSD（T）/AVXZ energies for X = 4, 5, we obtain total inversion barriers of 1833.87 cm-1/1832.33 cm^-1 for the two/three-parameter extrapolation rules, which are in good agreement with other theoretical extrapolation and empirical values in the literature.展开更多
The application of a novel Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method called Fitness Distance Ratio PSO (FDR PSO) algorithm is described in this paper to determine the optimal power dispatch of the Independent Power Pro...The application of a novel Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method called Fitness Distance Ratio PSO (FDR PSO) algorithm is described in this paper to determine the optimal power dispatch of the Independent Power Producers (IPP) with linear ramp model and transient stability constraints of the power producers. Generally the power producers must respond quickly to the changes in load and wheeling transactions. Moreover, it becomes necessary for the power producers to reschedule their power generation beyond their power limits to meet vulnerable situations like credible contingency and increase in load conditions. During this process, the ramping cost is incurred if they violate their permissible elastic limits. In this paper, optimal production costs of the power producers are computed with stepwise and piecewise linear ramp rate limits. Transient stability limits of the power producers are also considered as addi-tional rotor angle inequality constraints while solving the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problem. The proposed algo-rithm is demonstrated on practical 10 bus and 26 bus systems and the results are compared with other optimization methods.展开更多
为了解城镇污水处理厂不同提标改造要求对成本的影响程度,围绕水环境质量改善目标,提出城镇污水处理厂排放限值的分级体系设计.在排放浓度分级方面,梳理现行国家和地方城镇污水处理厂排放标准,将其主要水污染物的排放浓度限值分为四级,...为了解城镇污水处理厂不同提标改造要求对成本的影响程度,围绕水环境质量改善目标,提出城镇污水处理厂排放限值的分级体系设计.在排放浓度分级方面,梳理现行国家和地方城镇污水处理厂排放标准,将其主要水污染物的排放浓度限值分为四级,按照从宽到严的顺序,分别为GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准(四级)、GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》中准Ⅴ类水质标准(三级)、准Ⅳ类水质标准(二级)和准Ⅲ类水质标准(一级)的浓度水平,并对从四级分别提高到三级、二级和一级排放限值进行技术经济评估.结果表明:对于一座设计规模为10×10^(4) t/d的城镇污水处理厂,由四级分别提高到三级、二级和一级,需增加的成本和占地面积逐步提高.当排放限值从四级提高到一级时,成本与占地面积增加最多,其中投资成本增加1.1×10^(8)~1.4×10^(8)元,运行成本增加1.6~1.8元t,土地占用面积增加2000 m 2.以某中等城市为例,提标到最严格的一级限值最高需要增加投资成本24.4×10^(8)~31.1×10^(8)元,新增运行成本13.0×10^(8)~14.6×10^(8)元a,增加占地面积6.8×10^(4) m 2.研究显示,城镇污水处理厂出水可直接与水质改善目标相衔接,且将大幅度增加污水处理厂的成本.展开更多
文摘We think we should use basic return rate of industry to measure the opportunity cost of capital and use the rule of Maximum NPV （Net Present Value） to modify the wrong solution in the book.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.11274149 and 11374353)the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province,China (Grant No.20121032)+2 种基金the Scientific Research Foundation for Doctors of Liaoning Universitythe Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Universitythe Program of Shenyang Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology,China (Grant No.F12-254-1-00)
文摘A scheme based on treating uniform singlet-pair and triplet-pair interactions is suggested to extrapolate electron correlation energy of ammonia, calculated at two basis-set levels of ab initio theory in the infinite one-electron basis-set limit. The dual-level method is tested on the extrapolation of the full correlation in coupled-cluster singles and doubles and in the case also a noniterative perturbative correction for connected triple energies for the C3v and D3h structures of ammonia, with correlation-consistent basis sets of the type cc-pVXZ （X = D, T, Q, 5, 6） and aug-cc-pVXZ （X = D, T, Q, 5）. For testing and comparison purposes, the energies reported by Klopper [J. Comput. Chem. 22 1306 （2001）] have been taken. From a corresponding extrapolation of CCSD（T）/AVXZ energies for X = 4, 5, we obtain total inversion barriers of 1833.87 cm-1/1832.33 cm^-1 for the two/three-parameter extrapolation rules, which are in good agreement with other theoretical extrapolation and empirical values in the literature.
文摘The application of a novel Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method called Fitness Distance Ratio PSO (FDR PSO) algorithm is described in this paper to determine the optimal power dispatch of the Independent Power Producers (IPP) with linear ramp model and transient stability constraints of the power producers. Generally the power producers must respond quickly to the changes in load and wheeling transactions. Moreover, it becomes necessary for the power producers to reschedule their power generation beyond their power limits to meet vulnerable situations like credible contingency and increase in load conditions. During this process, the ramping cost is incurred if they violate their permissible elastic limits. In this paper, optimal production costs of the power producers are computed with stepwise and piecewise linear ramp rate limits. Transient stability limits of the power producers are also considered as addi-tional rotor angle inequality constraints while solving the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problem. The proposed algo-rithm is demonstrated on practical 10 bus and 26 bus systems and the results are compared with other optimization methods.
文摘为了解城镇污水处理厂不同提标改造要求对成本的影响程度,围绕水环境质量改善目标,提出城镇污水处理厂排放限值的分级体系设计.在排放浓度分级方面,梳理现行国家和地方城镇污水处理厂排放标准,将其主要水污染物的排放浓度限值分为四级,按照从宽到严的顺序,分别为GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准(四级)、GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》中准Ⅴ类水质标准(三级)、准Ⅳ类水质标准(二级)和准Ⅲ类水质标准(一级)的浓度水平,并对从四级分别提高到三级、二级和一级排放限值进行技术经济评估.结果表明:对于一座设计规模为10×10^(4) t/d的城镇污水处理厂,由四级分别提高到三级、二级和一级,需增加的成本和占地面积逐步提高.当排放限值从四级提高到一级时,成本与占地面积增加最多,其中投资成本增加1.1×10^(8)~1.4×10^(8)元,运行成本增加1.6~1.8元t,土地占用面积增加2000 m 2.以某中等城市为例,提标到最严格的一级限值最高需要增加投资成本24.4×10^(8)~31.1×10^(8)元,新增运行成本13.0×10^(8)~14.6×10^(8)元a,增加占地面积6.8×10^(4) m 2.研究显示,城镇污水处理厂出水可直接与水质改善目标相衔接,且将大幅度增加污水处理厂的成本.
