An approach for determination of lateral limit angle in kinematic planar sliding analysis for rock slopes

Planar sliding is one of the frequently observed types of failure in rock slopes.Kinematic analysis is a classic and widely used method to examine the potential failure modes in rock masses.The accuracy of planar sliding kinematic analysis is significantly influenced by the value assigned to the lateral limit angleγlim.However,the assignment ofγlim is currently used generally based on an empirical criterion.This study aims to propose an approach for determining the value ofγlim in deterministic and probabilistic kinematic planar sliding analysis.A new perspective is presented to reveal thatγlim essentially influences the probability of forming a potential planar sliding block.The procedure to calculate this probability is introduced using the block theory method.It is found that the probability is correlated with the number of discontinuity sets presented in rock masses.Thus,different values ofγlim for rock masses with different sets of discontinuities are recommended in both probabilistic and deterministic planar sliding kinematic analyses;whereas a fixed value ofγlim is commonly assigned to different types of rock masses in traditional method.Finally,an engineering case was used to compare the proposed and traditional kinematic analysis methods.The error rates of the traditional method vary from 45%to 119%,while that of the proposed method ranges between 1%and 17%.Therefore,it is likely that the proposed method is superior to the traditional one.

Joint member angle limits of composite beams and CFT square columns

This work aims to understand the relationship between the member angle limit and the energy ratio for 24 test samples of composite beams and CFT square steel tube columns. This work also compares the formula applicability for member angle limit with the previous test result to provide the basic data for the design of composite beam-CFT column. The evaluation of the member angle limit was performed with concrete compressive strength (fC =22.16 MPa, 30.49 MPa), breadth-to-thickness ratio (B/t=25.0, 33.3, 43.5), and axial capacity ratio (N/N0=0, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) as the main variables of the test samples. For the relationship between the member angle limit (Ru) and the energy ratio (ES/EC ), the test result shows that the energy ratio becomes lower as the axial capacity ratio and the breadth-to-thickness ratio increase. The energy ratio is lower for the Type B test sample compared with that of Types A and C. For the formula suggested by SATO, the test samples are distributed evenly for comparison between test values and the member angle limit; however, other formulas indicate a deviation. Specifically, for the comparison between R u,cal and R u (Test), Maeda's formula shows severe deviation.

Combined treatment of phacoemulsification and single-port limited pars plana vitrectomy in acute angle-closure glaucoma

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of combined treatment of phacoemulsification(PE) and micro-incisional single-port transconjunctival limited pars plana vitrectomy(PPV) in acute angle-closure glaucoma(AACG).METHODS: A retrospective study included 26 patients who underwent PE diagnosed with AACG. Among them, 16 patients(16 eyes) underwent PE alone, 10 patients(10 eyes) underwent combined limited vitrectomy and PE. Then we compared intraocular pressure(IOP), anterior chamber angle, anterior chamber depth, central corneal thickness and corneal endothelial cell count before and after surgery, and effective PE time during cataract surgery.RESULTS: Effective PE time was shorter in the combined surgery group than in the single surgery group(P=0.040). There was no statistically significant difference in IOP and best-corrected visual acuity between the two groups postoperatively. At 6 mo postoperatively, there was no difference in the anterior chamber angle, anterior chamber depth, and central corneal thickness between two groups, but corneal endothelial cell count was higher in the combined surgery group than in the single surgery group(P=0.046). No complication such as vitreoretinal disease, endophthalmitis, bullous keratopathy was noted.CONCLUSION: Combined micro-incisional single-port transconjunctival limited PPV and PE are more effective and safer than PE alone because of less operation time and fewer complications for management of AACG.

Investigation on the effect of beam divergence angle upon output waveform based on stimulated Brillouin scattering optical limiting

This paper investigates the effect of beam divergence angle on output waveform based on stimulated Brillouin scattering optical limiting.Output waveforms in the case of different pump divergence angles are numerically simulated,and validated in a Nd：YAG seed-injected laser system.The results indicate that a small pump divergence angle can lead to good interaction between pump and Stokes,and a platform can be easily realized in the transmitted waveform.In contrast,a peak followed by the platform appears when the divergence angle becomes large.

New Approach for Limited-Angle Problems in Electron Microscope Based on Compressed Sensing

New advances within the recently rediscovered field of Compressed Sensing (CS) have opened for a great variety of new possibilities in the field of image reconstruction and more specifically in medical image reconstruction. In this work, a new approach using a CS-based algorithm is proposed and used in order to solve limited-angle problems (LAPs), like the ones that typically occur in computed tomography or electron microscope. This approach is based on a variant of the Robbins-Monro stochastic approximation procedure, developed by Egaziarian, using regularization by a spatially adaptive filter. This proposal consists on filling the gaps of missing or unobserved data with random noise and enabling a spatially adaptive denoising filter to regularize the data and reveal the underlying topology. This method was tested on different 3D transmission electron microscope datasets that presented different missing data artifacts (e.g, wedge or cone shape). The test results show a great potential for solving LAPs using the proposed technique.

Fall cone tests considering water content, cone penetration index, and plasticity angle of fine-grained soils

This paper analyzed the consistency of some parameters of soils in the literature and experimental results from fall cone test and its application to soil plasticity classification.Over 500 data from both literatures and experiments using fall cone and Casagrande methods were compiled to assess the relationships among specified water content,cone penetration index ebT,and plasticity angle eaT of finegrained soils.The results indicate that no unique correlation exists among b,liquid limit of the fall cone test(LLc)and a.The water content at 1 mm cone penetration eC0T correlates well with b,plasticity ratio eRpT(i.e.the ratio of plastic limit to liquid limit),and a.Finally,the potential of using the btan a diagram to classify soil plasticity was also discussed.

Effect of Helix Pitch Angle on the Modal Dispersion Characteristic of Step-Index Optical Fiber

The general characteristic equation is derived for the helically cladded step-index optical fiber. The dispersion curves are drawn for the different pitch angles Ψ and mode order ν = 1. The effect of helix pitch angle on the dispersion characteristics and also on the modal cut-off condition is examined. Except for the lowest order mode, all the modes appear in pairs. The lowest order mode displays the negative dispersion for the some value of normalized frequency V and depends on the helix pitch angle Ψ.

浅圆仓地震侧压力计算公式推导与分析

仓壁侧压力是浅圆仓抗震设计的重要参数,在规范中没有给出确切的浅圆仓仓壁地震侧压力的理论计算公式。对此,基于极限平衡法,将浅圆仓看作特殊的曲线挡墙,取单位弧长的滑动楔体为研究对象,采用拟静力法与旋转地震角法简化地震力以进行极限平衡分析,并推导出浅圆仓锥堆与平堆工况下的地震侧压力计算公式。通过算例分析,比较满仓状态下地震侧压力的实测数据值及理论计算值,初步验证公式的正确性。对地震侧压力进行数值模拟与参数分析,结果表明模型拟合效果良好,仓壁摩擦力影响较大,在计算中不可忽视;在平堆工况下半径取值对大直径浅圆仓地震侧压力的影响较小,可将其简化为直线挡墙计算。研究成果可为完善筒仓规范中地震侧压力的计算推导提供一定的参考依据。

A new slope optimization design based on limit curve method

A new method is proposed for slope optimization design based on the limit curve method, where the slope is in the limit equilibrium state when the limit slope curve determined by the slip-line field theory and the slope intersect at the toe of the slope. Compared with the strength reduction (SR) method, finite element limit analysis method, and the SR method based on Davis algorithm, the new method is suitable for determining the slope stability and limit slope angle (LSA). The optimal slope shape is determined based on a series of slope heights and LSA values, which increases the LSA by 2.45°-11.14° and reduces an invalid overburden amount of rocks by 9.15%, compared with the space mechanics theory. The proposed method gives the objective quantification index of instability criterion, and results in a significant engineering economy.

Limitations of Lightning Rods in Preventing Direct Lightning Strikes

Since ancient times,lightning disasters have undoubtedly been an unstoppable threat to humanity.During thunderstorms,lightning often damages objects on the ground,such as buildings and structures.Since Franklin invented the lightning rod in 1752,lightning rods have been used worldwide to prevent direct lightning strikes in various fields such as high-voltage power transmission lines,outdoor chemical sites,highways,land and sea wind farms,and forest lightning fire protection.It has been proven that lightning accidents still occur frequently in places where lightning rods are installed and the protective angle method is used.In order to further study the protective effect of lightning rods and identify the shortcomings of lightning rod protection,negative lightning strikes are taken as the research object,to analyze the limitations of lightning rods in preventing direct lightning strikes from the working principle of lightning rods.

型钢混凝土T形截面剪力墙基于性能的变形限值研究

为更好地评估T形截面型钢混凝土(steel reinforced concrete,SRC)剪力墙变形性能,采用ABAQUS有限元软件对按照规范设计的324个T形截面SRC剪力墙构件的破坏形态和变形性能进行研究,根据收集的试验数据分析构件的破坏形态,提出T形截面SRC剪力墙的破坏形态划分准则;以构件的各材料应变极限值为准则来判别构件的性能状态,考虑轴压比、剪跨比、弯剪比、腹板暗柱配钢率、暗柱纵筋配筋率及箍筋暗柱特征值对构件变形性能的影响。对不同性能状态变形限值和参数进行线性回归分析,得到不同破坏类型下各性能状态位移角限值计算式;按规范ASCE 41修正各性能状态变形限值的失效概率,得到具有15%、20%、35%失效概率保证的各性能状态变形限值取值表。研究表明:剪跨比、轴压比对构件各性能状态位移角限值影响较大,暗柱腹板配钢率、纵筋配筋率及箍筋特征值对构件位移角限值影响相对较小,但能提高其延性。按规范ASCE 41修正后的位移角限值取值较为合理且有一定的安全储备。为T形截面SRC剪力墙基于性能的抗震设计与性能评估提供参考。

基于桨距角控制的永磁风电机组高电压穿越控制策略

为解决传统永磁风电机组高电压穿越控制策略存在超速脱网风险问题,提出一种基于桨距角控制的高电压穿越控制策略。高电压穿越期间,首先,按照并网要求向电网提供无功支撑;其次,考虑转子转速限制,当转子转速达到参考值时启动桨距角控制,抑制转子转速上升;最后,通过仿真试验,验证了所提控制策略的有效性。基于桨距角控制的永磁风电机组高电压穿越控制策略,既能向电网提供无功支撑,又能避免超速脱网。

上软下硬复合地层盾构隧道开挖面稳定性分析

针对上软下硬复合地层条件下盾构隧道开挖面的稳定性问题,依托深惠城际2标实际工况,分析不同软硬比及土体参数对开挖面极限支护压力的影响。利用颗粒流数值模拟分析土体的失稳模式,借助极限分析法建立符合开挖面失稳轮廓的理论计算模型,将理论计算结果与既往文献及实际工程进行比较分析。结果表明:当隧道开挖面主动失稳时,变形主要集中在软土层,硬岩层的变形较少;随着开挖面软硬比的增大,隧道开挖面的极限支护压力也增大;开挖面的极限支护压力与隧道埋深比无关,与土体内摩擦角成反比。

基于离散元模拟的不同挡土墙位移模式下非极限主动土压力

针对刚性挡土墙主动位移过程中砂土非极限主动土压力问题,利用PFC 2D分别对挡土墙绕墙顶转动(RB)模式、绕墙顶转动(RT)模式和平动(T)模式下砂土主动破坏过程进行模拟分析。分析结果表明,不同位移模式下土体内摩擦角及墙土摩擦角调动规律存在差异。挡土墙主动位移过程中,RB模式下土体破坏从墙顶开始,向墙脚发展,土楔体内部只有靠近墙背侧区域出现主应力偏转现象,并且土楔体中内摩擦角调动值均能达到极限值。RT模式下,土体破坏沿着墙背和滑裂面从墙脚开始,向土体表面发展,墙后土楔体中上部区域主应力偏转角度较大,形成了大主应力拱,与此对应的是该区域内摩擦角调动值相对初始内摩擦角减小。T模式下,土体破坏分别沿着墙背从墙顶向墙脚发展以及沿着滑裂面从墙脚向土体表面发展,墙后土楔体内部会出现小主应力拱,且内摩擦角调动值从初始内摩擦角增加,但达不到极限值。

金属矿急倾斜矿体开采地表移动范围理论分析初探

为揭示金属矿急倾斜矿体开采地表移动规律,有效预测地表移动范围,以弓长岭铁矿急倾斜矿体开采上盘地表移动为例,考虑地形、废石回填、采深3个因素,建立了用于计算地表主应力分布与易开裂范围的力学模型。基于力学模型,将移动角与地表易开裂范围建立了力学联系,并对移动角进行了补充定义:由最深部开采层边缘向地表作直线,位移为0且使地表开裂范围最大的直线即为移动边界线,移动边界线与水平方向的夹角即为移动角。提出了借助力学模型计算移动角的试算法:预设不同的移动角,由力学模型计算得到的地表最大易开裂范围所对应的预设移动角即为真实移动角。在得到真实移动角后,由力学模型可确定地表易开裂范围与深度。同时,借助极限平衡原理将地表易开裂范围与块体滑移建立了力学联系,提出了地表潜在陷落范围的计算方法:对地表易开裂区内不同开裂点对应的潜在滑移块体列极限平衡方程,依次判别块体是否会发生剪切滑移,可确定地表潜在陷落范围。经计算,弓长岭铁矿下盘含铁带地下开采对上盘地表的移动角为60°,上盘地表具有初次滑移风险的位置距离初采位置的水平距离为130 m,潜在滑移角为55°。根据弓长岭铁矿露天与地下联合开采的现场经验,利用废石及时对地下采空区进行密实回填,并通过优化联合开采时空顺序与开采强度可有效控制地表移动,实现露天与地下安全联合开采。

基于实际触发角响应的连续换相失败抑制方法

针对逆变侧交流故障下高压直流(line commutated converter-high voltage direct current,LCC-HVDC)输电系统易引发连续换相失败问题,该文分阶段分析了连续换相失败的产生机理。明确了当产生触发角偏差后,直流电流调节效果与实际触发角不匹配是连续换相失败的重要诱因。同时不对称故障后,负序分量通过极控、阀控两级控制系统对实际触发角造成的影响,增加连续换相失败的风险。因此提出了一种基于实际触发角响应的连续换相失败抑制方法,通过实际触发角修正整流侧电流指令值。与此同时,该方法通过陷波器降低负序电流对极控层触发角指令值的影响,通过相序解耦控制器和换相电压相位补偿降低负序电压对阀控层触发角实际值的影响。该方法能实现动态、自适应的电流指令值调整,提升恢复过程中直流电流与实际触发角的匹配度,提升直流系统抵御连续换相失败能力。在CIGRE标准测试模型和实际工程模型中,验证了理论分析的正确性和优化方法的有效性。

螺纹参数误差对钻杆接头密封性的影响分析

为探究钻杆接头螺纹参数极限误差对其密封性的影响,基于API NC38钻杆接头,分析了锥度、牙侧角和螺距3种螺纹参数极限误差的存在情况,建立了12种内、外螺纹极限误差组合的钻杆接头有限元模型,分析了不同误差组合的钻杆接头在上扣扭矩单独作用、上扣扭矩和轴向载荷组合作用下的密封性和应力分布。分析结果表明:螺距极限误差对钻杆接头密封性影响最为明显,且极易出现接触面屈服失效的情况;锥度极限误差使钻杆接头在受拉伸载荷时密封性显著降低;内外螺纹牙侧角极限误差变化情况相反时,钻杆接头局部出现塑性变形,影响密封效果。因此钻杆接头螺纹加工时有必要进一步控制螺纹参数的误差范围,避免出现标准规定的极限误差,降低钻杆接头密封失效的风险。研究结果可为快速、安全钻井提供技术支撑。

着角与攻角联合作用下薄芳纶层合板抗平头弹侵彻性能

为探究着角和攻角对薄芳纶层合板抗平头弹侵彻性能的影响,建立了三维有限元仿真模型,对4 mm厚芳纶层合板在着角单独作用下以及着/攻角联合作用下的弹道行为进行了计算.通过弹丸的剩余速度、靶板的极限弹道速度及穿孔能量阈值反映了芳纶层合板的抗侵彻性能,分析了其在不同工况下的变形与破坏机理.结果表明:薄芳纶层合板的弹道极限速度随初始着角的增加先减小后增大;随着入射速度的增大和初始着角的减小,着角改变量和攻角改变量均有减小的趋势;对于固定的着角,负攻角不利于子弹侵彻,正攻角有利于侵彻.

Development of swashplateless helicopter blade pitch control system using the limited angle direct-drive motor(LADDM)

It can be greatly beneficial to remove the swashplate of conventional helicopter, because the swashplate is usually complicated, aerodynamically resistive, and obstacle of more complex pitch control for improving performance. The present technologies for helicopter vibration reduction are usually narrow in effective range or requiring additional actuators and signal transfer links, and more effective technology is desired. Helicopter blade pitch control system, which is removed of swashplate and integrated high-frequency pitch control function for active vibration reduction, is likely the suitable solution at current technical level. Several potential implementation schemes are discussed, such as blades being directly or indirectly driven by actuators mounted in rotating frame and application of different types of actuators, especially implementation schemes of electro-mechanical actuator with or without gear reducer. It is found that swashplateless blade pitch control system based on specially designed limited angle direct-drive motor （LADDM） is a more practical implementation scheme. An experimental prototype of the finally selected implementation scheme has been designed, fabricated and tested on rotor tower. The test results show considerable feasibility of the swashplateless helicopter blade pitch control system using the LADDM.