Phase Diagram Estimation of the Al_2O_3-SiO_2-Re_2O_3 Systems

Nine limiting binaries of Al 2O 3 SiO 2 Re 2O 3 (Re=Nd,Sm,Gd and La) system are assessed. The binary diagrams or experimental information from Toropov, Mizuno, Aramaki, Bondar, Rolin and Coutures are optimized with the substitutional model of Kaufman and Nesor and the approximate formula of fusion free energy for rare earth element oxides of Wu and Pelton. The extracted Gibbs free energies of pure solid oxides and stoichiometric phases and the solution parameters are used to estimate the corresponding binaries, liquidus surfaces and a series of isothermal sections of four ternaries Al 2O 3 SiO 2 Nd 2O 3, Al 2O 3 SiO 2 Sm 2O 3, Al 2O 3 SiO 2 Gd 2O 3, and Al 2O 3 SiO 2 La 2O 3. In the Al 2O 3 SiO 2 Gd 2O 3 system samples as fired at exact temperature with different compositions were analyzed by X ray diffractometer and the detected results are fitted with the calculation of isothermal sections.

Nay or Jain Nyay 2： Logic of Atheism of Jain Dharm

Ethos and logos of the Jain thought and practice （world view） is based on reality perceived by senses. Atheistic roots of Jain Dharm have nourished growth, maintained viability and vitality, and kept it relevant for over the last five millennia. Unlike Judeo-Christian-Islam or Brahminical faith, it does not rely on omniscient supreme or god. Its atheistic and anti-theistic thrust is generally known, yet its followers do not call themselves Nastik （non-believers）. They emphasize action-consequence relations as guide for successful behaviors with ethical conduct. The basis of their arguments follows from the Jain logic （Saptbhangi Syad Nay） of evidence based inference with multiple orthogonal affirmed assertions （Jain 2011）. It conserves information by acknowledging the remaining doubt in an inference. It does not assume binary complementation to force closure for deduction with incomplete knowledge which leads to self-reference and loss of information. This approach offers a rational and practical alternative to conundrum of western atheism even though its arguments are logical and consistent with available evidence. It also obviates need to extract religious morality from social mores. Objective truth and knowledge of established generalizations is necessary but not sufficient for subjective searches to shape desires and for what the future ought to be.

Analysis of Strehl ratio limit with superresolution binary phase filters

Several pupil filtering techniques have been developed in the last few years to obtain transverse superresolution （a narrower point spread function core）. Such a core decrease entails two relevant limitations： a decrease of the peak intensity and an increase of the sidelobe intensity. Here, we calculate the Strehl ratio as a function of the core size for the most used binary phase filters. Furthermore, we show that this relation approaches the fundamental limit of the attainable Strehl ratio at the focal plane for any filter. Finally, we show the calculation of the peak-to-sidelobe ratio in order to check the system viability in every application.