TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF TRANSMISSION LINE CIRCUITS BASED ON THE SEMIDISCRETIZATION OF TELEGRAPH EQUATIONS

A new transient analysis method for the transmission line circuits is presented in this paper. Based on the semidiscretization of the telegraph equations, a discretized time domain companion models for the transmission lines which can be conveniently implemented in a general circuit simulator such as SPICE is derived. The computation required for the model is linear with time, equivalent to the recursive convolution-based method. The formulations for both single and coupled lossy transmission lines are given. Numerical experiments are carried out to demonstrate the validity of the method.

Three-dimensional Model Analysis of Electric Field Excited by Multi-circuit Intersecting Overhead Transmission Lines

This work is carried out to predict the special distribution of electric field induced by multi-circuit intersecting overhead high-voltage (HV) transmission lines (TLs) within a large range without any expensive and time-consuming computation. The two main parts of the presented methodology are 1) setting up a three-dimensional (3D) model to calculate the electric field based on combining ca- tenary equations with charge simulation method and 2) calculating the hybrid electric field excited by multi-circuit intersecting TLs using coordinate transformation and superposition technique. Examples of different TLs configurations, including a 220 kV single-circuit hori- zontally configured TLs, a 500 kV single-circuit triangularly configured TLs and a combination of the 220 kV TLs and the 550 kV TLs, are illustrated to verify the validity of this methodology. A more complicatal configurations, including a 500 kV double-circuit TLs and two 220 kV single-circuit horizontally configured TLs, are also calculated. Conclusions were drawn from the simulation: 1) The presented 3D model outperforms 2D models in describing the electric field distribution generated by practical HV TLs with sag and span. 2) Coordinate trans- formation and superposition technique considerably simplify the electric field computation for multi-circuit TLs configurations, which makes it possible to deal with complex engineering problems. 3) The electric field in the area covered by multiple intersecting overhead TLs is distorted and the hybrid electric field strength in some partial region increases so sharply that it might exceed the admissible value. 4) The configuration parameters of the TLs and the spatial configuration of multi-circuit TLs, for instance, the height of TLs, the length of span and the intersection angle of multiple circuits, influence the strength and the distribution of hybrid electric field. The influence regularities sum- marized in this paper can be referred by future TL designs to meet the electromagnetic environmental protection regulations.

Process Analysis of Double Circuit Transmission Line Trip-out on the Same Tower Due to Lightning

In recent years,several failures of double circuit transmission line on the same tower due to lightning were happened in Beijing power grid.Although it can be reclosed successful,the lightning strike caused a grave threat to the power grid security.The cause of the accident and the accident process were studied for the sake of further understanding of the impact of lightning on power grid.As an example,110 kV double circuit transmission line(Xilong-line) was analyzed.At first,the system topology was given.Through the analysis on relay protection actions and the fault recorder data,over voltage on the insulator strings was calculated.Based on the analysis and the calculation,accident cause and the process were presented respectively.Secondly,it comes to the conclusion that the lightning failure was caused by counterattack.The wave of the lightning over voltage would spread to the not grounded neutral point of the transformers,and make the neutral protective gap breakdown,then cause freewheeling with the frequency of 50 Hz.As results of the relay protection,the double circuit transmission line all tripped out.Finally,the causes of the accident were proposed that included terrain features,large corner towers,strong thunderstorm weather and poor grounded contact of the tower.

Design of Bidirectional Coupling Circuit for Broadband Power-Line Communications

This paper deals with the design of bidirectional coupler for broadband power line communication and the impedance matching technique with the power line. This coupler can be used for both transmitting and receiving the data, acting as transceiver. The impedance mismatching problem is also solved here using line trap circuit. The coupler circuit is capable of transmitting or receiving modulated signals with carrier frequency of 15 MHz which can be used for domestic as well as distribution power networks. Laboratory prototype tested using power line network consists of electrical household appliances and results show that the circuit is able to facilitate bidirectional band pass transmission.

Research on Total Electric Field for DC Lines Converted from Double-Circuit AC Lines

With rapid growth of power demand, transmission capacity is also in urgent need of upgrading. In some cases, converting existing AC transmission lines to DC lines can Improve the transmission capacity and reduce the construction investment. In this paper, the upstream finite element method was expanded to calculate the total electric field of same tower multi-circuit DC lines converted from double-circuit AC lines, and the validity of the algorithm was confirmed by experiments. Taking a DC line converted from a typical same tower 500 kV double-circuit AC transmission line as an example, the surface electric field and the ground total electric field in different pole conductor arrangement schemes were calculated and analyzed, and the critical height of pole conductors for DC lines in residential and non-residential area were determined. Then, the corridor width of DC and AC lines at critical height in residential and non-residential areas before and after AC-DC line transformation were compared. The results indicate that for DC lines converted from common 500 kV double-circuit AC lines, the ground total electric field can meet the requirements of corresponding standard with appropriate pole conductor arrangement schemes.

Fault Locator Using Two-end Unsynchronized Measurements for UHV Series Compensated Double-circuit Lines

An accurate fault location algorithm for double-circuit series compensated lines is presented.Use of two-end unsynchronized measurements of current and voltage signals is considered.The algorithm applies two subroutines,designated for locating faults on particular line sections,and additionally the procedure for selecting the valid subroutine.The subroutines are formulated with use of the generalized fault loop model and the distributed parameter line model is applied.Performed ATP-EMTP based evaluation has shown the validity of the derived fault location algorithm and its high accuracy.

A Novel Fault Location Algorithmfor Double-Circuit Transmission Lines based on Distributed Parameter

Anewfault location algorithmfor double-circuit transmissionlines is described inthis paper.Theproposed method uses data extractedfromtwo ends of the transmissionlines andthus eliminates the effects ofthe source impedance andthe fault resistance.The distributed parameter model and the modal transformationare also employed.Depending on modal transformation,the coupled equations of the lines are converted intodecoupled ones.Inthis way,the mutual coupling effects between adjacent circuits of the lines are eliminatedandtherefore an accurate fault location can be achieved.The proposed methodis tested via digital simulationusing EMTP in conjunction with MATLAB.The test results corroborate the high accuracy of the proposedmethod.

Effect of closed circuits drip irrigation system and lateral lines length on growth, yield, quality and water use efficiency of soybean crop

Field experiment was conducted for one growing season (2012) in clay loam soil at the Experimental Farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (SIUC), USA on soybean crop to study the effect of: 1) the closed drip irrigation system: closed circuits with one and two a manifolds for lateral lines (CM1DIS;CM2DIS) and traditional drip irrigation system (TDIS) as a control;and 2) lateral lines length (LLL): LLL1, LLL2 and LLL3 (40, 60,80 m) on soybean growth, yield, oil, protein content and water use efficiency. Plants were drip irrigated every 4 days. N, K2O and P2O5 fertilizers were added via irrigation water. Data obtained could be outlined as follows: 1) According to the mean values of soybean crop growth (leaf area;plant height), yield (grain and straw), both oil and protein content and water use efficiency, the treatment used could be ranked in the following ascending orders: TDIS < CM1DIS < CM2DIS and LLL3 < LLL2 < LLL1;2) Differences in the means of the studied data among treatments used were significant at the 1% level;3) The effects of the DIC × LLL on the data obtained were significant at the 1 % level;And 4) the highest values of the obtained data and the lowest ones were achieved in the following interactions: CM2DIS × LLL1;TDIS × LLL3, respectively.

特勒根似功率保护在同塔双回交流输电线路中的应用

随着我国电网规模快速扩张,输电通道资源日渐紧缺,同塔多回输电技术逐渐得到广泛应用。超/特高压远距离输电线路一般以差动保护作为双重主保护,与纵联距离/方向保护构成双重化配置。但用于同塔双回输电线路时,分布电容电流将影响差动保护的灵敏度;同时,由于双回线线间和相间较强的电磁耦合作用,线间互感的影响将会降低纵联距离、纵联方向保护判断的正确性,导致原来的保护配置方案难以直接应用。将特勒根似功率保护原理推广至同塔双回线路,提出了一种基于特勒根似功率定理的同塔双回输电线路纵联保护方法,能够不受双回线内部复杂电磁耦合、分布电容、系统负荷等影响,并验证了该保护的对时方案在双回线路中的适用性。采用MATLAB/Simulink仿真软件搭建1000kV特高压同塔双回输电线示范工程模型,经大量仿真实验,验证了所提保护方法的有效性。

端接复杂电路传输线网络的电磁耦合时域并行计算方法

针对端接复杂电路传输线(TL)网络的电磁耦合问题,仍缺乏高效的场路协同仿真技术。该文将传输线方程与时域有限差分(FDTD)方法、诺顿定理和置换定理以及NGSPICE软件相结合,并引入消息传递接口(MPI)并行技术,提出一种高效的时域混合并行算法(FDTDTL-NGSPICE)。首先,根据诺顿定理和置换定理,将传输线网络分解为传输线子系统和复杂电路子系统,并构建对应的等效电路模型。然后,使用FDTDTL并行算法计算传输线子系统沿线各点的电压和电流,并获取对应诺顿等效电路的电流源和等效导纳大小。最后,使用NGSPICE对复杂电路子系统进行传导干扰分析,获得复杂电路各元件上的瞬态响应,并将端口电压反馈给传输线子系统作为边界,实现传输线网络电磁耦合的场线路联合协同仿真。通过对3类典型场景的计算实例,分别使用时域混合并行算法和电磁仿真软件CST电缆工作室(CS)进行数值模拟并对比,验证所提算法的置信度。

基于行波解析分析的柔性直流输电线路故障智能检测方法

故障数据匮乏是制约数据驱动故障检测方法应用的重要原因,为解决这一问题,提出一种基于行波解析分析的柔直输电线路故障智能检测方法。根据行波表达式生成训练样本,有效表达区内、外故障行波具有的主要特征。通过构造多层感知器(multi-layer perception,MLP)模型建立该行波特征与故障位置之间的映射关系,进而输出故障检测结果。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建双端柔直系统模型,生成仿真样本,对训练后的智能检测模型进行测试。结果表明:该方法不依赖于大量历史故障数据,基于行波解析表达式这一继电保护领域知识提取行波特征,即可准确识别直流线路的区内外故障,并且具有较强的耐受过渡电阻能力,为解决传统模型受制于历史故障数据问题提供了一种可行思路。

高效率高阻抗层叠Blumlein线固态脉冲发生器研究

为提高电压效率基于标准同轴电缆研制了1种高阻层叠Blumlein线固态脉冲发生器。首先,采用传输线理论和放电等效电路,分析了耦合传输线对层叠Blumlein线输出电压效率的影响,并利用数值仿真软件对外筒放电型和内筒放电型2种结构的层叠Blumlein线进行了模拟验证。理论与模拟结果表明:耦合传输线阻抗是造成电压效率损失和能量效率下降的主要因素,增大耦合阻抗可提高输出电压幅值和波形质量;内筒放电型结构能够减少耦合传输线的数量,从而提高电压叠加效率;同时,采取螺旋盘绕方式绕制及磁芯隔离的方法可增大耦合阻抗,进一步提高层叠Blumlein线的电压叠加效率。基于内筒放电型结构和磁芯隔离方法,研制了10级层叠Blumlein线脉冲发生器,并对其进行了实验测试。测试结果表明:充电电压为489 V时,输出脉冲电压幅值为4.56 kV,脉冲前沿约为21 ns,脉宽约为75 ns,输出电压效率为93.3%,测试结果有效检验了脉冲叠加效率提高方法的可行性。

挠性印制电路板细线路微蚀及化学镀镍工艺研究

[目的]化学微蚀作为前处理工艺,被广泛应用在印制电路板(PCB)制造的各大环节。[方法]分别采用硫酸-过硫酸钠(用SA-SP表示)、硫酸-双氧水(用SA-HP表示)和甲酸-氯化铜(用FA-CC表示)3种体系对挠性印制电路板(FPCB)的细线路进行微蚀。通过激光光谱共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)对比了采用不同体系时的微蚀量、微蚀速率及微蚀后线路的表面粗糙度。通过扫描电镜(SEM)研究了不同微蚀体系处理前后铜线路的表面形貌,以及微蚀液对化学镀镍的影响。[结果]3种体系微蚀能力大小顺序为:SA-SP>SA-HP>FA-CC。采用不同微蚀液时铜线的表面粗糙度均随微蚀时间延长而增大。采用甲酸-氯化铜体系微蚀后铜线表面有少量氯化亚铜形成。微蚀液对化学镀镍效果的影响显著。采用硫酸-双氧水体系微蚀时镍镀层光亮,但有渗镀现象;采用甲酸-氯化铜体系微蚀时,化学镍渗镀现象严重;采用硫酸-过硫酸钠微蚀时,细线路化学镍渗镀现象得到有效控制,但镀层较暗。[结论]可尝试通过在化学镀镍液中添加光亮剂来提高镀层光亮度。

适用小样本的并网光伏阵列故障诊断方法

该文提出一种适用小样本的并网光伏阵列故障诊断方法。首先,使用光伏阵列的稳态输出电信号时间序列构建特征向量,论证该特征向量可以表征正常、开路故障、短路故障、阴影等不同状态。其次,针对光伏阵列运行环境多变的情况,提出一种将实际气象条件下光伏阵列输出值转换到统一工况下的数据处理方法。然后,为适用小样本情况,将线性判别分析方法与有偏差的协方差估计、公共奇异值分解相结合,解决样本高维低量导致的样本协方差矩阵估计奇异和判别函数求解困难的问题。最后,在上海市某高校楼顶搭建实验平台,采集光伏阵列不同状态下的实验数据,验证了所提数据处理方法对使用稳态电信号的必要性,及该故障分类算法在小样本场景中的有效性。

轨道交通直流牵引供电系统线路测试回路短路试验案例分析

为研究在接地短路情况下,直流电流方向对线路测试回路的影响,该文通过详细介绍轨道交通牵引供电系统线路测试功能原理,并分析广州地铁1号线西塱站线路测试回路短路试验案例与接触器正反向电流试验,结果表明线路测试回路反向电流影响接触器内部电弧,造成燃弧时间长且容易烧损接触器,并且,电弧碰撞叠加导致接触器内部两对触点短接,即1 500 V母线短路。故线路测试回路必须正确接线且需完成短路测试以确保功能正常。

110 kV输电线路的设计及优化路径探究

文章通过深入分析输电线路设计的基本原则、关键设计要素及路径优化措施,提出了一套综合优化方案。尤其针对前锋—公忽洞110 kV输电线路工程,研究涉及线路勘察、路径选择及架空线间距优化,以此提升系统的安全性、效率及环境适应性。研究结果表明,通过精细的规划和设计,能显著提高输电线路的运行效率和可靠性,同时有效减少环境影响,为类似的输电线路设计提供了重要的参考价值。

地铁直流进线振荡电流识别算法研究

针对地铁直流进线的振荡电流容易引起继电保护系统频繁误动作的问题,文章提出以变分模态分解、样本熵、TOPSIS为核心的故障诊断分析算法,并搭建实时数字仿真试验平台,以地铁继电保护装置为应用场景,通过将改进的进线保护算法与传统逆流保护算法进行试验对比分析,验证了方法在工程实践中的可行性和有效性。结果表明,该方法可有效识别直流进线特殊振荡电流,提高继电保护的可靠性。

基于单边调制映射函数的LCC-HVDC直流侧阻抗精确建模

阻抗模型是电网换相换流器型高压直流输电系统小信号稳定性分析的重要基础,阻抗模型的准确程度直接影响系统小扰动稳定性分析。该文首先从同步触发原理出发,引入基于单边调制产生的映射函数,该函数蕴含控制及换相信息,可以准确建立换相/非换相期间交直流侧的映射关系;其次,考虑换相动态并通过谐波线性化和傅里叶变换建立完整的直流侧电压和交流侧电流的频域小信号动态模型;再次,考虑控制和换流阀阻尼回路,建立整流侧和逆变侧直流阻抗解析模型;最后,以CIGRE高压直流标准测试模型为例,基于PSCAD/EMTDC平台验证了直流侧阻抗模型的准确性及其用于小扰动稳定性分析的有效性。

某光伏电站35 kV同塔四回送出线路零序电流过大原因分析及改善措施

广西某光伏电站采用35 kV同塔四回架空线路送出,电站扩容并网后,多次发生零序过流跳闸事故,严重影响电站电能送出。笔者采用理论分析和数值仿真相结合的方法,分析零序过流跳闸的原因,并提出相序优化布置方案,采用数值仿真工具验证所提方案的有效性;分析同塔四回线路在n-1故障状态下存在的问题,提出避开零序过流保护误动的建议。结果表明:跳闸故障是由于同塔四回线路相序布置不当引起的;优化方案的实施可有效解决送出线路中零序过流问题,现场测量结果与仿真计算结果基本一致,验证所提优化方案的正确性和有效性。研究成果可为同塔多回线路零序过流问题的分析和处理提供借鉴。