Line-of-sight rates extraction of roll-pitch seeker under anti-infrared decoy state

In this paper,the method of extracting guidance information such as the line-of-sight(LOS)rates under the anti-infrared decoy state for the roll-pitch seeker is researched.Coordinate systems which are used to describe the angles transform are defined.The LOS angles reconstruction model of the roll-pitch seeker in inertial space is established.A Kalman filter model for extracting LOS rates of the roll-pitch seeker is proposed.In this model,the target performs constant acceleration(CA)model maneuvers.The error model of LOS rates extraction under infrared decoy state is established.Several existing methods of extracting LOS rates under anti-infrared decoy state are listed in this paper.Different from the existing methods,a novel method that uses extrapolated values of target accelerations as filter measurements is proposed to solve the guidance information extraction problem under the anti-infrared decoy state.Numerical simulations are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method under different target maneuvering models such as the CA model,the CA extended model and the singer model.The simulation results show that the proposed method of extracting guidance information such as LOS rates for the rollpitch seeker under the anti-infrared decoy state is effective.

STUDY ON GREY FORECASTING MODEL OF COPPER EXTRACTION RATE WITH BIOLEACHING OF PRIMARY SULFIDE ORE

A model GM （grey model） （1,1） for forecasting the rate of copper extraction during the bioleaching of primary sulphide ore was established on the basis of the mathematical theory and the modeling process of grey system theory. It was used for forecasting the rate of copper extraction from the primary sulfide ore during a laboratory microbial column leaching experiment. The precision of the forecasted results were examined and modified via ＂posterior variance examination＂. The results show that the forecasted values coincide with the experimental values. GM （1,1） model has high forecast accuracy; and it is suitable for simulation control and prediction analysis of the original data series of the processes that have grey characteristics, such as mining, metallurgical and mineral processing, etc. The leaching rate of such copper sulphide ore is low. The grey forecasting result indicates that the rate of copper extraction is approximately 20% even after leaching for six months.

A rate-based method for dynamic analysis and optimal design of reactive extraction: n-Hexyl acetate esterification as an example

The dynamic analysis and optimal design of reactive extraction are challenging due to high nonlinearity of model equations and tough decision of judging criteria. In this work, a dynamic rate-based method is developed on g PROMS platform to get easy access to the solutions of reactive extraction with phase splitting. Based on rigorous criteria, dynamic analysis from initial state to final equilibrium(e.g., evolution of phase composition, mass transfer rate and reaction rate) and optimal design of operating conditions(e.g., extractant dosage and feed molar ratio) are achieved. To illustrate the method, the esterification of n-hexyl acetate is taken as an example. The approach proves to be reliable in the analysis and optimization of the exemplified system, which provides instructive reference for further process design and simulation of reactive extraction.

Kinetic Mechanisms for Preparing Silymarin via Microwave-assisted Extraction

The kinetic mechanism for the preparation of silymarin from milk thistle seeds was studied during the microwave-assisted extraction （MAE） process. The results showed that the transfer rate of silymarin from milk thistle seeds increased with the microwave output power and temperature during MAE processing. The apparent extraction rate constant k （s-1） was 1.2028×10-2 , 1.2248×10-2 , and 1.2485×10-2 , and diffusion coefficient D （m2·s-1 ） was 4.21×10-10, 4.29×10-10 , and 4.37×10-10 at the microwave temperatures of 383, 393, and 403 K, respectively, in the silymarin MAE process. With the help of scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, the microstructures of the samples extracted by MAE were observed. The results revealed that the increased efficiency and rate of MAE of silymarin could be attributed mainly to the subsequent cell change resulting from superheating effects during MAE.

Extraction Technology of Eight Botanical Pesticides and Their Antifungal Activities on Fungus

[ Objective] The optimum extraction technology of antifungal ingredients from eight medicinal plants such as coptis root and clove, etc. and their antifungal effects on two species of plant pathogens were studied. [ Method] The effective ingredients of medicinal plants were extracted by water, ethanol and acetone. The minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC） and antifungal rate of extracts from medicinal plants were determined using plate diluting method. [Resets] The optimum medicinal plants and the extraction methods inhibited two plant pathogens were as follows： clove extracted by ethanol and acetone, and cinnamon extracted by ethanol could be adopted to inhibit Fusarium oxysporum Schl., MIC at that mo- ment reached 4 mg/ml. Clove extracted by ethanol and acetone, and cinnamon extracted by ethanol could be adopted to inhibit the pathogen of Cistanche deserticola, MIC at that moment reached 4 mg/ml. [ Conclusion] The antifungal effects of ethanol and acetone extracts on tested patho- gens were obviously superior than that of aqueous extracts.

Phase separation in solvent extraction of cobalt from acidic sulfate solution using synergistic mixture containing dinonylnaphthalene sulfonic acid and 2-ethylhexyl 4-pyridinecarboxylate ester

Phase separation rate is a critical character in determining the usefulness of a solvent extraction system in hydrometallurgy. A survey of the synergistic mixture containing dinonylnaphthalene sulfonic acid (HDNNS) and 2-ethylhexly 4-pyridinecarboxylate ester (4PC) for the extraction of cobalt from acidic single metal sulfate solution was carried out to suggest how the physicochemical properties and the morphology of the reverse micelles in the loaded organic phase affect the phase separation. The results show that effective parameters affecting the phase separation are the viscosity and the excess water uptake of the loaded organic phase. It is obvious that the specific settling rate (SSR) decreases with the apparent increase of these two parameters. The measurement of small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) proves that the morphology of the reversed micelles in the loaded organic phase changes evidently with the change of the specific settling rate (SSR).

Optimization of Enzyme-assisted Extraction Technology for Tartary Buckwheat Shell Procyanidins with Response Surface Methodology

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of cellulase dosage, enzymolysis time, pH and enzymolysis temperature on procyanidin extraction rate by single factor experiment, with tartary buckwheat shell as an experimental material.Main process parameters were optimized to obtain a regression model by response surface methodology. The results of variance analysis indicated that the regression model reflected the relationship between buckwheat shell procyanidin extraction rate with enzyme dosage, enzymolysis time, pH and enzymolysis temperature; and the optimal process parameters were enzyme dosage of 6.5 mg/g, enzymolysis time of 1.5 h, pH at 4.7 and enzymolysis temperature at 46 ℃. Three parallel experiments were conducted under these process parameters. In practice, the highest procyanidin extraction rate was 6.78 g/100 g. The relative error between the predicted value of regression model and the actual value was 1.3%. The regression equation fitted the real situation better.

Technical evaluation system of co-extraction of coal and gas

Coal and gas are two important resources in China,and it is an effective way to recycle them with the method of co-extraction of coal and gas.In view of actual situation of China's co-extraction of coal and gas,this research adopts the science evaluation of gas extraction of coal by the method of quantitative evaluation,and preliminarily establishes the technical evaluation system of co-extraction of coal and gas.Technical evaluation system of co-extraction of coal and gas includes safety evaluation,economic evaluation and resource recovery evaluation in the process of mining coal and gas.In addition,this paper results in the selected evaluation parameters and target functions that are used in the three evaluation methods.The establishment of evaluation system for co-extraction of coal and gas plays an important theoretical significance and guiding role in co-extraction of coal and gas for China's coal enterprises.

Pressurized Synchronous Extraction of Volatile Oils, Total Flavonoids and Tannic Acid from Artemisia argyi

[Objectives] This study aimed to optimize the conditions for pressurized synchronous extraction of volatile oils, total flavonoids and tannic acid from Artemisia argyi .[Methods] Single factor experiments and orthogonal experiments were conducted.[Results] Pressurization had a significant effect on the extraction rate of chemical constituents of A. argyi . The optimal conditions for pressurized synchronous extraction of volatile oils, total flavonoids and tannic acid from A. argyi were as follows: solvent concentration of 70%, solid to liquid ratio of 1∶ 30 (g/mL), extraction pressure of 0.9 MPa, extraction time of 40 min and extraction temperature of 90 ℃. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the yields of volatile oils, total flavonoids and tannic acid were 0.852%, 4.66% and 6.79%, respectively.[Conclusions] Compared with other extraction methods, the pressurized assistant solvent extraction method can achieve the synchronous extraction of volatile oils, total flavonoids and tannic acid from A. argyi . The process is stable, short in extraction time, high in solvent utilization rate and ideal in extraction effect of the three components from A. argyi .

Studies on Extraction Process of Polysaccharides from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In this study, with Saccharomyces cerevisiae as the experimental material, microwave-assisted technology, phenol-sulfuric acid method and UV spectro- photometry were employed to investigate the extraction rate of polysaccharides. Solid-liquid ratio, microwave power and microwave processing time were adopted as single factors to optimize the extraction conditions. Subsequently, orthogonal experiment was performed to investigate the optimal extraction process of polysaccha- rides from S. cerevisiae. The optimal extraction conditions were： solid-liquid ratio 1 ： 20, microwave power 250 W, microwave processing time 3 min, under which the extraction rate of polysaccharides reached 4.98%. Compared with conventional hot water extraction method, microwave-assisted extraction technology exhibited shorter extraction time, higher efficiency, and could save more energy.

Process Optimization of Ultrasonic Extraction of Puerarin Based on Support Vector Machine

In ultrasonic extraction technology, optimization of technical parameters often considers extraction medium only, without including ultrasonic parameters. This paper focuses on controlling the ultrasonic extraction process of puerarin, investigating the influence of ultrasonic parameters on extraction rate, and empirically analyzing the main components of Pueraria, i.e., isoflavone compounds. A method is presented combining orthogonal experi- mental design with a support vector machine and a predictive model is established for optimization of technical parameters. From the analysis with the predictive model, appropriate process parameters are achieved for higher extraction rate. With these parameters in the ultrasonic extraction of puerarin, the experimental result is satisfactory. This method is of significance to the study of extracfing root-stock plant medicines.

A Semi-automatic Method Based on Statistic for Mandarin Semantic Structures Extraction in Specific Domains

This paper proposed a new method of semi-automatic extraction for semantic structures from unlabelled corpora in specific domains. The approach is statistical in nature. The extracted structures can be used for shallow parsing and semantic labeling. By iteratively extracting new words and clustering words, we get an inital semantic lexicon that groups words of the same semantic meaning together as a class. After that, a bootstrapping algorithm is adopted to extract semantic structures. Then the semantic structures are used to extract new

Phosphorus Transfer in the Ash through Acid or AlkaliExtraction Processes

In order to find the best method of the phosphorus recovery, some kinds of the phosphorus recovery methods were applied using the same raw material. The acid treatment shows the highest recovery performance, on the contrary, the alkali treatment indicates the lowest recovery rate. The recovery rate was improved by the application of the heat treatment or hydrothermal method. In the acid treatment, the recovered phosphorus is mainly composed of aluminum phosphate, conversely, in alkali treatment, recovered phosphorus was mainly composed of sodium phosphate containing a small amount of aluminum. But the aluminum content in the phosphorus decreased by introduction of the heat treatment or hydrothermal method.

岩巷综掘面抽尘参数影响粉尘污染扩散规律研究

抽尘系统是岩巷综掘面长压短抽通风方式中控除粉尘污染的重要组成部分,而确定适宜的抽尘参数是实现有效除尘的关键。利用Solidworks软件对某矿632岩巷综掘面进行了物理建模,并进行了ICEM-CFD网格划分,通过网格无关性检验确认了后续所用的网格模型,运用FLUENT计算流体力学软件对不同抽尘位置Dn(n分别为0、1/4、1/2、3/4、1)与抽风量(300~350 m^(3)/min)影响粉尘污染扩散状况进行了数值模拟,并通过仿真试验验证了数值模拟结果的准确性。结果表明:抽尘位置为D0、D1/4、D1/2、D3/4时,巷道内风流整体均处于较为紊乱的状态,粉尘污染经风流运载最终均扩散至整个巷道;抽尘位置为D1时,在抽风与压风协同作用下,距迎头4.6~6 m范围内形成了风向指向迎头、流动均匀且覆盖巷道全断面的有效控尘风幕,粉尘污染被风幕控制在掘进机司机与迎头之间的封闭空间内。抽风量在330 m^(3)/min及以上时,在司机处均形成了有效控尘风幕。为了在有效控尘的前提下尽可能降低能耗,最优抽风量选取最小值330 m^(3)/min。

纤维素酶辅助提取马齿苋总黄酮工艺优化及抑菌分析研究

用纤维素酶处理马齿苋,利用响应面设计,从纤维素酶添加量、酶解时间、酶解温度、酶解pH值四个因素优化纤维素酶处理后的黄酮提取率。对马齿苋提取物粗粉中的总黄酮进行抑菌试验。结果表明:脱脂后的马齿苋经测定黄酮类化合物含量为5.32%。最佳工艺条件为酶解温度50℃,酶的添加量0.6%,酶解时间1.8 h,酶解的pH值4.5,所得黄酮提取率6.09%,与未经酶处理相比,提取率提高1.14倍。对验证试验的黄酮粗粉进行抑菌试验,表明对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌均有抑制作用,其中对大肠杆菌的抑菌效果较好。马齿苋经过纤维素酶酶解后,黄酮分子从细胞内溶出,提高马齿苋黄酮的提取率,提取的黄酮粗粉有抑菌活性,本研究为马齿苋黄酮的分离纯化、功能性研究提供支持。

4种提取方法对对虾肌原纤维蛋白提取率、空间结构和热稳定性的影响

【目的】获取提取率高且结构完整的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)肌原纤维蛋白。【方法】通过0.5 mol/L KCl、53 kHz超声辅助0.5 mol/L KCl、53 kHz超声辅助质量分数5%十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和RIPA裂解液这4种提取方法提取对虾肌原纤维蛋白,以肌原纤维蛋白提取率和结构完整性为评价指标,采用光谱学和凝胶电泳生化,评价四种提取方法对对虾肌原纤维蛋白提取率、空间结构和热稳定性的影响。【结果】53 kHz超声辅助0.5 mol/L KCl、0.5 mol/L KCl、53 kHz超声辅助5%SDS和RIPA裂解液4种方法所得提取率分别为(87.99±3.08)%、(53.76±3.90)%、(75.59±0.95)%和(95.46±4.49)%。53 kHz超声辅助0.5 mol/L KCl提取的蛋白中肌钙蛋白和原肌球蛋白蛋白丰度较高,0.5 mol/L KCl和53 kHz超声辅助质量分数5%SDS提取的肌球蛋白重链和肌动蛋白蛋白丰度较高;相较于0.5 mol/L KCl,超声辅助提取可最大限度保持肌原纤维蛋白天然结构,α-螺旋结构保留完好;0.5 mol/L KCl提取可较好维持肌原纤维蛋白的酰胺Ⅰ带结构。RIPA裂解液提取对肌原纤维蛋白二级结构有明显破坏,热稳定性仅为原蛋白的(60.63±4.46)%。【结论】综合提取率、空间结构和热稳定性结果,采用53 kHz超声辅助5%SDS提取可获得质量最佳的凡纳滨对虾肌原纤维。本研究可为后续深入解析冷藏对虾品质劣变和开发高效控制技术提供高质量的肌原纤维蛋白。

基于流变分析的玉米去雄抽取式夹持装置研究

针对玉米去雄设备存在喂入困难、去雄率低、叶片损失严重的问题,该研究设计了一种抽取式夹持去雄装置,说明了其主要结构与工作原理。通过对雄穗夹持运动与受力分析,确定了影响去雄作业关键作业参数的取值范围。构建了玉米雄穗的Burgers流变数字模型,根据不同探头速度下雄穗力与变形的曲线拟合了流变数字模型参数,分析了充气夹持轮径向垂直刚度、两轮间距、充气夹持轮转速与抽取式夹持装置夹持力的关系。应用三因素三水平正交试验方法,以充气夹持轮径向垂直刚度、两轮间距、充气夹持轮转速为试验因素,去雄率、叶片损失率为评价指标,结果表明最优参数组合为充气夹持轮径向垂直刚度66.8 N/mm、两轮间距256 mm、充气夹持轮转速100 r/min,在最优参数组合下进行试验验证,得到去雄率为96.7%、叶片损失率为63.3%,较未去雄区域增产5.6%,符合行业标准和农艺要求,该研究为抽取式玉米去雄机提供了理论参考。

新疆制种玉米生产机械化技术——去雄

新疆是我国重要的制种玉米种植区,玉米母本的雄穗去除是制种玉米种植的关键环节之一。受种植模式和去雄技术要求的影响,不同地区在去雄方法、机械去雄使用情况上存在不同。人工去雄可以根据雄穗的生长情况,选择性的去除,整个去雄期需要进行5~6次抽雄。机械去雄采用直接抽雄或者先切顶然后抽雄两种方法,抽净率为80%~95%,机械去雄对叶片的损伤较大,机械去雄后需要人工检查并对未去雄玉米母本再次抽雄。为了全面推广应用机械去雄技术,应进一步规范和提高适于机械化作业的种植模式、机械抽雄技术以及去雄机的整机性能。

多指标响应面优化枸杞提取工艺研究

枸杞中含有丰富的枸杞多糖和枸杞黄酮,均具有较高的药用价值。选取提取方法、提取时间、料液比、提取次数、提取温度、浸泡时间进行单因素试验,根据单因素结果选取3个影响较大的因素,结合响应面法中的Box-Behnken试验设计对枸杞总多糖和总黄酮的提取工艺进行优化,得到优化提取工艺条件为:加热回流法,浸泡1.0h,提取时间55min,料液比1∶12(g∶m L),提取温度81℃,提取2次。总多糖提取率能够达到45.36%,总黄酮提取率达到0.29%。该方法提取率高、重复性好,高效环保。为枸杞中总多糖和总黄酮的提取方法提供参考依据。

山楂多糖酶解法和水提法的工艺优化和比较

研究酶解法和水提法对山楂多糖提取率的影响,为进一步开发利用山楂多糖提供技术依据。分别对酶解法和水提法进行优化,选择最佳条件提取山楂多糖。结果表明,酶解法提取山楂多糖的最适条件为酶用量3‰、酶解温度50℃、酶解时间1.0 h、酶解pH=8、料液比1∶10,多糖提取率为11.72%;水提法提取山楂多糖的最适条件为提取次数3次、提取时间120 min、料液比1∶10,多糖提取率为9.47%。酶解法提取率高,优于水提法。结论:山楂中多糖含量较高,通过酶解法可进行高效提取,方法简便,实用性强。