With the rapid advancement of digital and information technology,global positioning system(GPS)technology has seen increasing utilization in surveying and mapping engineering,extending its application across land,ocea...With the rapid advancement of digital and information technology,global positioning system(GPS)technology has seen increasing utilization in surveying and mapping engineering,extending its application across land,ocean,and various other domains.By analyzing the technical means of GPS in surveying and mapping engineering,understanding the characteristics and key technologies in different application environments,and exploring the application process and key technical means,accurate control can be effectively realized.Based on this,this paper mainly analyzes the specific application of GPS technology in surveying and mapping engineering technology for reference.展开更多
Engineering surveying is an important course for road and bridge engineering technology majors in higher vocational colleges.With the advancement of science and technology,engineering surveying technology is also cons...Engineering surveying is an important course for road and bridge engineering technology majors in higher vocational colleges.With the advancement of science and technology,engineering surveying technology is also constantly developing,so the theoretical knowledge and professional skills that students need to master are also becoming increasingly complicated.To stimulate the students’interest in learning the course,it is necessary to continuously introduce innovative teaching methods into the course.In this paper,the importance of teaching innovation in engineering surveying courses of road and bridge engineering technology majors in higher vocational colleges and the knowledge system that students need to master are analyzed.Subsequently,innovative strategies are proposed to help improve the students’mastery of engineering surveying.展开更多
As a highly advanced conversational AI chatbot trained on extensive datasets,ChatGPT has garnered significant attention across various domains,including academia,industry,and education.In the field of education,existi...As a highly advanced conversational AI chatbot trained on extensive datasets,ChatGPT has garnered significant attention across various domains,including academia,industry,and education.In the field of education,existing studies primarily focus on 2 areas:Assessing the potential utility of ChatGPT in education by examining its capabilities and limitations;exploring the educational scenarios that could benefit from the integration of ChatGPT.In contrast to these studies,we conduct a user survey targeting undergraduate students specializing in Software Engineering,aiming to gain insights into their perceptions,challenges,and expectations regarding the utilization of ChatGPT.Based on the results of the survey,we provide valuable guidance on the effective incorporation of ChatGPT in the realm of software engineering education.展开更多
The concepts of “confining structure” and structure light are illuminated in this paper.A laser theodolite with three freedoms of rotation,which is aimed at “confining structure”,is developed.Various scanning mode...The concepts of “confining structure” and structure light are illuminated in this paper.A laser theodolite with three freedoms of rotation,which is aimed at “confining structure”,is developed.Various scanning modes and their mathematical models based on laser theodolite with three freedoms of rotation are discussed.According to the features of a huge object,,the structure light engineering surveying based on laser theodolite with three freedoms of rotation is determined as the main method in an actual application.The observation of four sound concrete posts and forced centering plates.Subsequently,it is transformed into the huge object coordinate system.The scanning mode with plumb plane is selected as the main mode in the whole work.And other assistant methods,such as close range photogrammetry and the method of using reflection sheet,are applied to the work of “scanning dead angle”.At last,a surveying accuracy estimation of this method is done and a surveying accuracy test is finished.It can be concluded that the structure light engineering surveying based on laser theodolite with three freedoms of rotation is considered to be an effective and applied method,and has many superiority to some other surveying methods in the work of surveying “confining structure”.展开更多
Site engineering seismic survey provides basic data for seismic effect analysis. As an important parameter of soil, shear-wave velocity is usually obtained through wave velocity testing in borehole. In this paper, the...Site engineering seismic survey provides basic data for seismic effect analysis. As an important parameter of soil, shear-wave velocity is usually obtained through wave velocity testing in borehole. In this paper, the passive source surface-wave method is introduced into the site engineering seismic survey and practically applied in an engineering site of Shijingshan District. By recording the ubiquitous weak vibration on the earth surface, extract the dispersion curve from the surface-wave components using the SPAC method and obtain the shear-wave velocity structure from inversion. Over the depth of 42 m under- ground, it totally consists of five layers with interface depth of 3.31, 4.50, 7.23, 17.41, and 42.00 m; and shear-wave velocity of 144.0, 198.3, 339.4, 744.2, and 903.7 m/s, respectively. The inversion result is used to evaluate site classification, determine the maximum shear modulus of soil, provide basis for further seismic hazard analysis and site assessment or site zoning, etc. The result shows that the passive source surface-wave method is feasible in the site engineering seismic survey and can replace boreholes,shorten survey period, and reduce engineering cost to some extent.展开更多
It is of crucial importance to investigate the spatial structures of ancient landslides in the eastern Tibetan Plateau’s alpine canyons as they could provide valuable insights into the evolutionary history of the lan...It is of crucial importance to investigate the spatial structures of ancient landslides in the eastern Tibetan Plateau’s alpine canyons as they could provide valuable insights into the evolutionary history of the landslides and indicate the potential for future reactivation.This study examines the Deda ancient landslide,situated in the Chalong-ranbu fault zone,where creep deformation suggests a complex underground structure.By integrating remote sensing,field surveys,Audio-frequency Magnetotellurics(AMT),and Microtremor Survey Method(MSM)techniques,along with engineering geological drilling for validation,to uncover the landslide’s spatial feature s.The research indicates that a fault is developed in the upper part of the Deda ancient landslide,and the gully divides it into Deda landslide accumulation zoneⅠand Deda landslide accumulation zoneⅡin space.The distinctive geological characteristics detectable by MSM in the shallow subsurface and by AMT in deeper layers.The findings include the identification of two sliding zones in the Deda I landslide,the shallow sliding zone(DD-I-S1)depth is approximately 20 m,and the deep sliding zone(DD-I-S2)depth is 36.2-49.9 m.The sliding zone(DD-Ⅱ-S1)depth of the DedaⅡlandslide is 37.6-43.1 m.A novel MSM-based method for sliding zone identification is proposed,achieving less than 5%discrepancy in depth determination when compared with drilling data.These results provide a valuable reference for the spatial structural analysis of large-deepseated landslides in geologically complex regions like the eastern Tibetan Plateau.展开更多
The journal has been changed the name of《Surveytng And Mapping》,as《Engineering of Sur-veying And Mapping》from this issue.The jounal is a quarterly publication for surveying and map-ping science and technology spon...The journal has been changed the name of《Surveytng And Mapping》,as《Engineering of Sur-veying And Mapping》from this issue.The jounal is a quarterly publication for surveying and map-ping science and technology sponsored by Harbin Institute of Engineering(former Harbin Instituteof Surveyting and Mapping).The purpose of the journal is to present national and international newtheoris,techniques and methods,to exchange achievements and experience about the scientific re-search,teaching,technique reform and production management,to report national and internation-al development,seminar and technique lessons,and introduce famous scholars and books in survey-ing and mapping circles.The journal has enjoyed the support and favorable comment of nationalreaders of surveying and mapping circles.展开更多
The topic of ground movements in Germany has been studied extensively in the past,especially in the field of active mines.The active hard coal mines in Germany were finally shut down in 2018 and lignite mining is expe...The topic of ground movements in Germany has been studied extensively in the past,especially in the field of active mines.The active hard coal mines in Germany were finally shut down in 2018 and lignite mining is expected to take place only until 2038.The so-called long-term liabilities of the mine operators in Germany include,among other things,the long-term guarantee of stability and thus the monitoring of ground motion.So far,the economic use of underground mining in Germany was mainly the supply of raw materials.In the future,the underground storage of compressed air,methane or hydrogen will play an important role in renewable energy supply and climate change.Therefore,the underground storage space will become more important and the spatial planning is essential to ensure availability of safe underground openings for the various options of environmentally friendly energy storage.However,this renewed usage of underground openings may also bring new and sometimes unknown challenges of geomechanical influence.The aftermath of hard coal and lignite mining will be an increasing challenge in mining subsidence engineering.On the other hand,new possibilities due to underground spatial planning may lead to subsidence and/or heaving of the upper surface.展开更多
Software crowdsourcing(SW CS)is an evolving software development paradigm,in which crowds of people are asked to solve various problems through an open call(with the encouragement of prizes for the top solutions).Beca...Software crowdsourcing(SW CS)is an evolving software development paradigm,in which crowds of people are asked to solve various problems through an open call(with the encouragement of prizes for the top solutions).Because of its dynamic nature,SW CS has been progressively accepted and adopted in the software industry.However,issues pertinent to the understanding of requirements among crowds of people and requirements engineers are yet to be clarified and explained.If the requirements are not clear to the development team,it has a significant effect on the quality of the software product.This study aims to identify the potential challenges faced by requirements engineers when conducting the SW–CS based requirements engineering(RE)process.Moreover,solutions to overcome these challenges are also identified.Qualitative data analysis is performed on the interview data collected from software industry professionals.Consequently,20 SW–CS based RE challenges and their subsequent proposed solutions are devised,which are further grouped under seven categories.This study is beneficial for academicians,researchers and practitioners by providing detailed SW–CS based RE challenges and subsequent solutions that could eventually guide them to understand and effectively implement RE in SW CS.展开更多
The estuary and coastal zone are the key areas for socio-economic development,and they are also the important channels for pollutants transported to the sea.The construction of the Jiaozhou Bay Bridge changed the hydr...The estuary and coastal zone are the key areas for socio-economic development,and they are also the important channels for pollutants transported to the sea.The construction of the Jiaozhou Bay Bridge changed the hydrodynamic condition of the bay,which made the self-purification capacity of the bay weakened and the pollution in the estuary and adjacent coastal zone become more serious.In this study,55 surface sediment samples were collected from the three seriously polluted estuaries and the adjacent coastal zone of Jiaozhou Bay to comprehensively study how the benthic foraminifera response to heavy metal pollution and human engineering,and to assess the ecological risks of the bay.A total of 80 species,belonging to 42 genera,were identified in this study.The results showed that Cu,Pb,Cr,Hg,Zn,and As had low to median ecological risks in the study area which would definitely affect the ecological system.The construction of the Jiaozhou Bay Bridge has resulted in pollutants accumulated at the river mouth of Loushan River,which has adverse effects on the survival and growth of benthic foraminifera.The lowest population density and diversity as well as the highest FAI(Foraminiferal Abnormality Index)and FMI(Foraminiferal Monitoring Index)occurred at Loushan River Estuary which indicated that the ecological environment of the northeastern part of Jiaozhou Bay(Loushan River Estuary)had been seriously damaged.Licun River and Haipo River estuaries and the adjacent coastal zone were slightly polluted and had low ecological risk.As a consequence,it suggested that the supervision of industrial and domestic waste discharge and the protection of the ecological environment in northeast Jiaozhou Bay should be paid more attention.展开更多
Accelerating the development of students is the basic goal of postgraduate talent cultivation.The final research results,employment situation and satisfaction of postgraduate students with school education are more im...Accelerating the development of students is the basic goal of postgraduate talent cultivation.The final research results,employment situation and satisfaction of postgraduate students with school education are more important indicators of the quality of talent cultivation in a university.For having a deeper understanding of the satisfaction of postgraduates in Harbin Institute of Technology(Weihai)in terms of motivation,tutor situation,management service and employment situation,a questionnaire survey was conducted on postgraduates.The survey results show that the overall satisfaction of postgraduates is high.In terms of studying motivation,most postgraduates think that their majors are more related to employment;in terms of professors,most of them can get along well with their professors and learn from the advantages of their professors;in terms of school management,they respond well to the"library",but think that the"dormitory"and"canteen"need further improvement;in terms of employment,most of postgraduates choose to be employed,while a few of them choose to further their studies,most of which have applied to study in domestic or foreign universities.展开更多
Tanzania is located in eastern Africa with a predominantly agricultural ecomomy,the potential for developing and utilizing cultivated land are promising,but scientific guidance is required.B,Zn and Se are essential mi...Tanzania is located in eastern Africa with a predominantly agricultural ecomomy,the potential for developing and utilizing cultivated land are promising,but scientific guidance is required.B,Zn and Se are essential micronutrients for plants and human body with crucial biological functions,in particular,Se is significant for human health and considered as“the king of anti-cancer”.As these elements required by human or plants are mainly absorbed from soil directly or indirectly,therefore,it is important to understand the contents and distributions of them in the soil of cultivated land for guiding agricultural production.In this work,low-density geochemical survey at the scale of 1∶1000000 was carried out in Tanzania,and the results show that the concentrations of B,Zn and Se in stream sediments are low and their distributions are heterogeneous.According to the distributions of geological units,the existing cultivated land resources can be divided into five regions in Tanzania.Compared with the national background values,the concentrations of B,Zn and Se are insufficient overall but enriched locally in these regions.In general,element concentrations in stream sediments and soil have a positive correlation because of their similar sources,which is essential in agriculture application.Based on the information provided by low-density geochemical data and maps,the Se-sufficient and Se-rich regions were delineated in Tanzania,where can be used to develop Se-rich industries.Finally,this paper believes that geochemical survey is a powerful tool for cultivated land evaluation,agriculture management and land development.展开更多
This study proposed a novel friction law dependent on velocity,displacement and normal stress for kinematic analysis of runout process of rapid landslides.The well-known Yigong landslide occurring in the Tibetan Plate...This study proposed a novel friction law dependent on velocity,displacement and normal stress for kinematic analysis of runout process of rapid landslides.The well-known Yigong landslide occurring in the Tibetan Plateau of China was employed as the case,and the derived dynamic friction formula was included into the numerical simulation based on Particle Flow Code.Results showed that the friction decreased quickly from 0.64(the peak)to 0.1(the stead value)during the 5s-period after the sliding initiation,which explained the behavior of rapid movement of the landslide.The monitored balls set at different sections of the mass showed similar variation characteritics regarding the velocity,namely evident increase at the initial phase of the movement,followed by a fluctuation phase and then a stopping one.The peak velocity was more than 100 m/s and most particles had low velocities at 300s after the landslide initiation.The spreading distance of the landslide was calculated at the two-dimension(profile)and three-dimension scale,respectively.Compared with the simulation result without considering friction weakening effect,our results indicated a max distance of about 10 km from the initial unstable position,which fit better with the actual situation.展开更多
The periphery of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is renowned for its susceptibility to landslides.However,the northwestern margin of this region,characterised by limited human activities and challenging transportation,remai...The periphery of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is renowned for its susceptibility to landslides.However,the northwestern margin of this region,characterised by limited human activities and challenging transportation,remains insufficiently explored concerning landslide occurrence and dispersion.With the planning and construction of the Xinjiang-Tibet Railway,a comprehensive investigation into disastrous landslides in this area is essential for effective disaster preparedness and mitigation strategies.By using the human-computer interaction interpretation approach,the authors established a landslide database encompassing 13003 landslides,collectively spanning an area of 3351.24 km^(2)(36°N-40°N,73°E-78°E).The database incorporates diverse topographical and environmental parameters,including regional elevation,slope angle,slope aspect,distance to faults,distance to roads,distance to rivers,annual precipitation,and stratum.The statistical characteristics of number and area of landslides,landslide number density(LND),and landslide area percentage(LAP)are analyzed.The authors found that a predominant concentration of landslide origins within high slope angle regions,with the highest incidence observed in intervals characterised by average slopes of 20°to 30°,maximum slope angle above 80°,along with orientations towards the north(N),northeast(NE),and southwest(SW).Additionally,elevations above 4.5 km,distance to rivers below 1 km,rainfall between 20-30 mm and 30-40 mm emerge as particularly susceptible to landslide development.The study area’s geological composition primarily comprises Mesozoic and Upper Paleozoic outcrops.Both fault and human engineering activities have different degrees of influence on landslide development.Furthermore,the significance of the landslide database,the relationship between landslide distribution and environmental factors,and the geometric and morphological characteristics of landslides are discussed.The landslide H/L ratios in the study area are mainly concentrated between 0.4 and 0.64.It means the landslides mobility in the region is relatively low,and the authors speculate that landslides in this region more possibly triggered by earthquakes or located in meizoseismal area.展开更多
Long runout landslides involve a massive amount of energy and can be extremely hazardous owing to their long movement distance,high mobility and strong destructive power.Numerical methods have been widely used to pred...Long runout landslides involve a massive amount of energy and can be extremely hazardous owing to their long movement distance,high mobility and strong destructive power.Numerical methods have been widely used to predict the landslide runout but a fundamental problem remained is how to determine the reliable numerical parameters.This study proposes a framework to predict the runout of potential landslides through multi-source data collaboration and numerical analysis of historical landslide events.Specifically,for the historical landslide cases,the landslide-induced seismic signal,geophysical surveys,and possible in-situ drone/phone videos(multi-source data collaboration)can validate the numerical results in terms of landslide dynamics and deposit features and help calibrate the numerical(rheological)parameters.Subsequently,the calibrated numerical parameters can be used to numerically predict the runout of potential landslides in the region with a similar geological setting to the recorded events.Application of the runout prediction approach to the 2020 Jiashanying landslide in Guizhou,China gives reasonable results in comparison to the field observations.The numerical parameters are determined from the multi-source data collaboration analysis of a historical case in the region(2019 Shuicheng landslide).The proposed framework for landslide runout prediction can be of great utility for landslide risk assessment and disaster reduction in mountainous regions worldwide.展开更多
The Tibetan Plateau is characterized by complex geological conditions and a relatively fragile ecological environment.In recent years,there has been continuous development and increased human activity in the Tibetan P...The Tibetan Plateau is characterized by complex geological conditions and a relatively fragile ecological environment.In recent years,there has been continuous development and increased human activity in the Tibetan Plateau region,leading to a rising risk of landslides.The landslide in Banbar County,Xizang(Tibet),have been perturbed by ongoing disturbances from human engineering activities,making it susceptible to instability and displaying distinct features.In this study,small baseline subset synthetic aperture radar interferometry(SBAS-InSAR)technology is used to obtain the Line of Sight(LOS)deformation velocity field in the study area,and then the slope-orientation deformation field of the landslide is obtained according to the spatial geometric relationship between the satellite’s LOS direction and the landslide.Subsequently,the landslide thickness is inverted by applying the mass conservation criterion.The results show that the movement area of the landslide is about 6.57×10^(4)m^(2),and the landslide volume is about 1.45×10^(6)m^(3).The maximum estimated thickness and average thickness of the landslide are 39 m and 22 m,respectively.The thickness estimation results align with the findings from on-site investigation,indicating the applicability of this method to large-scale earth slides.The deformation rate of the landslide exhibits a notable correlation with temperature variations,with rainfall playing a supportive role in the deformation process and displaying a certain lag.Human activities exert the most substantial influence on the spatial heterogeneity of landslide deformation,leading to the direct impact of several prominent deformation areas due to human interventions.Simultaneously,utilizing the long short-term memory(LSTM)model to predict landslide displacement,and the forecast results demonstrate the effectiveness of the LSTM model in predicting landslides that are in a continuous development and movement phase.The landslide is still active,and based on the spatial heterogeneity of landslide deformation,new recommendations have been proposed for the future management of the landslide in order to mitigate potential hazards associated with landslide instability.展开更多
China is home to shales of three facies:Marine shale,continental shale,and marine-continental transitional shale.Different types of shale gas are associated with significantly different formation conditions and major ...China is home to shales of three facies:Marine shale,continental shale,and marine-continental transitional shale.Different types of shale gas are associated with significantly different formation conditions and major controlling factors.This study compared the geological characteristics of various shales and analyzed the influences of different parameters on the formation and accumulation of shale gas.In general,shales in China’s several regions exhibit high total organic carbon(TOC)contents,which lays a sound material basis for shale gas generation.Marine strata generally show high degrees of thermal evolution.In contrast,continental shales manifest low degrees of thermal evolution,necessitating focusing on areas with relatively high degrees of thermal evolution in the process of shale gas surveys for these shales.The shales of the Wufeng and Silurian formations constitute the most favorable shale gas reservoirs since they exhibit the highest porosity among the three types of shales.These shales are followed by those in the Niutitang and Longtan formations.In contrast,the shales of the Doushantuo,Yanchang,and Qingshankou formations manifest low porosities.Furthermore,the shales of the Wufeng and Longmaxi formations exhibit high brittle mineral contents.Despite a low siliceous mineral content,the shales of the Doushantuo Formation feature a high carbonate mineral content,which can increase the shales’brittleness to some extent.For marine-continental transitional shales,where thin interbeds of tight sandstone with unequal thicknesses are generally found,it is recommended that fracturing combined with drainage of multiple sets of lithologic strata should be employed to enhance their shale gas production.展开更多
Airblasts,as one common phenomenon accompanied by rapid movements of landslides or rock/snow avalanches,commonly result in catastrophic damages and are attracting more and more scientific attention.To quantitatively a...Airblasts,as one common phenomenon accompanied by rapid movements of landslides or rock/snow avalanches,commonly result in catastrophic damages and are attracting more and more scientific attention.To quantitatively analyze the intensity of airblast initiated by landslides,the Wangjiayan landslide,occurred in the Wenchuan earthquake,is selected here with the landslide propagation and airblast evolution being studied using FLUENT by introducing the Voellmy rheological law.The results reveal that:(1)For the Wangjiayan landslide,its whole travelling duration is only 12 s with its maximum velocity reaching 36 m/s at t=10 s;(2)corresponding to the landslide propagation,the maximum velocity,28 m/s,of the airblast initiated by the landslide also appears at t=10 s with its maximum pressure reaching594.8 Pa,which is equivalent to violent storm;(3)under the attack of airblast,the load suffered by buildings in the airblast zone increases to 1300 Pa at t=9.4 s and sharply decreased to-7000 Pa as the rapid decrease of the velocity of the sliding mass at t=10 s,which is seriously unfavorable for buildings and might be the key reason for the destructive collapse of buildings in the airblast zone of the Wangjiayan landslide.展开更多
Landslide hazard mapping is essential for regional landslide hazard management.The main objective of this study is to construct a rainfall-induced landslide hazard map of Luhe County,China based on an automated machin...Landslide hazard mapping is essential for regional landslide hazard management.The main objective of this study is to construct a rainfall-induced landslide hazard map of Luhe County,China based on an automated machine learning framework(AutoGluon).A total of 2241 landslides were identified from satellite images before and after the rainfall event,and 10 impact factors including elevation,slope,aspect,normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI),topographic wetness index(TWI),lithology,land cover,distance to roads,distance to rivers,and rainfall were selected as indicators.The WeightedEnsemble model,which is an ensemble of 13 basic machine learning models weighted together,was used to output the landslide hazard assessment results.The results indicate that landslides mainly occurred in the central part of the study area,especially in Hetian and Shanghu.Totally 102.44 s were spent to train all the models,and the ensemble model WeightedEnsemble has an Area Under the Curve(AUC)value of92.36%in the test set.In addition,14.95%of the study area was determined to be at very high hazard,with a landslide density of 12.02 per square kilometer.This study serves as a significant reference for the prevention and mitigation of geological hazards and land use planning in Luhe County.展开更多
文摘With the rapid advancement of digital and information technology,global positioning system(GPS)technology has seen increasing utilization in surveying and mapping engineering,extending its application across land,ocean,and various other domains.By analyzing the technical means of GPS in surveying and mapping engineering,understanding the characteristics and key technologies in different application environments,and exploring the application process and key technical means,accurate control can be effectively realized.Based on this,this paper mainly analyzes the specific application of GPS technology in surveying and mapping engineering technology for reference.
文摘Engineering surveying is an important course for road and bridge engineering technology majors in higher vocational colleges.With the advancement of science and technology,engineering surveying technology is also constantly developing,so the theoretical knowledge and professional skills that students need to master are also becoming increasingly complicated.To stimulate the students’interest in learning the course,it is necessary to continuously introduce innovative teaching methods into the course.In this paper,the importance of teaching innovation in engineering surveying courses of road and bridge engineering technology majors in higher vocational colleges and the knowledge system that students need to master are analyzed.Subsequently,innovative strategies are proposed to help improve the students’mastery of engineering surveying.
基金supported in part by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant No.2023A1515012292)the 2023 Teaching Quality Engineering Construction Project of Sun Yat-sen University(Grant No.76250-12230036)the 2023 Project of Computer Education Research Association ofChinese Universities(Grant No.CERACU2023R02)。
文摘As a highly advanced conversational AI chatbot trained on extensive datasets,ChatGPT has garnered significant attention across various domains,including academia,industry,and education.In the field of education,existing studies primarily focus on 2 areas:Assessing the potential utility of ChatGPT in education by examining its capabilities and limitations;exploring the educational scenarios that could benefit from the integration of ChatGPT.In contrast to these studies,we conduct a user survey targeting undergraduate students specializing in Software Engineering,aiming to gain insights into their perceptions,challenges,and expectations regarding the utilization of ChatGPT.Based on the results of the survey,we provide valuable guidance on the effective incorporation of ChatGPT in the realm of software engineering education.
文摘The concepts of “confining structure” and structure light are illuminated in this paper.A laser theodolite with three freedoms of rotation,which is aimed at “confining structure”,is developed.Various scanning modes and their mathematical models based on laser theodolite with three freedoms of rotation are discussed.According to the features of a huge object,,the structure light engineering surveying based on laser theodolite with three freedoms of rotation is determined as the main method in an actual application.The observation of four sound concrete posts and forced centering plates.Subsequently,it is transformed into the huge object coordinate system.The scanning mode with plumb plane is selected as the main mode in the whole work.And other assistant methods,such as close range photogrammetry and the method of using reflection sheet,are applied to the work of “scanning dead angle”.At last,a surveying accuracy estimation of this method is done and a surveying accuracy test is finished.It can be concluded that the structure light engineering surveying based on laser theodolite with three freedoms of rotation is considered to be an effective and applied method,and has many superiority to some other surveying methods in the work of surveying “confining structure”.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41174085)Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZZD-EW-TZ-19)China Geological Survey (12120113101400)
文摘Site engineering seismic survey provides basic data for seismic effect analysis. As an important parameter of soil, shear-wave velocity is usually obtained through wave velocity testing in borehole. In this paper, the passive source surface-wave method is introduced into the site engineering seismic survey and practically applied in an engineering site of Shijingshan District. By recording the ubiquitous weak vibration on the earth surface, extract the dispersion curve from the surface-wave components using the SPAC method and obtain the shear-wave velocity structure from inversion. Over the depth of 42 m under- ground, it totally consists of five layers with interface depth of 3.31, 4.50, 7.23, 17.41, and 42.00 m; and shear-wave velocity of 144.0, 198.3, 339.4, 744.2, and 903.7 m/s, respectively. The inversion result is used to evaluate site classification, determine the maximum shear modulus of soil, provide basis for further seismic hazard analysis and site assessment or site zoning, etc. The result shows that the passive source surface-wave method is feasible in the site engineering seismic survey and can replace boreholes,shorten survey period, and reduce engineering cost to some extent.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42372339)the China Geological Survey Project(DD20221816,DD20190319)。
文摘It is of crucial importance to investigate the spatial structures of ancient landslides in the eastern Tibetan Plateau’s alpine canyons as they could provide valuable insights into the evolutionary history of the landslides and indicate the potential for future reactivation.This study examines the Deda ancient landslide,situated in the Chalong-ranbu fault zone,where creep deformation suggests a complex underground structure.By integrating remote sensing,field surveys,Audio-frequency Magnetotellurics(AMT),and Microtremor Survey Method(MSM)techniques,along with engineering geological drilling for validation,to uncover the landslide’s spatial feature s.The research indicates that a fault is developed in the upper part of the Deda ancient landslide,and the gully divides it into Deda landslide accumulation zoneⅠand Deda landslide accumulation zoneⅡin space.The distinctive geological characteristics detectable by MSM in the shallow subsurface and by AMT in deeper layers.The findings include the identification of two sliding zones in the Deda I landslide,the shallow sliding zone(DD-I-S1)depth is approximately 20 m,and the deep sliding zone(DD-I-S2)depth is 36.2-49.9 m.The sliding zone(DD-Ⅱ-S1)depth of the DedaⅡlandslide is 37.6-43.1 m.A novel MSM-based method for sliding zone identification is proposed,achieving less than 5%discrepancy in depth determination when compared with drilling data.These results provide a valuable reference for the spatial structural analysis of large-deepseated landslides in geologically complex regions like the eastern Tibetan Plateau.
文摘The journal has been changed the name of《Surveytng And Mapping》,as《Engineering of Sur-veying And Mapping》from this issue.The jounal is a quarterly publication for surveying and map-ping science and technology sponsored by Harbin Institute of Engineering(former Harbin Instituteof Surveyting and Mapping).The purpose of the journal is to present national and international newtheoris,techniques and methods,to exchange achievements and experience about the scientific re-search,teaching,technique reform and production management,to report national and internation-al development,seminar and technique lessons,and introduce famous scholars and books in survey-ing and mapping circles.The journal has enjoyed the support and favorable comment of nationalreaders of surveying and mapping circles.
文摘The topic of ground movements in Germany has been studied extensively in the past,especially in the field of active mines.The active hard coal mines in Germany were finally shut down in 2018 and lignite mining is expected to take place only until 2038.The so-called long-term liabilities of the mine operators in Germany include,among other things,the long-term guarantee of stability and thus the monitoring of ground motion.So far,the economic use of underground mining in Germany was mainly the supply of raw materials.In the future,the underground storage of compressed air,methane or hydrogen will play an important role in renewable energy supply and climate change.Therefore,the underground storage space will become more important and the spatial planning is essential to ensure availability of safe underground openings for the various options of environmentally friendly energy storage.However,this renewed usage of underground openings may also bring new and sometimes unknown challenges of geomechanical influence.The aftermath of hard coal and lignite mining will be an increasing challenge in mining subsidence engineering.On the other hand,new possibilities due to underground spatial planning may lead to subsidence and/or heaving of the upper surface.
基金‘This research is funded by Taif University,TURSP-2020/115’.
文摘Software crowdsourcing(SW CS)is an evolving software development paradigm,in which crowds of people are asked to solve various problems through an open call(with the encouragement of prizes for the top solutions).Because of its dynamic nature,SW CS has been progressively accepted and adopted in the software industry.However,issues pertinent to the understanding of requirements among crowds of people and requirements engineers are yet to be clarified and explained.If the requirements are not clear to the development team,it has a significant effect on the quality of the software product.This study aims to identify the potential challenges faced by requirements engineers when conducting the SW–CS based requirements engineering(RE)process.Moreover,solutions to overcome these challenges are also identified.Qualitative data analysis is performed on the interview data collected from software industry professionals.Consequently,20 SW–CS based RE challenges and their subsequent proposed solutions are devised,which are further grouped under seven categories.This study is beneficial for academicians,researchers and practitioners by providing detailed SW–CS based RE challenges and subsequent solutions that could eventually guide them to understand and effectively implement RE in SW CS.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41376079,41276060)the projects of the China Geological Survey and the Marine Geology Survey(DD20160137,DD20190205 and GZH200900501)+1 种基金the Foundation of the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environment&Disaster Prevention(201304)the Student Research Developing Program(SRDP)of Ocean University of China。
文摘The estuary and coastal zone are the key areas for socio-economic development,and they are also the important channels for pollutants transported to the sea.The construction of the Jiaozhou Bay Bridge changed the hydrodynamic condition of the bay,which made the self-purification capacity of the bay weakened and the pollution in the estuary and adjacent coastal zone become more serious.In this study,55 surface sediment samples were collected from the three seriously polluted estuaries and the adjacent coastal zone of Jiaozhou Bay to comprehensively study how the benthic foraminifera response to heavy metal pollution and human engineering,and to assess the ecological risks of the bay.A total of 80 species,belonging to 42 genera,were identified in this study.The results showed that Cu,Pb,Cr,Hg,Zn,and As had low to median ecological risks in the study area which would definitely affect the ecological system.The construction of the Jiaozhou Bay Bridge has resulted in pollutants accumulated at the river mouth of Loushan River,which has adverse effects on the survival and growth of benthic foraminifera.The lowest population density and diversity as well as the highest FAI(Foraminiferal Abnormality Index)and FMI(Foraminiferal Monitoring Index)occurred at Loushan River Estuary which indicated that the ecological environment of the northeastern part of Jiaozhou Bay(Loushan River Estuary)had been seriously damaged.Licun River and Haipo River estuaries and the adjacent coastal zone were slightly polluted and had low ecological risk.As a consequence,it suggested that the supervision of industrial and domestic waste discharge and the protection of the ecological environment in northeast Jiaozhou Bay should be paid more attention.
基金was supported by Postgraduate Education and Teaching Reform Project of Shandong Province(SDYJG21018)Postgraduate Education and Teaching Reform Project of Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai(WH2019002)Postgraduate Education and Teaching Reform Project of Harbin Institute of Technology(21HX1001).
文摘Accelerating the development of students is the basic goal of postgraduate talent cultivation.The final research results,employment situation and satisfaction of postgraduate students with school education are more important indicators of the quality of talent cultivation in a university.For having a deeper understanding of the satisfaction of postgraduates in Harbin Institute of Technology(Weihai)in terms of motivation,tutor situation,management service and employment situation,a questionnaire survey was conducted on postgraduates.The survey results show that the overall satisfaction of postgraduates is high.In terms of studying motivation,most postgraduates think that their majors are more related to employment;in terms of professors,most of them can get along well with their professors and learn from the advantages of their professors;in terms of school management,they respond well to the"library",but think that the"dormitory"and"canteen"need further improvement;in terms of employment,most of postgraduates choose to be employed,while a few of them choose to further their studies,most of which have applied to study in domestic or foreign universities.
基金the cooperation projects between China Geological Survey and geological survey institutions of Africa(DD20190439,DD20160108,DD20221801)。
文摘Tanzania is located in eastern Africa with a predominantly agricultural ecomomy,the potential for developing and utilizing cultivated land are promising,but scientific guidance is required.B,Zn and Se are essential micronutrients for plants and human body with crucial biological functions,in particular,Se is significant for human health and considered as“the king of anti-cancer”.As these elements required by human or plants are mainly absorbed from soil directly or indirectly,therefore,it is important to understand the contents and distributions of them in the soil of cultivated land for guiding agricultural production.In this work,low-density geochemical survey at the scale of 1∶1000000 was carried out in Tanzania,and the results show that the concentrations of B,Zn and Se in stream sediments are low and their distributions are heterogeneous.According to the distributions of geological units,the existing cultivated land resources can be divided into five regions in Tanzania.Compared with the national background values,the concentrations of B,Zn and Se are insufficient overall but enriched locally in these regions.In general,element concentrations in stream sediments and soil have a positive correlation because of their similar sources,which is essential in agriculture application.Based on the information provided by low-density geochemical data and maps,the Se-sufficient and Se-rich regions were delineated in Tanzania,where can be used to develop Se-rich industries.Finally,this paper believes that geochemical survey is a powerful tool for cultivated land evaluation,agriculture management and land development.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42307248,U23A2047,42277187)Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(D2022202005)+1 种基金Planning and Natural Resources Research Project of Tianjin City(2022-40,KJ[2024]25)the support from the Graduated Student Innovation Funding Project of Hebei Province(CXZZSS2024007)。
文摘This study proposed a novel friction law dependent on velocity,displacement and normal stress for kinematic analysis of runout process of rapid landslides.The well-known Yigong landslide occurring in the Tibetan Plateau of China was employed as the case,and the derived dynamic friction formula was included into the numerical simulation based on Particle Flow Code.Results showed that the friction decreased quickly from 0.64(the peak)to 0.1(the stead value)during the 5s-period after the sliding initiation,which explained the behavior of rapid movement of the landslide.The monitored balls set at different sections of the mass showed similar variation characteritics regarding the velocity,namely evident increase at the initial phase of the movement,followed by a fluctuation phase and then a stopping one.The peak velocity was more than 100 m/s and most particles had low velocities at 300s after the landslide initiation.The spreading distance of the landslide was calculated at the two-dimension(profile)and three-dimension scale,respectively.Compared with the simulation result without considering friction weakening effect,our results indicated a max distance of about 10 km from the initial unstable position,which fit better with the actual situation.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB3901205)National Institute of Natural Hazards,Ministry of Emergency Management of China(2023-JBKY-57)。
文摘The periphery of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is renowned for its susceptibility to landslides.However,the northwestern margin of this region,characterised by limited human activities and challenging transportation,remains insufficiently explored concerning landslide occurrence and dispersion.With the planning and construction of the Xinjiang-Tibet Railway,a comprehensive investigation into disastrous landslides in this area is essential for effective disaster preparedness and mitigation strategies.By using the human-computer interaction interpretation approach,the authors established a landslide database encompassing 13003 landslides,collectively spanning an area of 3351.24 km^(2)(36°N-40°N,73°E-78°E).The database incorporates diverse topographical and environmental parameters,including regional elevation,slope angle,slope aspect,distance to faults,distance to roads,distance to rivers,annual precipitation,and stratum.The statistical characteristics of number and area of landslides,landslide number density(LND),and landslide area percentage(LAP)are analyzed.The authors found that a predominant concentration of landslide origins within high slope angle regions,with the highest incidence observed in intervals characterised by average slopes of 20°to 30°,maximum slope angle above 80°,along with orientations towards the north(N),northeast(NE),and southwest(SW).Additionally,elevations above 4.5 km,distance to rivers below 1 km,rainfall between 20-30 mm and 30-40 mm emerge as particularly susceptible to landslide development.The study area’s geological composition primarily comprises Mesozoic and Upper Paleozoic outcrops.Both fault and human engineering activities have different degrees of influence on landslide development.Furthermore,the significance of the landslide database,the relationship between landslide distribution and environmental factors,and the geometric and morphological characteristics of landslides are discussed.The landslide H/L ratios in the study area are mainly concentrated between 0.4 and 0.64.It means the landslides mobility in the region is relatively low,and the authors speculate that landslides in this region more possibly triggered by earthquakes or located in meizoseismal area.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41977215)。
文摘Long runout landslides involve a massive amount of energy and can be extremely hazardous owing to their long movement distance,high mobility and strong destructive power.Numerical methods have been widely used to predict the landslide runout but a fundamental problem remained is how to determine the reliable numerical parameters.This study proposes a framework to predict the runout of potential landslides through multi-source data collaboration and numerical analysis of historical landslide events.Specifically,for the historical landslide cases,the landslide-induced seismic signal,geophysical surveys,and possible in-situ drone/phone videos(multi-source data collaboration)can validate the numerical results in terms of landslide dynamics and deposit features and help calibrate the numerical(rheological)parameters.Subsequently,the calibrated numerical parameters can be used to numerically predict the runout of potential landslides in the region with a similar geological setting to the recorded events.Application of the runout prediction approach to the 2020 Jiashanying landslide in Guizhou,China gives reasonable results in comparison to the field observations.The numerical parameters are determined from the multi-source data collaboration analysis of a historical case in the region(2019 Shuicheng landslide).The proposed framework for landslide runout prediction can be of great utility for landslide risk assessment and disaster reduction in mountainous regions worldwide.
基金supported by the second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program(Grant NO.2019QZKK0904)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41941019)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant NO.42307217)。
文摘The Tibetan Plateau is characterized by complex geological conditions and a relatively fragile ecological environment.In recent years,there has been continuous development and increased human activity in the Tibetan Plateau region,leading to a rising risk of landslides.The landslide in Banbar County,Xizang(Tibet),have been perturbed by ongoing disturbances from human engineering activities,making it susceptible to instability and displaying distinct features.In this study,small baseline subset synthetic aperture radar interferometry(SBAS-InSAR)technology is used to obtain the Line of Sight(LOS)deformation velocity field in the study area,and then the slope-orientation deformation field of the landslide is obtained according to the spatial geometric relationship between the satellite’s LOS direction and the landslide.Subsequently,the landslide thickness is inverted by applying the mass conservation criterion.The results show that the movement area of the landslide is about 6.57×10^(4)m^(2),and the landslide volume is about 1.45×10^(6)m^(3).The maximum estimated thickness and average thickness of the landslide are 39 m and 22 m,respectively.The thickness estimation results align with the findings from on-site investigation,indicating the applicability of this method to large-scale earth slides.The deformation rate of the landslide exhibits a notable correlation with temperature variations,with rainfall playing a supportive role in the deformation process and displaying a certain lag.Human activities exert the most substantial influence on the spatial heterogeneity of landslide deformation,leading to the direct impact of several prominent deformation areas due to human interventions.Simultaneously,utilizing the long short-term memory(LSTM)model to predict landslide displacement,and the forecast results demonstrate the effectiveness of the LSTM model in predicting landslides that are in a continuous development and movement phase.The landslide is still active,and based on the spatial heterogeneity of landslide deformation,new recommendations have been proposed for the future management of the landslide in order to mitigate potential hazards associated with landslide instability.
基金supported by the project of the China Geological Survey for shale gas in Southern China(DD20221852)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42242010,U2244208)。
文摘China is home to shales of three facies:Marine shale,continental shale,and marine-continental transitional shale.Different types of shale gas are associated with significantly different formation conditions and major controlling factors.This study compared the geological characteristics of various shales and analyzed the influences of different parameters on the formation and accumulation of shale gas.In general,shales in China’s several regions exhibit high total organic carbon(TOC)contents,which lays a sound material basis for shale gas generation.Marine strata generally show high degrees of thermal evolution.In contrast,continental shales manifest low degrees of thermal evolution,necessitating focusing on areas with relatively high degrees of thermal evolution in the process of shale gas surveys for these shales.The shales of the Wufeng and Silurian formations constitute the most favorable shale gas reservoirs since they exhibit the highest porosity among the three types of shales.These shales are followed by those in the Niutitang and Longtan formations.In contrast,the shales of the Doushantuo,Yanchang,and Qingshankou formations manifest low porosities.Furthermore,the shales of the Wufeng and Longmaxi formations exhibit high brittle mineral contents.Despite a low siliceous mineral content,the shales of the Doushantuo Formation feature a high carbonate mineral content,which can increase the shales’brittleness to some extent.For marine-continental transitional shales,where thin interbeds of tight sandstone with unequal thicknesses are generally found,it is recommended that fracturing combined with drainage of multiple sets of lithologic strata should be employed to enhance their shale gas production.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42322702,42177131)。
文摘Airblasts,as one common phenomenon accompanied by rapid movements of landslides or rock/snow avalanches,commonly result in catastrophic damages and are attracting more and more scientific attention.To quantitatively analyze the intensity of airblast initiated by landslides,the Wangjiayan landslide,occurred in the Wenchuan earthquake,is selected here with the landslide propagation and airblast evolution being studied using FLUENT by introducing the Voellmy rheological law.The results reveal that:(1)For the Wangjiayan landslide,its whole travelling duration is only 12 s with its maximum velocity reaching 36 m/s at t=10 s;(2)corresponding to the landslide propagation,the maximum velocity,28 m/s,of the airblast initiated by the landslide also appears at t=10 s with its maximum pressure reaching594.8 Pa,which is equivalent to violent storm;(3)under the attack of airblast,the load suffered by buildings in the airblast zone increases to 1300 Pa at t=9.4 s and sharply decreased to-7000 Pa as the rapid decrease of the velocity of the sliding mass at t=10 s,which is seriously unfavorable for buildings and might be the key reason for the destructive collapse of buildings in the airblast zone of the Wangjiayan landslide.
基金supported by the State Administration of Science,Technology and Industry for National Defence,PRC(KJSP2020020303)the National Institute of Natural Hazards,Ministry of Emergency Management of China(ZDJ2021-12)。
文摘Landslide hazard mapping is essential for regional landslide hazard management.The main objective of this study is to construct a rainfall-induced landslide hazard map of Luhe County,China based on an automated machine learning framework(AutoGluon).A total of 2241 landslides were identified from satellite images before and after the rainfall event,and 10 impact factors including elevation,slope,aspect,normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI),topographic wetness index(TWI),lithology,land cover,distance to roads,distance to rivers,and rainfall were selected as indicators.The WeightedEnsemble model,which is an ensemble of 13 basic machine learning models weighted together,was used to output the landslide hazard assessment results.The results indicate that landslides mainly occurred in the central part of the study area,especially in Hetian and Shanghu.Totally 102.44 s were spent to train all the models,and the ensemble model WeightedEnsemble has an Area Under the Curve(AUC)value of92.36%in the test set.In addition,14.95%of the study area was determined to be at very high hazard,with a landslide density of 12.02 per square kilometer.This study serves as a significant reference for the prevention and mitigation of geological hazards and land use planning in Luhe County.